凉山半细毛羊几个早期性状遗传参数的估测

利用凉山半细毛羊核心育种场1997—2003年间的育种资料，乐谱经过微卫星标记校正后。用MTDFREML软件估测了初生重（BWT．n=1282）、断奶重（WWT，n=1000）和断奶毛长（WSL，n=909）三个性状的方差组分和遗传参数。结果 表明BWT、WWT和WSL的遗传方差、不相关的随机效应方差（永久环境效应方差）所占的比例较小，残差方差所占的比例较高。三个性状的遗例传力分别为0．24、0．06、0．13，相应的遗传相关系数分别为0．87、-0．53和-0．52。     

草鱼生长性状的遗传参数和育种值估计

利用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)生长性状选育核心群亲本,采用人工授精方式构建21个全同胞家系,并选用动物模型对16月龄草鱼生长性状进行遗传参数和育种值估计。结果显示,草鱼选育种群的生长性状存在丰富变异。采用约束极大似然法估计方差组分,发现草鱼体重、体长和体高性状的遗传力分别为0.39,0.47,0.21,属于中高遗传力;肥满度性状遗传力为0.11,属于低遗传力;4个性状的共同环境效应值相近且较小,范围为0.07~0.17。采用两性状动物模型分析相关性,发现体重、体长和体高性状间表型和遗传相关系数均达到高度正相关(r=0.88~0.97),而肥满度性状与三者间相关系数接近零,只与体高性状存在一定遗传正相关(r=0.43)。结合各性状遗传变异系数和相对遗传进度,分析表明,以体重为目标性状可便捷有效地改良草鱼生长性能。采用最佳线性无偏估计法预测个体育种值,发现4个性状育种值与表型值的相关系数范围为0.77~0.93。基于单性状育种值和表型值分别进行个体选择,按10%留种率,各性状选留个体相同率为68.75%~81.82%,秩相关系数范围为0.19~0.81,两种选择方式显示出较大差异,且差异大小与性状遗传力成反比例。本研究为草鱼生长性状选择育种提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

紫贻贝生长性状的遗传力估计

为估计紫贻贝生长性状的遗传力,采用平衡巢式设计方法和人工采卵授精技术,按照1雄配3雌的原则,构建了紫贻贝13个父系半同胞家系和39个母系全同胞家系,分别测定了每个家系2、3、5、6月龄生长性状壳高、壳长.运用全同胞组内相关法估计紫贻贝2、3、5、6月龄生长性状的壳高、壳长遗传力.结果表明,雌性遗传方差组分均显著大于雄性遗传方差组分(P＜0.05),雌性遗传方差组分存在显著的母性效应(P＜0.05),因此父系半同胞组内相关法计算的狭义遗传力是紫贻贝狭义遗传力的无偏估计值.所测各月龄父系半同胞组分估计的壳高遗传力分别为0.29、0.85、0.84和0.87,壳长遗传力分别为0.27、0.87、0.86和0.85.紫贻贝的生长性状遗传方差较大,2月龄生长性状遗传力为中度遗传力,3、5、6月龄生长性状遗传力较高,因此对紫贻贝进行选择育种具有较大的遗传改良潜力,可以获得较好的选择效果.     

不同群体毛蚶形态性状对重量性状的影响效果分析

随机选取滨州港和连云港两个不同地理群体2龄毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata Lischke)各300 ind,分别测定其壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重和软体重5个性状参数,计算各性状间的相关系数,以及以壳性状为自变量对重量性状为因变量的通径系数、决定系数及相关指数,并建立回归方程。结果表明,两群体毛蚶壳性状与体重和软体重的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01);滨州港群体中壳宽对体重、软体重的直接影响最大,通径系数分别为0.659、0.461,是影响体重、软体重的主要因素。连云港群体中壳宽对体重的直接影响最大,通径系数为0.527,是影响体重的主要因素,影响软体重的主要因素是壳长,其通径系数为0.575;经多元回归分析,剔除不显著性状,建立了形态性状对重量性状的最优回归方程:滨州港群体Y=-8.013+0.073X1+0.152X2+0.508X3、Z=-1.463+0.030X1+0.027X2+0.061X3,连云港群体Y=-7.261+0.095X1+0.202X2+0.369X3、Z=-1.569+0.066X1+0.047X3,为毛蚶的遗传育种提供了理论依据和测度指标。     

提高仔猪成活率和断奶窝重综合技术

在养猪生产中,仔猪生产是生产流程的重要环节。在猪的生长发育过程中,仔猪是生长发育最快,饲料利用率最高的阶段,同时死亡率也是最高的。提高仔猪成活率和断奶窝重,加速猪群周转、增加养殖数量、降低生产成本是提高养猪经济效益的关键。提高仔猪成活率和断奶窝重是多方面技术的综合,它包括圈舍的合理布局、附属设施的全面配套、环境调控(特别是温度和通风条件)、生产管理、饲养技术、合理的繁育体系以及兽医卫生防疫等。本文主要从提高仔猪的初生重(主要取决于对妊娠母猪的饲养管理)、提高断奶前仔猪的生长速度、减少死亡率(取决于产房精心…     

长牡蛎成体生长性状的遗传参数估计

在长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的选择育种工作中,于2009年和2010年分别获得24个和32个全同胞家系。根据长牡蛎360日龄的壳高、壳长、壳宽、总重、壳重、肉重和出肉率参数,利用ASREML软件的REML方法计算表型变量的方差组分,估算了长牡蛎成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数。结果表明,不同年份长牡蛎家系的生长存在显著差异,2009年家系的壳高、肉重和出肉率显著低于2010年家系(P<0.05),2009年家系的总重则显著高于2010家系(P<0.05)。除出肉率外,2009年和2010年家系的壳高与其他生长性状均存在显著的正相关性(P<0.05)。壳高和总重具有较高的遗传力,分别为0.35±0.15和0.27±0.13。长牡蛎成体阶段各生长性状间的遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,但相关性的大小不同。本研究估测的长牡蛎成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数,可以为合理制定长牡蛎的育种方案和选择反应预测提供参考依据。     

日本囊对虾耐高氨氮与生长性状的遗传参数估计

研究估计了日本囊对虾基础群体的体长、腹长、体质量与耐高氨氮性状的遗传参数,为制定综合选择指数、选择方法与育种目标提供技术参考。试验引进日本囊对虾台湾群体亲本,以1尾亲虾构建1个家系,共建立63个全同胞家系,每个家系单独培育,密度调整后开展共同环境养殖测试。各家系养殖150d后,统计每个家系生长性状,并分别从家系中随机选取30尾个体,在氨氮质量浓度为68.5mg/L下进行耐高氨氮试验,48h后统计各个家系的存活率。利用一般线性动物混合模型与广义线性模型分析方法分别估计生长和耐高氨氮性状的方差组分和遗传参数。试验结果表明,日本囊对虾幼虾体长(估计值0.79±0.13)、腹长(0.74±0.24)与体质量(0.31±0.25)遗传力为中高等遗传力水平性状;耐高氨氮性状为低遗传力水平性状,估计值为0.13±0.06,48h后家系耐高氨氮性状平均值为(8.84±12.65)%,耐高氨氮性状的变异水平为143.10%。体长、腹长、体质量与耐高氨氮性状的表型相关与遗传相关系数分别为-0.082~0.08和-0.067~0.17,检验结果不显著。研究结果表明,采用复合育种技术对日本囊对虾生长性状与耐高氨氮性状同时进行改良,可以起到加快育种进程的作用。     

齐口裂腹鱼SNP标记与生长性状的关联分析

齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)是中国特有的冷水性经济鱼类,具有较高的营养和经济价值。为了研究齐口裂腹鱼生长性状关联的分子标记,本研究以114尾同批次繁殖、相同养殖条件的齐口裂腹鱼为研究材料,运用26个齐口裂腹鱼SNPs位点进行生长性状(体重、体高、全长、体长)关联分析。对齐口裂腹鱼生长性状的主成分分析表明,体重占解释方差的93.42%,且特征根大于1,累积方差大于85%,是齐口裂腹鱼生长性状的第一主成分。SNPs位点与生长性状相关分析结果显示:ug17711-0-2201与全长呈显著相关(P0.05),ug24013-0-3669对全长、体长有显著影响(P0.05),ug25050-0-1678对体重、体高、全长和体长都有显著影响(P0.05),ug22712-0-2452对体重、体高、全长和体长都有极显著影响(P0.01)。对与生长性状显著相关的4个SNPs位点进行多态性检测,平均观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.2369和0.2110,平均多态信息含量为0.18,其中ug25050-0-1678具有中度多态性(0.25≤PIC0.5)。综上所述,ug25050-0-1678和ug22712-0-2452与生长性状具有显著相关性,可作为候选位点用于齐口裂腹鱼的分子标记辅助育种。本研究旨为齐口裂腹鱼的遗传改良和选择育种提供基础资料。     

三个海湾扇贝群体可量性状对闭壳肌重的通径分析

闭壳肌重是海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)选择育种的目标性状,由于其不易直观测量,使得形态性状对闭壳肌重的影响程度成为各国学者研究的切入点。本文以三个海湾扇贝群体稚贝、幼贝、成贝为试验材料,采用通径分析方法研究了三个群体各可量性状对闭壳肌重的影响效果。结果表明:在三个海湾扇贝群体中各形态性状对闭壳肌重的决定效应存在显著差异。加拿大群体和山东群体各性状相关性水平均为极显著(P0.01),壳宽对闭壳肌重的直接效应均最大,其次分别是软体部重和壳高;大连群体各性状相关性未全部达到极显著水平,其中,软体部重对闭壳肌重的直接效应最大,其次是壳宽。经多元回归分析并逐步剔除对闭壳肌重直接效应不显著的性状,分别确立了海湾扇贝加拿大群体(Y=-2.616+0.580SL+0.084SW)、大连群体(Y=0.659+0.103TW)与山东群体(Y=0.286+0.068SW)的最优回归方程。     

红鲤生长性状的上位性遗传效应分析

运用加性-显性-上位性遗传模型及其分析方法,研究了兴国红鲤(Cyprinus carpiovar.singuonensis)、荷包红鲤(C.carpiovar.wuyuanensis)和瓯江彩鲤(C.carpiovar.color)的双列杂交子二代F2的体质量和10个形态性状(全长、体长、体高、体宽、头长、吻长、眼径、眼间距、尾柄长和尾柄高)的上位性遗传效应。结果表明,除体高外,其余性状均存在不同程度的加性×加性上位性方差,其中体质量、全长、体长、头长、吻长和尾柄长的加性×加性上位性方差达显著水平(P<0.05);这10项性状的上位性方差占总遗传变异量的百分率为:体质量11.4%、全长22.6%、体长14.0%、体宽8.3%,头长24.2%、吻长17.5%、眼径12.9%、眼间距23.1%、尾柄长5.4%和尾柄高20.1%;通过3种红鲤亲本的遗传育种效应预测发现,瓯江彩鲤的加性和上位性效应能显著增加后代的体质量、全长和体长,而兴国红鲤和荷包红鲤的加性和上位性效应能显著降低后代的体质量、全长和体长。上位性遗传效应在鱼类数量性状的遗传育种中具有较重要作用。[中国水产科学,2006,13(4):573-578]     

罗氏沼虾高世代育种群体收获体重加性和显性遗传效应

精确地估计加性和显性遗传效应,可以提高选择准确度和加速遗传进展。本研究构建了343个罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)G7~G9育种群体全同胞家系(半同胞家系244个),测定了29523尾个体的收获体重。基于单性状动物模型,利用平均信息约束最大似然法(average information restricted maximum likelihood method,AIREML)估计了G7、G8、G9和G8+G9 4个数据集收获体重的方差组分。分析时采用了两种模型:(1)加性遗传效应模型,包含加性遗传效应和共同环境效应(A+C);(2)加显性遗传效应模型,进一步包括显性遗传效应(A+D+C)。结果表明,在A+C模型下,估计得到的4个数据集收获体重的遗传力范围在0.046~0.082,为低遗传力水平(h~2≤0.15)。在A+D+C模型下,估计得到的收获体重遗传力范围在0.063~0.096,显性方差组分比率范围为0.027~0.571。模型中包括显性遗传效应后,G8数据集收获体重遗传力的估计值变大,其余3个数据集的估计值变小。罗氏沼虾育种群体收获体重遗传力较低,表明需要引进性能优良的野生或改良群体,增加育种群体的遗传变异丰富度;4个数据集显性遗传方差比率值变化较大,表明需要新的算法并利用更多世代数据提高其估计值的准确性。     

Genetic parameter estimation of nine quantitative traits by a marker‐based method in Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)

Large yellow croaker accounts for the largest biomass production of any maricultured fish in China. However, very little is known about the genetic parameters of its commercially important traits. As an initial step towards developing a selective breeding programme, genetic parameters of nine quantitative traits were estimated using a marker‐based method. Dorsal fin samples were collected to extract genomic DNA, and GBS method was employed to construct the libraries for sequencing. Genetic parameters were estimated by REML method through a genomic relationship matrix (G matrix) constructed by abundant genomewide SNPs. The nine traits were body weight (BWT), body length (BL), body height (BH), length/height ratio (LTH), body width (BWH), eviscerated weight (EW), gonad weight (GW), eviscerated weight/body weight ratio (REB) and swim bladder index (SBI). Estimates of heritability were 0.63 ± 0.11, 0.60 ± 0.11, 0.53 ± 0.11, 0.34 ± 0.11, 0.55 ± 0.11, 0.66 ± 0.11, 0.37 ± 0.10, 0.25 ± 0.08 and 0.71 ± 0.10 for the nine traits respectively. The relatively high heritability values may be derived from calculating the genetic relationship by high‐density SNPs. To illustrate that, we had studied on the variation of the heritability estimates with different number of SNPs evenly sampled from 29748 SNPs. The results showed that the estimates of heritability generally decreased when the number of SNPs reduced. There were relatively high phenotypic and genetic correlations between the pairs of BWT, BL, BH, BWH and EW, which indicated that genetic improvement for these traits could be accomplished merely by selecting one trait. The results obtained in this study may provide a reference for the later selective breeding programme.     

再次分级、驯食对小规格鳡生长、残食的影响

研究了再次分级、驯食对初次分级产生的鳡(Elopichthys bambusa)幼鱼弱小群体(S群)生长、存活的影响。试验设5组,A组试验鱼取自初次分级并驯食后的大规格群(B群),为对照组;B、C、D、E组取自S群,B组再次分级不再驯食,所分两级为B1、B2亚组;C组再次分级再次驯食,两级为C1、C2亚组;D组不再分级再次驯食;E组不再分级不再驯食。饲养85 d。结果显示:A组全长(TL)、体重(BW)始终最高,终末BW以E组最低;E组体重特定生长率(SGRBW)(55～139 DAH)最低;总存活率(SR)(55～139 DAH)A组最高,C组其次,E组最低;总残食率(CR)(55～139 DAH)E组最高,D组其次;初始体重变异系数(CVBW)对总CR影响显著(P=0.001),可用线性模型y=0.514 9x-7.761 7(r2=0.667)阐释两者关系。结果表明,再次分级和再次驯食有利于S群存活,但不能使S群规格在85 d内追及B群。     

A novel breeding design to produce genetically protected homogenous fish populations for on‐growing

We present a novel KING breeding design to produce genetically protected homogeneous fish material for commercial producers from a breeding nucleus. KING F2‐production population is established from the nucleus, first through full‐sib mating within two unrelated high‐quality families to produce inbred F1‐progeny and then resolving the inbreeding in F2 through mating of the unrelated F1‐individuals. Owing to a small number of founders and the inbred F1‐parents, the remaining additive genetic variance is 37.5% of the original. This restricts the use of F2‐progeny to establish new breeding programmes, thereby protecting the genetic material of the nucleus. The theoretical calculations show that a concomitant decrease of phenotypic variance is possible. However, the reduction is considerable only for traits with high heritability (h² > 0.50). The method was tested with rainbow trout. The results revealed that the mean body weight of the KING‐progeny was similar, but, surprisingly, phenotypic variation (especially due to residual variance) was higher compared with either their outbred control group or the nucleus breeding population. Although further evaluation of this breeding design is needed, the results suggest that while genetic protection is achieved, the efficiency of the method to reduce phenotypic variation is limited for economically important traits with low‐to‐moderate heritability.     

Effect of triploidy on paternal and maternal variance components in brown trout, Salmo trutta L.

The covariation between diploid and triploid progenies from common breeders and the effect of triploidy on the parental variances were investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) using two progeny testing experiments, sampling, sires and dams respectively, from the same population. The traits studied were body weight, growth, condition factor and red spotting of the skin. Triploidization generated some interactions with the parental breeding value, but their effect was minor (less than 20% of the genetic variance, in most cases) as compared with the amount of variation common to both ploidy levels. These interactions were mainly caused by a scale effect, triploidy reducing the variance attributable to sires and increasing the variance attributable to dams. Actual lack of correlation (genetic correlation significantly less than 1) between diploid and triploid familial performances was observed in a single instance out of 18. The modification of respective parental variance components by triploidy, already observed in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), appears as a logical consequence of the genetic make‐up of triploids, and should be taken into account in selective breeding.     

Successful early weaning of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) in small shallow raceway systems

Small raceways were used in a weaning experiment with Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) larvae. The size of the tanks was 1.0 × 0.4 m with a 1‐ to 2‐cm water level. Duplicate larval groups were transferred to the raceways from circular first feeding tanks at 0.07, 0.10 and 0.16 g wet weight, while recommended weaning size of this species is 0.2–0.3 g. During the first 7 days of weaning, Artemia was used as a food supplement in combination with the formulated dry feed. Thereafter only dry feed was used. The dry feed used in this experiment was produced by a special heat technique. The 0.07, 0.10 and 0.16 g larval groups were evaluated after 31, 25 and 17 days respectively (same date) The corresponding average survival was 81.4%, 78.0% and 96.6% and the specific daily growth rate was 3.18%, 3.17% and 2.38% respectively. In the Artemia control group, a survival rate of 96.0% and a growth rate of 5.28% was achieved. To evaluate the weaning success, the groups were followed in a 22‐day post‐weaning period on a commercial dry diet. Higher growth rates, 5.8–6.9%, were then obtained in all experimental groups, except control. The survival here averaged approximately 80% in the three experimental groups, but showed some differences between replicates. One hundred per cent survival was achieved during weaning in the former Artemia group. From the start of weaning to the end of the post‐weaning period, the survival rates averaged 64% for the 0.07 and 0.10 g groups, approximately 80% for the 0.16 g group and 96% in the Artemia control group. Higher variance (CV) through the experiment and highest growth of the 75% quartiles of the fish groups compared with the 50% and 25%, indicated suppressed growth of the smaller fish. The successful weaning at these small sizes considerably reduced the live food period. Based on the present knowledge of the energetic demands of this species, it is calculated that weaning at 0.07 g compared with 0.25 g will reduce the amount of Artemia needed by at least 60%. No differences in pigmentation or degree of completed eye migration were detected between groups, indicating that this is determined at earlier developmental stages.     

Marine raw material choice,quality and weaning performance of Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae

Previous results show that weaning success of Ballan wrasse larvae greatly depends on the quality of the dietary marine raw materials. In the present study, six moist or agglomerated experimental weaning diets containing different combinations of high‐quality marine raw materials, being fish meal (FM), cod muscle meal (CMM), shrimp meal (SM) and krill hydrolysate (KH), were tested in a 2‐month weaning trial with Ballan wrasse larvae of 34.5 mg initial body weight. Larvae performance was good in all dietary treatments except those fed diet D1 containing only FM. The Ballan wrasse larvae fed weaning diets D4 and D5 containing FM and either SM or KH, respectively, had the highest final body weight (0.7 g) but also the highest mortality (50%). Best weaning survival (77%) was obtained using the dry agglomerated diet D3 containing CMM and SM. During the first month, fish survival correlated positively with dietary free amino acid and soluble protein levels and negatively with the combined levels of dietary lipid oxidation metabolites and ethoxyquin. During the second month, mortality rates were lower in all treatments. Fish larvae final body weight correlated negatively with total dietary fatty acids and positively with dietary cholesterol, phosphorous and DHA/EPA ratio.     

循环水养殖条件下鞍带石斑鱼生长特点研究

通过对鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)为期5个月的养殖监测试验,研究循环水养殖条件下鞍带石斑鱼的生长特点。采用线性拟合、指数拟合、乘幂拟合的方法,分析了鞍带石斑鱼全长、体重生长与养殖时间,以及全长与体重的最佳拟合曲线。结果表明:鞍带石斑鱼全长生长与养殖时间以线性回归为佳(y=2.791x-15.716,R2=0.951 2);体重生长与养殖时间以指数回归最佳(y=2.432 3e0.32x,R2=0.996 5);全长与体重以乘幂回归为最佳(y=0.007 3x3.262 8,R2=0.945 3)。对鞍带石斑鱼全长与体重的幂函数关系分析,表明鞍带石斑鱼属正异速生长型(b=3.262 8),说明本研究条件下的循环水养殖模式适用于鞍带石斑鱼的养殖。     

限制投喂环境下中国对虾体重的间接遗传效应分析

为研究竞争性环境下中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)体重性状的间接遗传效应,设计多家系多分组方案,对来源于中国对虾G11代育种群体的103个测试家系限制配合饲料投喂量(正常投喂量50%),利用经典动物模型和包含间接遗传效应的扩展动物模型估算收获体重的遗传参数。基于2种模型估计出的经典遗传力分别为0.581±0.071和0.616±0.074。似然比率检验表明,体重的间接遗传效应显著,对总遗传方差的贡献度高达75.03%。由于存在一个较大的负直接遗传效应与间接遗传效应协方差(-2.1982),导致总遗传方差与表型方差的比值仅为0.524±0.212,小于经典的遗传力估计值。基于协方差获得的直接遗传效应与间接遗传效应的遗传相关系数为-0.495±0.184,暗示测试个体间存在较强的竞争交互。本研究表明,在饲料投喂量受限制的竞争性环境下,对虾个体间较强的竞争交互行为,对中国对虾收获体重间接产生了可遗传的效应,减少了可利用的总遗传变异。今后在设计中国对虾育种方案时,应避免在资源受限的强竞争环境下开展性状测试和遗传评估。