笼具形状对选育合浦珠母贝幼贝生长的影响

2011年8月,以海南三亚亲贝(♀)×广东徐闻亲贝(♂)构建的第一代选育合浦珠母贝(Pinctadafucata)群体为材料,研究长方形、圆柱形和半球形笼具形状在不同水深对合浦珠母贝幼贝(平均壳长1.4 cm)生长的影响。结果表明,长方形笼具在4 m水深时,幼贝的壳高和体重增长率最大,分别为24.55%和6.44%,显著高于其它水层(P<0.01);半球形笼具在3 m水深时,幼贝壳高和体重增长速度最大,分别为22.55%和5.40%,与其它水深的差异极显著(P<0.01);圆柱形笼具在6 m水深时,壳高和体重增长最快,增长率分别为22.46%和5.37%,显著高于3、5、7 m水深组(P<0.01),而与其余深度组差异不显著。此外,圆柱形笼具的高对合浦珠母贝的生长也有影响,在3 m水层20 cm高的圆柱形笼具中贝壳高和体重增长速度最大(增长率分别为24.70%和6.20%),与5、10、15 cm高度组差异显著(P<0.05);而长方形笼具虽然10 cm高的笼具较好,但与其它各实验组差异并不显著(P>0.05)。综合来看,合浦珠母贝在3～4 m水层用半径11.5 cm、高20 cm的圆柱形笼具或20 cm(长)×12 cm(宽)×10 cm(高)的长方形笼具养殖效果较好。但在制作成本方面,圆柱形笼具的成本低于长方形笼具。     

美济礁合浦珠母贝吊笼养殖试验

在南沙美济礁开展了合浦珠母珠贝吊养试验,试验设计了1.5、2.5m和6.5m3个不同的养殖水深。养殖60d后,测量合浦珠母贝的壳长、壳高和壳宽,统计成活数,计算3个性状指标的特定生长率,比较不同水深合浦珠母珠贝的特定生长率和存活率。试验结果表明,吊养水深对壳宽特定生长率的影响不显著(P0.05),而吊养水深对壳长特定生长率和壳高特定生长率有显著影响(P0.05),6.5m水深的壳长特定生长率(1.10±0.11)%/d和壳高特定生长率(0.92±0.16)%/d均显著高于1.5m的壳长特定生长率(0.82±0.13)%/d和壳高特定生长率(0.50±0.08)%/d;吊养水深对合浦珠母贝的成活率也有显著影响(P0.05),吊养在6.5 m的深度条件下成活率最高(95.00±1.63)%,2.5m水层次之,而在1.5m水深合浦珠母贝的成活率最低(43.25±5.38)%。综合特定生长率和成活率数据可知,在深远海吊养合浦珠母贝时6.5m水深较适合。     

合浦珠母贝深水浮筏式养殖试验

合浦珠母贝采用深水浮筏式吊养，从幼贝到插核贝成活率为３８．２％，而传统的浅水立桩式平养成活率仅９．８％。深水浮筏式养的合浦珠母贝生长快，缩短了珍珠养殖周期，降低了成本，提高了经济效益。     

合浦珠母贝优质贝苗培育的技术措施

合浦珠母贝［Pinctadafucat“（GOlfM］又称马氏珠母贝，是世界上用于生产海水珍珠的最主要贝类，我国的海水珍珠几乎都为合浦珠母贝所产。自六十年代中期我国合浦珠母贝人工育苗取得成功并大批量生产之后，其养殖种苗则完全为人工苗，养殖规模因此得到很大的发展。但由于长期不注重野生合浦珠母贝资源的保护和利用，不注重科学育种及珠口的择优、复壮培育，只贪图生产便利，近亲繁殖，导致种质资源严重退化，其主要表现在珠贝个体越来越小，生长迟缓、抗病力差。成活率下降，以致可植珠核小，手术贝死亡率高，商品珠率低，严重影响珍珠的…     

4种防治马氏珠母贝多毛类寄生病方法的效果比较

多毛类寄生病是我国养殖马氏珠母贝普遍存在的病害，同时也是危害最大的病害。本研究比较了4种防治多毛类寄生病方法(淡水浸泡法、饱和盐水浸泡法、SBS涂料涂覆法和水泥涂覆法)的效果，通过分析处理后10d和处理后60d试验贝中的活虫数、有虫率和贝死亡率，用￡检验同对照组比较。结果表明，水泥涂覆法在处理后前期的杀虫效果明显，在长时间养殖中对提高试验贝的成活率方面有显著的优势，该法成本低、易操作。     

网箱网衣防污涂料的对比试验研究

通过定量测试、活生物养殖实验和海上挂样观察方法，对新研制的两种涂料与国内已应用的两种涂料、1种美国Flexgard水性涂料进行了涂料附着率、急性毒性和海上挂样网片防污效果对比试验。结果表明，新研制的两种涂料的使用量与美国Flexgard涂料水平相当；除新研制的1种涂料外，其余4种涂料均具有一定的急性毒性，尤以国内已应用的两种涂料毒性最大。防污效果，以新研制的N—15涂料和美国Flexgard涂料为好，挂样近7个月，生物附着仅为1～3级。在高温期间，未经防污处理的网片在1个月内生物附着增重率达到115．4％～157．7％。     

马氏珠母贝微胶囊饲料的适用性研究

本研究测定了自主研发的马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)微胶囊饲料的粒径范围、悬浮性和稳定性;并以室内投喂微胶囊饲料的马氏珠母贝为实验组,自然海区养殖的马氏珠母贝为对照组,养殖45 d后比较实验组与对照组成活率、生长率、软体部生化成分、肝胰脏形态与消化酶的差异。结果表明:(1)该饲料粒径均小于48μm,其中约80%饲料颗粒粒径在28~48μm;(2)该饲料分散性良好,静置状态下,在盐度为35的Na Cl溶液中的沉降速度是(2.74±0.21)mm/s;(3)饲料的氮保留率(NRR)较高,25℃浸泡120 min后、35℃浸泡60 min后NRR分别为(79.10±0.15)%和(80.85±0.72)%;(4)实验组和对照组的成活率没有显著差异(P0.05);实验组壳长、壳宽、壳高和总重的绝对增长率和相对生长率均显著低于对照组(P0.05);(5)实验组软体部脂肪含量显著大于对照组(P0.05),碳水化合物、蛋白质和灰分含量无显著差异(P0.05);(6)实验组肝胰脏为橘黄色,淀粉酶活力显著大于对照组(P0.05),纤维素酶、蛋白酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果表明,该微胶囊饲料粒径小、稳定性较好,能被马氏珠母贝消化与吸收,但需要继续改进饲料配方、完善室内养殖技术方案,为马氏珠母贝工厂化养殖条件的优化提供科学依据。     

合浦珠母贝和大珠母贝稚贝摄食率及摄食节律的比较研究

采用静水清滤法,对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)稚贝和大珠母贝(P.maxima)稚贝的摄食节律进行研究,旨在为珍珠贝岸基养殖时的科学投喂和管理提供参考。试验所用合浦珠母贝稚贝壳长(2.49±0.11)cm,大珠母贝稚贝壳长(2.14±0.16)cm。试验所用海水pH 7.79、盐度33.1、水温24～26 ℃,饵料为扁藻。通过测定0:00、3:00、6:00、9:00、12:00、15:00、18:00、21:00这8个时间点的摄食率,得到昼夜摄食节律。结果表明:除6:00~9:00时间段合浦珠母贝比大珠母贝摄食多外,其余时间段大珠母贝的摄食率均大于合浦珠母贝;大珠母贝一天的摄食总量显著高于合浦珠母贝的摄食总量。合浦珠母贝稚贝与大珠母贝稚贝的昼夜摄食节律相似,在0:00时摄食率最高,在6:00时摄食率最低,没有明显的昼夜摄食节律。     

珍珠贝基于16S rRNA基因序列的亲缘关系研究

利用PCR技术分别扩增合浦珠母贝（Pinctada fucata）、长耳珠母贝（P.chemnitzi）和企鹅珍珠贝（Pteria penguin）的16S rRNA基因片段，PCR产物直接测序，删去引物及部分端部序列后，得到439bp可供分析的核苷酸片段，用MEGA3．1软件分析了核苷酸差异。结果表明，合浦珠母贝种内个体间序列完全相同，长耳珠母贝种内个体间有2个颠换（Transversion）突变位点，而企鹅珍珠贝种内个体间有1个转换（Transision）突变位点，5个颠换（Transversion）突变位点。与GenBank数据库中其他9种珍珠贝的序列进行比较，得到464个同源比对位点，包括51个插入／缺失位点和231个变异位点（173个简约信息位点和53个单突变子）。合浦珠母贝与长耳珠母贝的同源性为83．2％，合浦珠母贝、长耳珠母贝与企鹅珍珠贝的同源性分别为55．4％和59％。NJ系统进化树表明合浦珠母贝和长耳珠母贝与珠母贝属的种类聚在一起，而企鹅珍珠贝与珍珠贝属的种类聚在一起，与形态学分类一致。     

限食对合浦珠母贝幼虫生长、成活及变态的影响

自2009年4月27日至2009年5月25日,在不同投饵条件下研究了限食对合浦珠母贝（Pinctada fucata）幼虫生长、成活和变态的影响。结果显示,试验初期对照组幼虫的壳长、壳高日增长率逐渐升高,自第20天开始迅速下降;试验一组（隔天投喂）和二组（隔2d投喂）幼虫的壳长、壳高日增长率缓慢升高,且与对照组同期幼虫的日增长率差异显著,这表明饵料是否充足直接影响马氏珠母贝幼虫的生长。试验期间,对照组幼虫的成活率逐渐降低,畸形率无显著性变化,而试验一组和二组幼虫的成活率显著低于对照组,试验二组幼虫的畸形率高于同期对照组和试验一组幼虫的畸形率,表明在食物匮乏的情况下,幼虫的发育受到影响。对照组幼虫在第20天时开始变态,随后变态率逐渐升高,试验一组幼虫在第30天时开始变态,而试验二组幼虫在试验期间一直没有变态,表明该组幼虫的营养状况不足以支持其变态附着。     

3种螺对养殖鲍外壳附着牡蛎的防除作用

为研究养殖皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)外壳附着牡蛎的防除方法,对比了疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera Kuster)、润泽角口螺(Ceratostoma rorifluum)和甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)对鲍外壳表面牡蛎的防除效果。以桑沟湾筏式养殖鲍为研究对象,自7月中旬开始,每隔15 d左右分别投放3种螺到鲍养殖笼中,共投放6次,以始终未投放螺的养殖笼为对照组。结果显示,实验结束时甲虫螺组中鲍壳上平均存活牡蛎数目为(0.04±0.04)个/只,疣荔枝螺组和润泽角口螺组疣荔枝螺组分别为(2.49±0.91)个/只和(2.21±1.05)个/只,对照组为(3.33±0.46)个/只。投放3种螺组中鲍壳上存活牡蛎数均显著显著低于对照组(P<0.05),甲虫螺也显著低于其他2种螺(P<0.05)。投螺时间也会影响螺防除牡蛎污损的效果,投放时间过晚会导致螺捕食牡蛎后有明显的壳残留,牡蛎的壳高达到0.5 cm左右再投放螺即可保证防除效果。另外甲虫螺组鲍壳上死亡牡蛎残留壳长度为(0.73±0.27) cm,显著低于疣荔枝螺组...     

港湾海域新型网箱养鲍新技术探讨

根据鲍的生活习性,总结国内外养鲍设施特点,自行研发新型竖排式网箱。通过在港湾海域进行新型竖排式网箱的养鲍试验,对养鲍过程中网箱内饵料分布、附着生物情况进行研究,并与传统挂笼养殖模式对比分析。结果表明:新型网箱养殖过程中采用平潮点倾倒法投喂龙须菜或海带,鲍匍匐基内的饵料占比分别为:龙须菜约30.4%,海带约36.7%,均高于其它投喂方式。经过9个月的养殖,网目为1 cm的竖排网箱中的鲍最终体重为(29.1±6.17)g,存活率为60.5%,传统挂笼中鲍体重为(22.8±7.93)g,存活率为33.5%,新型网箱养殖效果显著优于传统挂笼(P0.05);不同网衣规格的网箱表面附着生物附着量无显著性差异(P0.05),但均显著大于传统挂笼组(P0.05),进入夏季后,网箱中附着生物的生物量和丰富度都有显著增加。与传统挂笼相比,新型竖排式网箱具有水体交换好、操作简单、节省劳力、存活率高等优点。     

马氏珠母贝混养紫海胆对污损生物防除效果的研究

利用我国南方紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina)与大亚湾马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)进行不同比例混养,探讨了紫海胆对马氏珠母贝贝体和养殖网笼污损生物的防除效果,以及紫海胆和马氏珠母贝的生长状况。试验设混养组(PA3、PA6、PA9)和对照组(P),即在养殖马氏珠母贝30只/层的基础上,分别混养紫海胆3、6、9、0个/层;另设紫海胆单养组(A3、A6、A9),养殖密度分别为3、6、9个/层。试验结果显示：各混养组及P组间马氏珠母贝的存活率无显著差异(P>0.05),混养组紫海胆的存活率均接近100%,组间无显著差异(P>0.05);PA6、PA9组马氏珠母贝的特定生长率大于P组(P<0.05),而PA3组与P组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);就马氏珠母贝的壳长日平均增长率而言,PA3、PA9组与P组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但PA6组显著大于P组和PA3组(P<0.05);PA6、PA9组马氏珠母贝的肥满度显著大于P组(P<0.05),PA3组与P组间无显著差异(P>0.05);混养与单养各组之...     

Influence of fouling on the growth and survival of the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (L. 1758) in suspended culture

To examine the impact of fouling organisms on the growth and survival of the scallop Euvola ziczac L., we maintained 31-34-mm juveniles in pearl nets at 8 m in depth at Turpialito, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. The experiment ran for a 67-d period under four conditions: (1) shells and nets cleaned; (2) shells not cleaned and nets cleaned; (3) shells cleaned and nets not cleaned; and (4) shells and nets not cleaned. The growth of the scallop was least when fouling developed on both the pearl nets and scallop shells. The rate of growth of the shell (height and mass) was strongly affected by organisms colonizing the pearl nets and only weakly affected by organisms colonizing the shells. Fouling organisms on the shells only slightly affected rates of increase of tissue mass, but probably accounted for increased mortality. In developing commercial culture of E. ziczac, strategies need to be developed to limit the adverse effects of fouling on yield.     

Effects of water flow velocity and fish culture on net biofouling in fish cages

The effects of water flow, fish feed and cage position on net biofouling was examined in a floating cage fish farm. Fouling of 16 mm mesh net panels suspended inside and outside net cages and exposed to different treatments were monitored weekly until net apertures were completely occluded by the fouling organisms (8 weeks). Results indicate a dramatic reduction in water flow velocity throughout the fish farm due to the cage units themselves and net biofouling. The reduced water flow (<10 cm s^?1) inside net cages promoted rapid net biofouling, while rapid water flow outside the net cages (>25 cm s^?1) kept the net fouling organisms at bay. Although fish rearing in net cages with inputs of commercial pellet feed increased sessile biofouling (222% higher than outside the net cages) and non‐sessile biofouling (570% higher), the type of fish feed used did not significantly affect biofouling development. The study recommends that the geometry of serially arranged net cages, as commonly deployed in tropical tidal estuaries, be reconfigured to improve flow through in order to minimize the impact of fouling.     

海水网箱网衣碱性硅酸盐防污涂料的初步研究

本文以碱性硅酸盐为主防污剂，开发了一种防污期长、无毒、环保且高效的海水网箱网衣防污涂料：涂有该种防污涂料的试验网衣于2002年4月开始进行浅海挂网试验．为期七个月；每月一次定期对试验网片进行附着情况检查、拍照及称重。结果证明．与对照组相比，涂有硅酸盐防污涂料的网衣材料的网片增重及被附着的面积百分比均有大幅度的降低；实拍照片也证明涂有防污涂料的网片具有极佳的防污效果：根据试验结果，讨论了影响防污涂料防污效果的诸多因素。     

黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)对北方养殖网箱网衣附着藻类的生物清除作用

高温季节网衣附着藻类的大量附着是北方网箱养殖产业面临的主要问题之一,生物清除策略是解决这一问题的有效手段.本研究利用黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)作为网衣附着藻类生物清除的工具种,于2015年6-11月,采用室内实验和现场观测相结合的方法,系统研究了桑沟湾楮岛海域网箱养殖区不同水层网衣附着藻类生物量的月际变化、黄斑篮子鱼对优势藻类的摄食能力及对网衣藻类的清除效果.结果显示,同一月份不同深度附着藻类生物量的日均增长量有一定差异,且不同水层在8月7日-9月14日时间段内的藻类附着日均增长量均显著高于其他月份(P＜0.01),各个月份海头红(Plocamium telfairiae)均为该区域的优势种类.构建了适温条件下黄斑篮子鱼对海头红的碳收支方程:100摄入碳=11.69生长碳+10.82粪便碳+6.06排泄碳+71.43代谢碳.初始体重为(1.44±0.61)g的黄斑篮子鱼经过152 d的养殖,平均体重达到(45.38±4.22)g,日均增重0.26 g.海区网箱内有无黄斑篮子鱼的对比实验显示,其对不同月份网衣附着藻类的清除率在80.28％-90.15％之间.研究表明,黄斑篮子鱼对网衣附着藻类有较高的清除效率,可以作为清除网衣附着生物的工具种.     

Cost–benefit analysis of two culture methods that influence pearl production from the black‐lip pearl oyster,Pinctada margaritifera

The black‐lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, used for round pearl production in Polynesia, is generally cultured using “ear‐hanging” where they are attached to a rope to form “chaplets.” In other countries, pearl oysters are cultured using panel (pocket) nets that are more expensive than chaplets but afford more protection to cultured oysters. Prior research has shown panel nets produce pearls of higher quality and value, potentially generating higher profits. This study used cost–benefit analysis to compare pearl production using chaplet‐based and panel net‐based culture methods. Whole farm data, including gross revenues and annual production costs, fixed and variable, were analyzed. Average production cost per pearl using panel net‐based culture was USD 22.47 and for chaplet‐based culture was USD 21.55. However, use of panel nets saved around 3,430 hr (USD 6,860) of labor a year, offsetting the greater capital investment. A chaplet‐based pearl farm generated USD 65,738 in annual profits compared to USD 88,774 for a panel net‐based farm. Positive cash flow was achieved 1 year earlier (Year 7) for the panel net‐based farm. This is the first economic analysis of different pearl culture methods for P. margaritifera and evidence of profitability will support further development of the black‐lip pearl industry in the Indo‐Pacific region.     

广东雷州流沙湾养殖企鹅珍珠贝多毛类寄生虫病的调查

对流沙湾养殖的企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)多毛类寄生虫病进行了调查。结果显示,锥形笼养殖2~4年的企鹅珍珠贝母贝多毛类寄生虫病感染率为39.13%~44.98%,开放式养殖2~4年为26.6%~35.63%,同一养殖方式各龄母贝多毛类寄生虫病感染率之间差异不显著(P>0.05);养殖时间两年时,多毛类寄生虫病的感染率与养殖方式之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01);养殖时间3年和4年时,多毛类寄生虫病的感染率与养殖方式之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。锥形笼养殖的企鹅珍珠贝左壳较易感染多毛类寄生虫病。企鹅珍珠贝感染多毛类寄生虫病后,其生长与健康贝相比,无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

Growth and survival of the Calafia mother-of-pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley 1856) under different sequences of nursery culture–late culture at Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México

The Calafia mother‐of‐pearl oyster, Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley), and the Rainbow nacre shell, Pteria sterna (Gould), represent an important resource for México because of their potential in pearl production. The present work deals with the effect of different sequences of nursery culture‐late culture on growth and survival of P. mazatlanica, from September 1993 to October 1994. The collected spat presented two main size groups: small (mean shell height of 7 mm), and large (13 mm). They were arranged into four experimental batches for each size group at a constant stocking density of 40–45 juvenile pearl oysters per Nestier cage. Three batches remained in nursery culture for 2, 4 and 6 months respectively, after which they were transferred to late culture in rail cages. A control group remained in nursery culture for 12 months. Growth was evaluated monthly and compared through anova and HSD Tukey tests. In addition to the shell height, width, depth (mm) and weight (g), data of shell volume (height × width × depth, in mm³) was also introduced to estimate and compare growth among the experimental groups. Mortality was estimated by counting the dead specimens every month and obtaining the percentage from a 100% initial survival at the start of the experiment. The juveniles showed different responses to the change from nursery culture to late culture; the level of each response varied significantly among the experimental groups at the end of the study. It seemed that a 6‐month period for nursery culture was propitious for P. mazatlanica.