两种培育方法对泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响

本文报道了有底沙与无底沙培育方法对泥东风螺( Babylonia Lutosa)稚螺生长与存活影响的实验结果。以牡蛎为饵料,实验设计3×1042、5×104和7×104 ind/m2三个密度梯度,采用有底沙与无底沙两种方法培育刚变态的泥东风螺稚螺。经35 d培育,有底沙组稚螺壳高、体重的生长速度和存活率都高于无底沙组,壳高生长速度差异显著( P <0．05)。而两种培育方法不同的密度培育结果,密度7×104 ind/m2与3×104 ind/m2和5×104 ind/m2实验组稚螺壳高生长速度差异显著(P<0．05),而3×104 ind/m2与5×104 ind/m2实验组壳高生长速度差异不显著( P>0．05)。随着稚螺的生长其潜沙行为越明显,说明有沙培育更符合其具有的潜埋栖息习性,有利其生长和存活。     

温度、盐度和pH值对疣荔枝螺耗氧率的影响

以疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)为材料,用碘量法测定温度、盐度及pH变化对疣荔枝螺耗氧率的影响。结果表明:温度、盐度及pH值对疣荔枝螺的耗氧率有明显影响。在13~28℃范围内,疣荔枝螺的耗氧率随温度的升高而增大,但当温度达到32℃时,耗氧率反而下降。疣荔枝螺的耗氧率在自然盐度和pH值时均最大,随着偏离自然盐度(28℃)和自然pH值(7.5)的逐渐增大,其耗氧率均逐渐下降。     

南澳贝藻混养互利机制的初步研究

以牡蛎和龙须菜为试验材料,进行了两个阶段不同投放比例的室内模拟混养试验,试验周期均为4周,各试验组分别为:对照组、龙须菜单养组、牡蛎单养组、牡蛎龙须菜低密度混养组、牡蛎龙须菜中密度混养组和牡蛎龙须菜高密度混养组,其中除对照组和龙须菜单养组外,各试验组牡蛎密度均为27只/m3,第一阶段龙须菜密度分别为:0,47,0,47,94,188g/m3,第二阶段龙须菜密度为:0,158,0,158,316,854g/m3。定期采样测定水体中营养盐(NO2-N,NO3-N,NH4-N,PO4-P)的含量及养殖生物的生长情况。试验结果表明,第一阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的试验组与未投放牡蛎的试验组水体氮、磷含量差异显著(P0.05)。第二阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的各试验组磷酸盐和硝酸盐含量差异显著(P0.05),高密度混养组的磷酸盐含量和硝酸盐含量与牡蛎单养组相比分别降低了43%、30%,说明龙须菜明显吸收了水体中的氮、磷,混养系统氮、磷利用更为合理,其中龙须菜854g/m3,牡蛎27只/m3的高密度混养组投放密度最为合理。     

牡蛎壳粉缓释剂对魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)生长的影响

2015年4月6日—10月26日,在桑沟湾海区现场研究了牡蛎壳粉缓释剂(Careshell)对魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)生长和存活的影响。按照缓释剂的重量比设置4个处理组,其中,魁蚶的初始体重均为160 g/组,缓释剂的重量分别为0(对照组C0)、80 g(C1组)、160 g(C2组)和320 g(C3组)。实验共进行200 d,每40 d测量各实验组魁蚶的生长参数(壳长、壳宽、壳高、湿重),计录死亡个体数,计算不同阶段(40 d间隔)魁蚶的特定生长率(SGR)及死亡率。结果显示,C3组魁蚶各生长参数显著高于C0组(P0.05),但与C1、C2组差异不显著(P0.05)。经过200 d的养殖实验,C3组壳长、壳宽、壳高和湿重的特定生长率分别为(0.34±0.01)%/d、(0.46±0.02)%/d、(0.39±0.01)%/d、(1.11±0.002)%/d,均极显著高于C0组(P0.01),平均增加了17.9%、20.3%、18.1%、16.7%。C3组死亡率为(19.6±5.6)%,低于C0组的(26.1±2.5)%,但差异不显著(P0.05)。     

牡蛎壳作为生物絮凝养殖系统缓释碱度源的效果

为优化生物絮凝系统碱度调控策略,实验研究了在生物絮凝—罗非鱼养殖系统中牡蛎壳补充碱度的可行性。在系统启动阶段评估了不同牡蛎壳添加量0 g/L(对照组,A组)、0.36 g/L(B组)和0.72 g/L(C组)补充碱度的可行性。结果显示,C组碱度、pH和钙离子水平显著高于A组,但B与C组组间的水质差异不显著,牡蛎壳补充碱度效果明显。在生物絮凝系统启动阶段的基础上,对比研究了两种形态的牡蛎壳[(壳粉,E组)、(壳,F组)]为生物絮凝在罗非鱼养殖系统中补充碱度的效果。各组的水质指标、鱼体酶活免疫性能以及细菌群落组成均无显著差异,牡蛎壳及壳粉对罗非鱼生长没有明显的负面影响,可以被应用到生物絮凝养殖系统中,但补充碱度效果不明显。牡蛎壳补充碱度与形态无关。研究表明,在目前实验条件下,牡蛎壳在生物絮凝养殖系统中不能完全替代碳酸氢钠,还需进一步优化相关工艺。     

温度和盐度对不同规格甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用静水法测定了温度和盐度对两种规格甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)耗氧率和排氨率的影响.结果显示,(1)温度、规格均对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(P＜0.05),但其二者的交互作用对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率没有显著影响(P＞0.05).当温度为12-24℃时,甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率随温度的升高而逐渐增加,温度为24℃时,达到最高值.之后随着温度的继续升高,各组耗氧率和排氨率均有明显的下降.在温度为12-28℃条件下,大规格组(A组)甲虫螺的单位体重耗氧率和排氨率均小于小规格组(B组).当温度为12-28℃时,甲虫螺的氧氮比值O/N比值范围在8.17-17.31之间.温度为20℃和24℃时,各实验组均有最大的O/N比值.温度升至28℃时,O/N比值明显下降.(2)盐度、规格对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(P＜0.05),但其二者的交互作用对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率没有显著影响(P＞0.05).当盐度为20-30时,两种规格甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率随盐度的升高而逐渐增加,盐度为30时,达到最高值.之后随着盐度的继续升高,各组耗氧率和排氨率均有明显的下降.在盐度为20-40条件下,大规格组(A组)甲虫螺的单位体重耗氧率和排氨率均小于小规格组(B组).当盐度为20-40时,甲虫螺的O/N比值范围在10.80-22.71之间.盐度为30时,各实验组均有最大的氧氮比值,盐度升至35和40时,氧氮比值明显下降.研究表明,甲虫螺生存的最适温度为24℃,最适盐度为30.以期为甲虫螺的人工繁殖以及贝螺混养技术提供科学的依据.     

不同底播密度对泥东风螺(Babylonia lutosa)幼螺生长和存活的影响

以泥东风螺幼螺为试验材料,研究了其在海区底播的生长、存活以及不同底播密度对其生长、存活的影响。采用单因素方差分析进行数据的显著性分析。2013—2014年第一次试验结果显示,泥东风螺幼螺底播475 d,壳高、体重分别达到(28.4 177±3.7 837)mm、(4.9 438±2.0 669)g,成活率为71.43%;除了68 d数据显示底播密度对其存活率有显著影响(P0.05)外,其它均显示对其壳高、体重、存活率没有显著影响(P0.05)。2013—2014年第二次试验结果表明,泥东风螺幼螺底播385 d,壳高、体重分别达到(20.9904±2.8 276)mm、(2.5 936±0.9 482)g,成活率为38.65%;放养密度对其壳高、体重、存活率均没有显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,5~20粒/m2为泥东风螺幼螺适宜的海区底播密度。     

底砂粒径对方斑东风螺生长、消化、抗氧化及底质的影响

为探究不同粒径养殖底砂对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)稚螺养成效果的影响,在微流水养殖系统中采用3种不同粒径养殖底砂(细砂1 mm、中砂2 mm和粗砂3 mm)进行了养殖对比试验,比较其对稚螺生长、消化、抗氧化的影响以及对底质氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的影响。试验稚螺的初始体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.263 3±0.0033)g、(10.67±0.11)mm、(7.06±0.15)mm,试验周期为30 d。结果显示：试验结束时,细砂组稚螺的体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.560 3±0.026 3)g、(12.72±0.06)mm、(8.50±0.16)mm,存活率为(92.67±0.94)%,均显著高于中砂组和粗砂组(P<0.05);随着养殖时间的推移,中砂组和粗砂组稚螺的存活率逐步降低,试验结束时分别降至(58.22±4.57)%、(48.44±1.13)%;中砂组稚螺最终的体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.452 0±0.024 6)g、(12.13±0.17)mm、(7.91±0.13)mm,粗砂组分别为(0.427 5±0.019 6)g、(12.26±0.0...     

低盐度对泥东风螺(Babylonia lutosa)稚螺生长与存活的影响

采用盐度渐变和突变2种方法试验低盐度对平均体重3.7 mg、平均壳高(2.24±0.24)mm的泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响。结果表明:盐度28时,稚螺的生长速度最快,盐度降到24时,对稚螺的影响并不明显,摄食基本正常,但活力略有降低;变态7 d的泥东风螺稚螺能够适应高于21的低盐环境,存活基本正常,有比较高的成活率,但对其摄食和生长有一定的影响;当盐度突变至18时,泥东风螺稚螺仍能存活,突变至15时,则不能存活;而盐度渐变至15时,稚螺仍可存活;盐度逐渐降低只可扩大泥东风螺稚螺的存活盐度范围,但其对最适生长盐度范围影响有限。     

苹果螺2种群肌肉营养品质的比较

2个种群苹果螺肌肉营养成分测定结果表明:养殖种群的粗蛋白含量的质量分数为(14 731±0 0702)%,显著低于自然种群(P<0 05),而粗脂肪的质量分数为(0 524±0 0571)%,显著高于野生种群(P<0 05)。自然种群的鲜味氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量均比养殖种群高。比较得出自然种群肌肉的营养品质高于养殖种群。     

Impacts of Lactobacillus plantarum in Depuration for Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

This study investigated potential application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014, which exhibited strong bactericidal effects against V. parahaemolyticus in vitro, was added to artificial seawater for depuration of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus BE 98-2029 (O3:K6) to levels of about 10⁴ MPN/g at 15 ± 1 and 10 ± 1°C. Application of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 treatment (10⁷ CFU/mL) in oyster depuration did not enhance reductions of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters depurated at 15 ± 1°C but significantly decreased (p < 0.05) levels of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters depurated at 10 ± 1°C after 5 days (3.40 log reductions) when compared with controls (2.75 log reductions). It is not clear if a competitive exclusion by LABs to compete with V. parahaemolyticus binding sites in oyster tissues plays a role in the reduction of V. parahaemolyticus in the oysters. Further studies utilizing different types of LABs in oyster depuration might provide additional knowledge for application of LAB in depuration for decontaminating V. parahaemolyticus in oysters.     

长牡蛎壳黑和壳白选育群体生长性状的选择效应

为了培育壳色性状优良且生长性状良好的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)新品系,本研究以5个壳黑第四代家系和5个壳白第四代家系的成贝为基础群体,利用截头法对壳高进行选择,构建了壳黑和壳白快速生长系第一代群体,分析了两个选育群体的壳高和活体体重的选择反应、遗传获得和现实遗传力等遗传参数。结果表明,在长牡蛎收获的490日龄,壳黑群体和壳白群体选择组壳高较对照组壳高分别提高(9.83?1.68)%和(9.97?1.87)%,体重分别提高(10.16?3.64)%和(11.36?1.96)%。两选育群体壳高的平均现实遗传力分别为(0.353?0.09)和(0.405?0.111),体重的平均现实遗传力为(0.192?0.080)和(0.244?0.123)。本研究表明壳黑群体和壳白群体具有较大的遗传方差,在对壳高生长速度直接选择的同时实现了对活体体重的间接选育,可继续通过群体选育提高生长速度。本研究结果可以为培育出壳色美观、生长性状良好的长牡蛎优良品种提供科学依据。     

Fouling and predation; how do they affect growth and survival of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, during nursery culture?

This paper reports on 5 experiments conducted to assess the effect of cleaning regime and predation on growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) juveniles in north Queensland, Australia. P. margaritifera juveniles with a mean (±SE) dorso-ventral shell height (DVH) of 4.5 ± 0.1 mm were placed into plastic mesh trays and cleaned either every 4 or 8 weeks or left uncleaned for 16 weeks. Cleaning regime had a significant effect on growth and survival (P < 0.005). Lowest DVH (16.2 ± 1.0) was shown by oysters in uncleaned trays during 16 weeks compared to oysters in cleaned trays; however, there was no significant difference in DVH between oysters held in trays cleaned every 4 (19.4 ± 1.2) or 8 weeks (21.2 ± 0.8). In contrast lowest survival was shown by oysters held in trays that were cleaned every 4 weeks (30 ± 5%), but no differences were noted between oysters cleaned every 8 weeks (63 ± 4%) and oysters that were left uncleaned for 16 weeks (75 ± 8%). Predators of P. margaritifera in northern Australia included crabs, stomatopods, flatworms, gastropods and fish. The stomatopod, Gonodactylus falcatus, was the most destructive predator with individuals consuming in excess of 20 juvenile pearl oysters per week. The leather jacket, Paramonocanthus japonicus, did not kill pearl oysters, but trimmed the margin of oysters shells significantly reducing DVH when compared to control groups cultured without fish. Removing predators monthly had a significant effect on growth of pearl oysters compared to oysters in non-inspected trays; however monthly inspection of culture trays did not significantly improve oyster survival. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长牡蛎第三代选育群体生长性状的选择效应

为了培育长牡蛎的高产抗逆新品种,实验采用群体选育方法构建了中国、日本和韩国3个种群的快速生长选育系,2007年至今已连续进行了6代选育。本实验对长 牡蛎选育F₃代壳高和活体体质量的增长、选择反应和遗传获得等遗传参数进行了分析。结果表明,从第120日龄开始,中国、日本和韩国3个选育群体的壳高和 活体体质量均显著高于对照组,在420日龄时,平均壳高较对照组分别高13.4%、10.1%和10.5%,平均活体体质量较对照组分别重18.5%、13.4%和11.6%;壳高的平均现实遗传力分别为0.447±0.226、0.471±0.297和0.367±0.167,表明适于对壳高的生长速度进行进一步的选育。长牡蛎中国、日本和韩国选育F3代活体 体质量的遗传获得平均值分别为16.01%±3.82%、15.03%±5.21%和11.57%±5.15%,表明对长牡蛎壳高的生长速度进行选育时,活体体质量的生长速度也得到了明显提高。本研究结果可以为长牡蛎快速生长品系的连续选育提供依据。     

Growth and survival of the Calafia mother-of-pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley 1856) under different sequences of nursery culture–late culture at Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México

The Calafia mother‐of‐pearl oyster, Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley), and the Rainbow nacre shell, Pteria sterna (Gould), represent an important resource for México because of their potential in pearl production. The present work deals with the effect of different sequences of nursery culture‐late culture on growth and survival of P. mazatlanica, from September 1993 to October 1994. The collected spat presented two main size groups: small (mean shell height of 7 mm), and large (13 mm). They were arranged into four experimental batches for each size group at a constant stocking density of 40–45 juvenile pearl oysters per Nestier cage. Three batches remained in nursery culture for 2, 4 and 6 months respectively, after which they were transferred to late culture in rail cages. A control group remained in nursery culture for 12 months. Growth was evaluated monthly and compared through anova and HSD Tukey tests. In addition to the shell height, width, depth (mm) and weight (g), data of shell volume (height × width × depth, in mm³) was also introduced to estimate and compare growth among the experimental groups. Mortality was estimated by counting the dead specimens every month and obtaining the percentage from a 100% initial survival at the start of the experiment. The juveniles showed different responses to the change from nursery culture to late culture; the level of each response varied significantly among the experimental groups at the end of the study. It seemed that a 6‐month period for nursery culture was propitious for P. mazatlanica.     

Sex-specific growth and condition of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg)

In order to study the possibility of gaining commercial benefit from culturing an excess of one sex of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), comparative data on the growth rate and condition of male and female oysters are reported. Historically, measurement of sex‐specific growth rate in oysters has been overlooked or confounded by protandric sex. The recent conclusion that the sex ratio of Pacific oysters is predominantly under genetic rather than environmental control introduces the possibility of manipulating sex ratio for commercial gain if they exhibit asynchronous sex‐specific growth rates. Pacific oysters were cultured intertidally in Smoky Bay, south Australia. The observations, made over the 7‐month gametogenic cycle from August to February to ensure no sex reversal, were of growth rates of male and female oysters and ambient chlorophyll a concentrations. Mean shell growth of female oysters was significantly faster than that of males (4.5 ± 3.3 compared with 3.8 ± 3.2 μm day^?1 mm^?1 total length). Sex‐specific asymmetries in length and weight were generally significant and increased in magnitude during the 7‐month study period, suggesting potential commercial benefits from increasing the proportion of cultured female oysters. The fastest increase in the sex‐specific disparity in growth and condition came after the October chlorophyll a peak, suggesting that females utilize blooms more efficiently than males. Our results compare favourably with methods currently used to increase oyster growth (e.g. triploidy can provide growth gains of 13–51%).     

Suitability of cage culture for Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino production in China

Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) aquaculture is a thriving industry in China. This study describes a novel submerged cage culture system for abalone rearing in Fujian, South China. The cage consisted of five vertical slots that were oriented perpendicular to the flow of water. The slots were separated by six vertically connected plastic plates for abalone attachment and shelter at the bottom of the cage. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the appropriate stocking density at the start of the abalone sea‐based production cycle. Eight‐month‐old hatchery reared and size‐graded juveniles were transferred to the sea‐based culture system. For different stocking densities, shell length of juveniles obtained in this novel culture system on 2, 3.5 and 5 months, respectively, was compared with shell lengths obtained in a traditionally multi‐tier basket culture system. In Experiment 2, daily growth rates (DGRs) in shell length and biomass in terms of wet weight of 2‐year‐old abalones reared in cage and tiered basket culture systems were compared over a 6‐month period. Results of Experiment 1 showed that growth of abalone in the cage culture system is density‐dependent; the mean final shell length of juveniles obtained was 6.7–15.9% higher than in tiered baskets system even at the same initial stocking density. In Experiment 2, DGRs in shell length of 53.83–78.38 μm day^?1 obtained in cage system were significantly higher than that in tiered baskets (P < 0.01). And in terms of wet weight biomass, it was 1.48–3.01 times higher in the cage system compared with the traditional system. Abalone survival was more than 87.5% in both culture systems in both experiments. Advantages of the newly established cage culture system included better growth performance of the animals reared and potential improvement of rearing conditions, such as improved water flow velocity and dissolved oxygen.     

The effect of food quality on glycogen content,the fatty acid profile and winter mortality in cultivated oyster spat (Ostrea edulis)

Winter mortality in hatchery reared oyster spat (Ostrea edulis) that received three different diets during the summer period was investigated. Oysters fed a natural type diet had a winter mortality of 18.3 ± 6.3% while oysters fed cultivated algae (a mixture of Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros muelleri) had a mortality of 73.0 ± 9.7%. A group of oysters fed a mix between the two diets had a mortality of 54.7 ± 10.6%. Tissue samples were taken at the start of the experiment, after the summer period and after the winter period in order to determine growth and the content of glycogen and fatty acids. The glycogen content decreased for all groups during the winter but the decrease was highest in oysters fed the natural diet. This group also contained the largest variety of fatty acids, but there was no difference in the content of the essential fatty acids EPA, DPA and DHA between the groups. It is concluded that transplantation of spat to the sea in spring and early summer may reduce winter mortality since the feeding period on a more varied natural algal diet is prolonged compared to transplantation of spat later in the season.     

Seasonal Fouling Stress on the Farmed Pearl Oyster,Pinctada fucata,from Southeastern Arabian Sea

Biofouling on the periostracum of pearl oysters and on the cages has been considered as a stress factor causing mortality of the farmed stock, reducing growth rates and also affecting pearl quality. In farming experiments using the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, at Kollam Bay (India), biofouling was found to be a problem. This study was conducted to understand the effect of fouling on the mortality of pearl oysters kept in suspended culture, to identify the main foulers, the seasonal variation in biofouling and species successions in the community with reference to abiotic factors. The average monthly mortality rate (MR) was estimated as 0.117 ± 0.002 and the monthly variations were significantly different (P < 0.01). The total fouling (0.163 ± 0.002 g/g oyster) and biofouling weights (0.166 ± 0.007 g/g oyster) were high in December when the fouling community was composed of several species and dominated by the ascidian, Didemnum sp. December was also the period when the MRs peaked indicating that this organism was the main cause of mortality in pearl farms in Kollam Bay. A clear seasonality in the fouling community (25 species belonging to nine phyla) has been observed in the present study. On the basis of this study, monthly cleaning of oysters is advocated except during December, January, and March when the cleaning should be fortnightly.     

Growth and gonad development of the tropical black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.), in the Gambier archipelago (French Polynesia)

The growth and reproductive cycle of cultured black-lipped pearl oysters, Pinctada margaritifera (L.), were studied in the Gambier Islands (134°52′ W, 23°07′ S) from September 2002 to August 2003. Temperatures were recorded throughout the year, revealing seasonal temperature variations between 22.3 and 27.8°C. The mean annual chlorophyll a value, as computed from satellite data, was 0.188 ± 0.075 μg L⁻¹. To study growth and reproduction, 720 two-year-old individuals were ear hung on long-lines suspended at a depth of 7 m. Samples were taken twice a month to obtain the following measurements: shell height; wet weight of flesh and total oyster; dry weight of adductor muscle, mantle and visceral mass; and glycogen content. Gonad development was also studied by histology on parallel samples. Growth was relatively fast during the first 6 months of the study: average shell height increased from 89.1 ± 9.1 to 119.7 ± 10.8 mm and total weight from 93.4 ± 24.5 to 155.1 ± 33.6 g, between September and the end of March. Subsequently, from April to August, no significant growth was observed for shell and flesh, while the muscle weight decreased significantly. Condition index (CI), defined as the ratio of wet weight of the visceral mass to shell weight, and histological changes in the gonad revealed 3 significant reproductive events of different intensities. The analysis of correlations revealed a specific effect of the chlorophyll a concentration on the growth of shell and soma, and one of the temperature on tissue glycogen content. This study also showed also that CI could be an efficient indicator of reproductive events in pearl oyster. It thus appears that the development of gonads goes on throughout the year in the Gambier Islands, without any detectable phase of sexual rest.