美济礁合浦珠母贝吊笼养殖试验

在南沙美济礁开展了合浦珠母珠贝吊养试验,试验设计了1.5、2.5m和6.5m3个不同的养殖水深。养殖60d后,测量合浦珠母贝的壳长、壳高和壳宽,统计成活数,计算3个性状指标的特定生长率,比较不同水深合浦珠母珠贝的特定生长率和存活率。试验结果表明,吊养水深对壳宽特定生长率的影响不显著(P0.05),而吊养水深对壳长特定生长率和壳高特定生长率有显著影响(P0.05),6.5m水深的壳长特定生长率(1.10±0.11)%/d和壳高特定生长率(0.92±0.16)%/d均显著高于1.5m的壳长特定生长率(0.82±0.13)%/d和壳高特定生长率(0.50±0.08)%/d;吊养水深对合浦珠母贝的成活率也有显著影响(P0.05),吊养在6.5 m的深度条件下成活率最高(95.00±1.63)%,2.5m水层次之,而在1.5m水深合浦珠母贝的成活率最低(43.25±5.38)%。综合特定生长率和成活率数据可知,在深远海吊养合浦珠母贝时6.5m水深较适合。     

薛家岛海水网箱养殖海域贝藻综合养殖效果及其影响因素分析

本研究于2018年9—11月在山东省青岛市薛家岛海域构建了包含鱼类网箱、马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)和异枝麒麟菜(Eucheuma striatum)的多营养层次综合养殖(IMTA)模式,开展现场实验的同时,在室内测定了马氏珠母贝的摄食生理指标和异枝麒麟菜的营养盐吸收速率,对比分析了贝藻综合养殖对网箱养殖区的水质改善效果。结果显示,实验点马氏珠母贝壳高及特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于对照点,水层为0.50~0.62 m的马氏珠母贝平均壳高显著高于其他水层。实验点异枝麒麟菜的净增重显著高于对照点,水深为0.60~0.90 m的生长速率最高;在24.45℃条件下,马氏珠母贝对颗粒有机物(POM)的摄食率、吸收率和吸收效率均值分别为(4.13±0.77) mg/(h·ind.)、(1.04±0.24) mg/(h·ind.)和(25.00±2.51)%,均显著高于20.74℃实验组;在实验温度范围内,异枝麒麟菜对N、P、Si营养盐的吸收速率均随着温度升高呈先升高再降低的趋势,最高值出现在30℃。实验期间,马氏珠母贝摄食和吸收的POM分别为778.08和144.47 g,异枝麒麟菜吸收的N、P、Si总量分别为8.55、1.11和9.18 g,均高于对照点。研究表明,温度、养殖深度、POM及营养盐浓度是影响马氏珠母贝和异枝麒麟菜生长及生理代谢的主要因素。     

珠母贝人工苗中间培育的研究

2004年6-9月,分别采用不同养殖方法、光照度和水层对珠母贝人工苗进行中间培育。试验结果表明:不同养殖方法的成活率和壳高存在显著的差异(P<0.05),拱形笼吊养法、柱形笼吊养法、网箱法、开放式吊养法成活率分别为9.4%、27.3%、24.5%、0,壳高分别为26.5、31.4、29.8 mm、-,拄形笼吊养法和网箱法生长快且成活率较高;不同光照度对稚贝的壳高和成活率的影响显著(P<0.05),自然光组、800~1000 lx、300~500 lx成活率分别为24.7%、29.6%、36.5%,壳高分别为29.8、28.3、33.6 mm;2~3 m、4~5 m、6~7 m、8~9 m水层成活率分别为27.3%、29.1%、33.6%、38.9%,随着水层的加深而提高(P<0.05),壳高分别为31.4、30.6、29.5、30.2 mm,差异不显著。     

合浦珠母贝完全双列杂交组合生长性状比较

对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)三亚(SY)、越南(VN)、深圳(SZ)3个不同地区的养殖群体进行完全双列杂交,构建了6个杂交组合和3个自交组合,分别在135日龄、205日龄和260日龄从每个组合随机抽取100 ind个体,测量其壳长、壳高、壳宽和体重4个生长性状,分析杂交子代和自交子代的生长情况和杂交优势率,为群组选育提供科学依据。结果表明,在135日龄SYSY的4个性状生长速度最快,VNSY的生长速度最慢,显著性分析表明,SYSZ、SZSZ和VNSZ三个组合在壳高、壳宽和体重3个性状上差异不显著(P0.05),正反交组合差异极显著(P0.01);在205日龄SYVN的各性状生长速度最快,其次是SZVN;在260日龄SZSY的壳长、壳高、壳宽和体重增长最快,分别为39.32 mm、38.36 mm、14.19 mm、9.85 g,其次为VNSY和SZVN。合浦珠母贝早期主要集中在贝壳的形态性状上的生长,随着时间推移其生长速度下降,而体重生长上升。由杂种优势可知,不同阶段杂交组均表现出一定程度的杂种优势率,并随着日龄的增长,杂交组合SZSY和VNSY的杂种优势率随之增加。其中以SZSY在各性状的杂种优势率最大,分别为26.71%、22.87%、18.56%、49.12%,SZVN次之。杂交组合SZSY、SZVN、VNSY具有明显的生长优势,可作为进一步定向培育生长快速、个体大的合浦珠母贝的基础材料。     

合浦珠母贝和大珠母贝稚贝摄食率及摄食节律的比较研究

采用静水清滤法,对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)稚贝和大珠母贝(P.maxima)稚贝的摄食节律进行研究,旨在为珍珠贝岸基养殖时的科学投喂和管理提供参考。试验所用合浦珠母贝稚贝壳长(2.49±0.11)cm,大珠母贝稚贝壳长(2.14±0.16)cm。试验所用海水pH 7.79、盐度33.1、水温24～26 ℃,饵料为扁藻。通过测定0:00、3:00、6:00、9:00、12:00、15:00、18:00、21:00这8个时间点的摄食率,得到昼夜摄食节律。结果表明:除6:00~9:00时间段合浦珠母贝比大珠母贝摄食多外,其余时间段大珠母贝的摄食率均大于合浦珠母贝;大珠母贝一天的摄食总量显著高于合浦珠母贝的摄食总量。合浦珠母贝稚贝与大珠母贝稚贝的昼夜摄食节律相似,在0:00时摄食率最高,在6:00时摄食率最低,没有明显的昼夜摄食节律。     

盐度和温度对大珠母贝与合浦珠母贝滤水率和摄食率的影响

利用静水清滤法研究了盐度和温度对大珠母贝（Pinctada maxima）与合浦珠母贝（Pinctada fucata）稚贝滤水率和摄食率的影响。试验分为4组,大1组：大珠母贝壳长（1.02±0.07）cm,大2组：大珠母贝壳长（2.94±0.17）cm;合1组：合浦珠母贝壳长（1.15±0.21）cm、合2组：合浦珠母贝壳长（3.08±0.36）cm。结果表明,随着盐度或温度的增加,4个组的滤水率和摄食率均先升高,到达最大值后又降低;其中,大1组在盐度27有最大滤水率(0.274±0.079) L/h,合1组在盐度30有最大滤水率(0.325±0.011) L/h,二者无显著性差异（P>0.05）,大2组与合2组均在盐度33时有最大滤水率,分别为（0.660±0.027）L/h,（0.329±0.021）L/h,二者有显著性差异（P<0.05）。大珠母贝稚贝在盐度30时摄食率最大,合浦珠母贝在盐度33时摄食率最大,二者有显著性差异（P<0.05）。两种稚贝在26℃时,滤水率和摄食率达到最大值,二者的最大滤水率之间或最大摄食率之间均有显著性差异（P<0.05）;随着贝体生长,大珠母贝的滤水率和摄食率显著高于合浦珠母贝,因此饵料需求量也更大;饵料不足可能是大珠母贝稚贝死亡的重要因素。     

合浦珠母贝不同壳色选育系F6数量性状的相关性和通径分析

为深入了解不同壳色合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)形态性状与体重间的关系,为亲贝的选择提供策略,本研究使用合浦珠母贝传统壳色、金壳色、白壳色、红壳色和黑壳色5种壳色选育系F6各1000只个体的性状数据进行通径分析和聚类分析。测量的性状包括壳长(SL,mm)、壳高(SH,mm)、壳宽(SW,mm)、绞合线长(HL,mm)和体重(BW,g)。结果显示,5种壳色合浦珠母贝所有形态性状与体重间的相关系数均达到极显著(P0.01)。通径分析表明,壳长对传统壳色和白壳色贝体重的直接影响最大,壳高对金壳色和红壳色贝体重的直接影响最大,壳宽对黑壳色贝体重的直接影响最大。利用多元回归方法构建不同壳色合浦珠母贝形态性状与体重(BW,g)间的回归方程,其中传统壳色:BW=-24.999+0.467SL+0.387SH-0.259SW+0.244HL;金壳色:BW=-38.661+0.305SL+0.477SH+0.242SW+0.375HL;白壳色:BW=-4.130+0.332SL+0.300SH-0.307SW+0.088HL;红壳色:BW=-27.307+0.327SL+0.321SH+0.252SW+0.305HL;黑壳色:BW=-40.921+0.278SL+0.335SH+1.076SW+0.269HL。聚类分析显示,传统壳色与金壳色形态特征相近,而白壳色、红壳色和黑壳色形态特征相近。     

盐度与温度对大珠母贝和合浦珠母贝滤水率及摄食率的影响

利用静水清滤法研究了盐度与温度对大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima)和合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)稚贝滤水率及摄食率的影响。试验分为4组,大1组:大珠母贝壳长(1.02±0.07)cm,大2组:大珠母贝壳长(2.94±0.17)cm;合1组:合浦珠母贝壳长(1.15±0.21)cm、合2组:合浦珠母贝壳长(3.08±0.36)cm。结果表明,随着盐度或温度的增加,4个组的滤水率和摄食率均先升高,到达最大值后又降低;其中,大1组在盐度27有最大滤水率(0.274±0.079)L/h,合1组在盐度30有最大滤水率(0.325±0.011)L/h,二者无显著性差异(P0.05),大2组与合2组均在盐度33时有最大滤水率,分别为(0.660±0.027)L/h和(0.329±0.021)L/h,二者有显著性差异(P0.05)。大珠母贝稚贝在盐度30时摄食率最大,合浦珠母贝在盐度33时摄食率最大,二者有显著性差异(P0.05)。2种稚贝在26℃时,滤水率和摄食率达到最大值,二者的最大滤水率和最大摄食率之间均有显著性差异(P0.05);随着贝体生长,大珠母贝的滤水率和摄食率显著高于合浦珠母贝,因此饵料需求量也更大;饵料不足可能是大珠母贝稚贝死亡的重要因素。     

合浦珠母贝4种壳色选育系主要性状的比较分析

为评估合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)白壳、黑壳、红壳和金壳色选育系F6代的育种性能,对养殖达18个月龄4种壳色合浦珠母贝的形态、质量、闭壳肌拉力和抗才女虫寄生病等12个性状指标进行了方差分析和多重比较。结果显示,4种壳色选育系间壳高、绞合线长、壳宽、体质量、壳质量、软体部质量、闭壳肌质量、闭壳肌拉力、右壳感染率和贝壳感染率均存在显著差异(P0.05)。综合相关分析表明,白壳色选育系可作为壳高和低才女虫感染率同时选育的最优育种群体,金壳色选育系可作为壳宽、体质量和闭壳肌拉力复合选育的最优育种群体。该研究结果为开展合浦珠母贝多性状复合选择育种工作提供了科学根据。     

合浦珠母贝

名称合浦珠母贝(Pteria martensii),属软体动物门,瓣鳃纲,异柱目,珍珠贝科,俗称珍珠螺,珍珠贝。是海产双壳贝类经济价值较大的种类之一,所产的珍珠甚佳。形态特征具贝壳两枚,略呈方形,铰合     

大钦岛海区虾夷扇贝采苗试验

2010年在山东长岛县大钦岛南部海区进行虾夷扇贝采苗试验。采用规格为35cm×50cm的12目聚乙烯网袋组成的采苗器,垂挂于浮筏上,第一组网袋距离水面约3m,采苗器下端绑系质量约4kg坠石。试验结果表明,5月26日至6月1日投放采苗器平均采苗量40～50个/袋,6月6日投放采苗器平均采苗量10个/袋。3m、5m、8m采苗水层分别为30个/袋、48个/袋、71个/袋。远岸区平均采苗46个/袋,近岸区平均采苗24个/袋。     

Extension of nursery culture of Scylla serrata (Forsskål) juveniles in net cages and ponds

To address the preference of mud crab farmers for larger size Scylla serrata juveniles (5.0–10 g body weight or BW; 3.0–5.0 cm internal carapace width or ICW), a study was conducted to compare the growth and survival of crab juveniles (2.0–5.0 g BW; 1.0–3.0 cm ICW) produced a month after stocking of megalopae in net cages when reared further in net cages installed in earthen ponds or when stocked directly in earthen ponds. In a 3 × 2 factorial experiment, three stocking densities (1, 3 and 5 ind m⁻²), two types of rearing units (net cages or earthen pond) were used. Megalopae were grown to juvenile stage for 30 days in net cages set inside a 4000 m² brackishwater pond and fed brown mussel (Modiolus metcalfei). Crab juveniles were then transferred to either net cages (mesh size of 1.0 mm) or earthen ponds at three stocking densities. After 1 month, no interaction between stocking density and rearing unit was detected so data were pooled for each stocking density and rearing unit. There were no significant differences in the growth or survival rate of crab juveniles across stocking density treatments. Regardless of stocking density, survival in net cages was higher (77.11±6.62%) than in ponds (40.41±3.59%). Growth, however, was significantly higher for crab juveniles reared in earthen ponds. The range of mean BW of 10.5–16.0 g and an ICW of 3.78–4.33 cm obtained are within the size range preferred by mud crab operators for stocking grow‐out ponds.     

采用BioSonicsDT-X超声波回声仪评估青海湖裸鲤资源量及其空间分布

2010年8月10日至8月13日,采用美国BioSonics DT-X(210 kHz)鱼探仪对青海湖中青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przwalskii)资源量及空间分布特征进行了为期4d的水声学调查.分析结果显示:2010年8月青海湖裸鲤在全湖区的平均密度为(1.83±0.36)ind./1000m3,总尾数...     

密度对网箱养殖硬头鳟生长及经济效益的影响

本文主要研究密度对网箱养殖硬头鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss存活和生长的影响。在水温8.2~19.1℃下,将体质量1.02 kg的硬头鳟鱼种养殖在5m×10m×6m网箱中,网箱放置在松花江上游的松山水库中,密度分别为5尾/m~2(Ⅰ组)、8尾/m~2(Ⅱ组)、11尾/m~2(Ⅲ组)和14尾/m~2(Ⅳ组),投喂粗蛋白含量为42%、粗脂肪22%的颗粒饲料,常规养殖。145d的养殖表明:网箱养殖的放养密度对硬头鳟的生长有一定影响。第Ⅳ组鱼的存活率显著低于其他3组(P0.05);放养密度为5~11尾/m~2时硬头鳟的生长与密度呈正相关,大于此密度范围则呈负相关。第Ⅲ组鱼的终末体质量、日增重、增重率、利润和利润率显著高于其余3组(P0.05);4个密度组硬头鳟的产量随放养密度增加而递增。本试验表明:网箱养殖硬头鳟的放养密度为11尾/m~2较适宜。     

Growth, Survival, and Feed Conversion Rates of Hatchery-Reared Mutton Snapper Lutjanus analis Cultured in Floating Net Cages

Abstract.— The aquaculture performance of mutton snapper Lutjanus analis raised in floating net cages was assessed by measuring their growth, survival, and feed conversion rates during a growout trial conducted in a 3.2‐ha saltwater lake in the Florida Keys, Florida, USA. Approximately 10,500 hatchery‐reared finger‐lings were stocked in two circular, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) net cages of 7‐m diameter × 7‐m deep (300 m²) and 10‐m diameter × 7‐m deep (600 m³) dimensions. Cages were stocked at 25 fish/m³ (3.2 kg/m³) and 5 fish/m³ (0.72 kg/m³), respectively. Fish grew from a mean of 16.5 g to 302.8 g (25.6 cm TL) in 246 days in the former cage and from a mean of 42.3 g to 245.6 g (23.8 cm TL) in 178 d in the latter cage. Growth rates in weight were best expressed by the following exponential equations: cage 1 (high stocking density): W = 20.716 e^0.0112x (r²= 0.83); cage 2 (low stocking density): W = 38.848 e^0.0118x (r²= 0.81). Length‐weight data indicate that hatcheryraised, cage‐cultured mutton snapper are heavier per unit length than their wild counterparts. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the slopes of the two lines, indicating that fish in the two cages grew at the same rate. The length‐weight relationships for mutton snapper stocked in cages 1 and 2 are expressed, respectively, by the equations W = 0.000009 L ^3.11 (r²= 0.99) and W = 0.000005 L ^3.22 (r²= 0.97). Overall feed conversion rate for both cages combined was 1.4. Approximately 10% of the fish sampled exhibited some degree of deformity, particularly scoliosis. Overall survival rate was 70%. Results suggest that L. analis has potential for aquaculture development in net cage systems.     

Growth of the Pearl Oysters Pinctada mazatlanica and Pteria sterna in Different Culture Structures at La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, México

A growth study of Pinctada mazatlanica and Pteria sterna was conducted to explain the basic steps required for the development of a pearl culture program in México. Seed for both species was collected using onion bags filled with black polyethylene sheets (40 ± 80 cm) and 5 g of vexar filament. The spatfall was July-August 1987 for P. mazatlanica and December 1987-February 1988 for P. sterna . The seed (12.8 ± 1.2 and 13.0 ± 0.6 mm respectively) was placed in pearl-nets for intermediate culture (to attain 30 mm height). Populations were subsequently divided into three groups, two groups at 10 m depth in lantern and pocket nets and a third placed over a submerged shelf at 10 m depth in plastic net cages. Growth in height, survival and temperature were monitored. After 22 mo P. mazatlanica showed no significant differences in growth between culture structures. Nevertheless, the survival obtained in cages (99%) was larger than that obtained in hanging structures (65%). After 18 mo of culture, significant differences (F = 5.199 P = 0.05) in growth were observed for P. sterna . Larger animals were found in pockets (106.6 ± 0.8 mm) followed by lanterns (104.0 ± 0.7 mm) and finally in cages (103.5 ± 0.6 mm). Survival in pockets was 99%, 84% in lanterns and 98% in cages. With the operation of the different culture structures used in this study, the bottom cage system seems optimal to begin a culture program to obtain pearl-oysters for nucleus implantation.     

三角帆蚌对综合养殖水体水质及鱼蚌生长的影响

在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)养殖池中进行鱼蚌综合养殖试验,以探究三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)吊养密度和深度对水质、鱼和蚌生长的影响。试验共分4个处理组,三角帆蚌放养模式分别为对照组0只/m^3(C)、水下40 cm处单层吊养9只/m^ 3(D-6)、水下40 cm处单层吊养18只/m^3(D-12)、水下40 cm和80 cm处双层吊养18只/m^ 3(S-12)。结果显示:试验期间,各组透明度和溶氧均随时间的延长呈现下降趋势。吊养组(D-6、D-12、S-12)TN、NH+4-N和COD的平均含量均低于C组。各组TP平均含量无显著差异。吊养三角帆蚌后草鱼的成活率和增重率显著提高,其中D-12组鱼和蚌的存活率和增重率最高。同等三角帆蚌密度下,单层吊养(D-12)的水质化学指标、鱼和蚌的存活率和增重率均优于双层吊养(S-12)。从改善水质、鱼蚌生长情况等指标考虑,在草鱼养殖池中,三角帆蚌最佳吊养密度和深度分别为18只/m^3和40 cm。     

不同养殖密度对中国明对虾生长和能量代谢的影响

本研究采用网箱养殖的方法,通过室内28 d的养殖实验,在4个养殖密度G1(100尾/ m3)、G2(200尾/m3)、G3(300尾/m3)、G4(400尾/m3)组中,研究不同养殖密度对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)生长、能量代谢和代谢酶活力的影响。结果显示,G2组的增重率(WGR)、相对增长率(AGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均最高,与G1组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);G3和G4组的体重差异系数(CVW)显著升高(P<0.05),其他生长指标和成活率(SR)均显著低于G1组(P<0.05);G4与G1组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。随着养殖密度的增加,G3和G4组显著提高了血淋巴葡萄糖(Glc)、乳酸(LA)、丙酮酸(PA)的含量(P<0.05),显著降低了甘油三酯(TG)的含量(P<0.05);G2组4种指标含量与G1组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),而氨基酸含量在不同养殖密度之间变化不显著(P>0.05),表明在密度胁迫下,高密度对能源的需求增加,中国明对虾倾向性利用糖类脂类作为能源。另外,G3和G4组的己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、6-磷酸果糖激酶(6-PEK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性均显著升高(P<0.05),说明机体氧化代谢途径发生变化,分解代谢增强。琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性显著降低(P<0.05),表明三羧酸循环活性的降低,进一步表明密度胁迫抑制了组织的有氧代谢。研究表明,G3和G4组养殖密度显著影响了中国明对虾的生长,增加了碳水化合物和脂类利用,抑制了组织的有氧代谢。当中国明对虾为4.5 g时,其养殖密度100~200尾/m3为宜。     

Improving rearing performance in sea‐cage culture of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis juveniles (Temminck and Schlegel) using small sea cages

High levels of mortality occur in large net‐cage culture of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) Thunnus orientalis due to poor growth on commencement of sea‐cage culture obstructing the mass production of fingerlings. Therefore, we carried out this study to develop a countermeasure by using small sea cages (square with 13‐m sides). PBF juveniles were directly transferred to a 30‐m‐diameter cage (control) and compared them to fish transferred to small sea cages for 12 days before being merged into another 30‐m‐diameter cage. The survival rate, growth performance and potential factors increasing mortality were examined. The results of our study showed that survival rate in small sea cages was approximately 20% higher than that of the control. Poor growth also occurred in the small sea cages; however, its frequency and daily mortality rate were half those in the control. In addition, growth performance such as specific growth rate and weight gain of PBF juveniles in small sea cages significantly increased compared to the control. These results suggest that using small sea cages could be an effective countermeasure for poor growth, which may mitigate the high‐mortality conditions of current sea‐cage culture systems for PBF.     

不同排布方式圆形重力式网箱容积保持率的模型试验

以目前使用较多、主尺度为周长50 m、深8 m的HDPE圆形重力式网箱为研究对象,通过在主尺度为90 m×6 m×3 m的试验水池内的模型试验,研究其在不同配重、两种排布方式、不同排布间距条件下网箱的容积保持率变化。结果表明:"一字型"的网箱排布方式时,不同的排布间距对第一只网箱的受流影响不大;第二、第三和第四只网箱由于前一只网箱的减流作用,网箱间距越小,其作用越明显,容积保持率越高。"田字型"的网箱排布方式时,由于并排网箱产生的涡流的影响,第一只和第二只网箱在相同流速下其容积保持率较"一字型"排布方式减小,且网箱排布间距越小,涡流的作用越明显,容积保持率越低。模型网箱的容积保持率均随着配重的增加而增加,高流速下配重的调节作用减弱。根据实验数据以及在实际海上作业情况,建议"一字形"排布、25%间距方式设置网箱,可适当增加迎流第一只网箱的配重,其它网箱建议可采用700 kg配重。