磷脂和胆固醇在虾蟹类营养中的研究进展

脂类是虾蟹类生长发育所需能量的主要来源 ,也是其生物膜结构的重要成分。特别是其中的磷脂和胆固醇 ,对虾蟹类的成活和生长有重要影响 ,并与其蜕皮、生殖等生命活动密切相关。由于它们在虾蟹类体内不能合成或合成量过少 ,不能满足其生长发育的需要 (Ｋａｎａｚａｗａ和Ｔｅｓｈｉｍａ ,1977;Ｋａｎａｚａｗａ等 ,1985) ,因而要通过外界饵料进行添加补充。国内外学者从磷脂和胆固醇的生理意义和需求量、磷脂和胆固醇的营养代谢等方面对虾蟹类的磷脂和胆固醇营养进行了较全面的研究。现综述如下 ,以期为今后的相关工作提供参考。1　磷脂的生…     

虾蟹类幼体的脂类需求及脂类与发育的关系

虾蟹类(包括鱼类)幼体发育阶段使用饵料的质量是保证成活率的关键,它直接关系到虾蟹类育苗的成败,是主要生产要素之一。因此研究和掌握虾蟹类幼体发育的营养需求特点,并采用适当措施提高幼体阶段的饵料质量很有必要。本文综述了国内外有关的研究成果和研究动向,为今后进一步研究提供参考。.1　研究动态有关虾蟹类营养需求的研究,国内外多集中于经济价值较高种类对脂类的营养需求,但涉及到幼体发育阶段的研究较少,且主要集中于长链多不饱和脂肪酸的营养需求[1～5]。主要原因是:①脂类对虾蟹类幼体的发育有相当重要的影响,而用于培育幼体的活…     

饵料生物营养强化剂及效用

水产育苗用饵料生物的微藻、轮虫、卤虫、枝角类等,经营养强化后,能提高水产种苗的健壮程度。本文就自动控制培养装置、冷冻浓缩微藻液,以及油液类、虫卵类、微囊粉末类及饵料生物代用品微粒饲料等营养强化剂及效用,进行分述。     

应用稳定同位素技术分析枸杞岛近岸海域褐菖鲉的食性

为获知褐菖鲉的食性,本研究应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了不同季节和发育阶段褐菖鲉的摄食习性,并评估了浮游动物、端足类、虾蟹类和小型鱼类等饵料生物对褐菖鲉的营养贡献。结果显示,枸杞岛近岸海域4个季节褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值为–18.2‰~–14.7‰,平均值为–15.6‰;δ~(15)N值为3.3‰~9.9‰,平均值为7.9‰;单因素方差分析显示,褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值在不同季节之间差异都不显著,说明不同季节之间褐菖鲉的食性差异不大。对褐菖鲉全长和碳、氮稳定同位素比值进行线性回归分析,显示其δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值随全长变化都极显著,表明不同发育阶段褐菖鲉的食性差异极显著。聚类分析将不同全长的褐菖鲉分为3组,其中0~19 mm为一组,20~79和80~109 mm为一组,110~199 mm为一组,ANOSIM分析3组之间的差异极显著。褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值与虾蟹类和鱼类等饵料类群δ~(13)C值较接近,应用Iso Source软件分析饵料类群的营养贡献时发现,麦秆虫对褐菖鲉的的营养贡献均值最大,为22.3%,鱼类、虾蟹类等饵料类群的营养贡献均值都超过了12%。枸杞岛近岸海域褐菖鲉的平均营养级为3.18,属于低级肉食性鱼类,主要摄食麦秆虫、鱼类和虾蟹类,是底栖动物食性,而非浮游动物食性。     

海水育苗活饵料--桡足类的采捕与运输技术

随着海水鱼类、虾蟹类人工育苗的迅速发展,幼体鲜活饵料的需求量愈来愈大。目前常用卤虫无节幼体做鱼虾蟹类的幼体饵料,效果较好,但卤虫休眠卵价格昂贵,育苗厂常望而却步;而其他代用饵料因效果欠佳而尽量少用,故适口活饵料已成为海水鱼虾蟹类育苗生产的瓶颈,开发价廉、营养丰富的适口活饵料已迫在眉睫。 海水桡足类俗称水蚤、虾籽,隶属于节肢动物门、甲壳纲、桡足亚纲,是海洋浮游动物的一个重要组成部份;其体内不饱和脂肪酸含量高、并含有鱼虾蟹生长发育的必需氨基酸,是营养全面的海水鱼虾蟹的活饵料。实践证明,海水人工育苗投喂桡足类可提高海水鱼虾蟹幼体的成活率与活力,因而,在海水育苗中用桡足类作饵料日益被人们所接受与重视。     

虾类营养与免疫的协同作用及其研究进展

虾类的营养需求、血液代谢与免疫系统之间有密不可分的协同关系。饵料中蛋白水平的高低、蛋 白能量比值的大小,免疫调节活性因子的有无均对虾类的非特异性免疫表达有重要影响。本文综述了营养平 衡、饵料蛋白质含量对虾类免疫系统的影响,着重讨论了饵料中免疫活性物质如聚糖类、维生素、抗菌肽等对虾 类非特异性免疫表达的促进作用。     

虾蟹混养池塘的生态调控措施

一、水草管理 虾蟹混养池塘中种植水草可以起到遮挡阳光、降低水温的作用，同时水草可提供大量的维生素及其它营养成份，是虾蟹维持健康生长的重要饵料之一。而水草的大量生长还可作为虾蟹蜕壳时的隐蔽物，有利于减少自相残杀，提高成活率。     

东风螺的营养与饵料研究进展

使用冰鲜杂鱼养殖东风螺限制了其产业规模,东风螺养殖业的发展急需人工配合饵料.本文综述了东风螺营养需求、营养素对其生理生化的影响以及饲料原料选择等方面的研究进展,以期为进一步研究东风螺营养需求和饵料研发提供参考.     

鳜对饵料鱼类选择性的营养生理分析

通过对鳜及常用５种饵料鱼类的营养成分测定和营养价值的评价，得出鳜的饵料鱼类优劣依次为鲮、鳙、草鱼、团头鲂和鲢。分析鳜对饵料鱼类摄食选择性与营养组成的关系后认为，鳜对饵料鱼类选择性除适口性、易得性外，与鳜本身营养生理需求及饵料鱼类营养组成是密不可分的     

我国鲤配合饲料营养标准及质量控制

文章系统介绍了国标鲤配合饵料营养标准报批稿的主要内容,对编制的指导思想、基本营养指标值的确定原则、氨基酸平衡及其它营养成分需要量等问题进行了说明。在此基础上,还提出鲤配合饵料(硬颗粒)加工质量参考指标,为全面进行我国鲤配合饵料质量控制提供了依据。     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

虾蟹血淋巴的抽取与固定

随着人们对甲壳动物生理生态学研究的逐步深入,尤其是与免疫应答密切联系的血液生理学领域被广泛关注.抽取和固定血淋巴,成为进行血液学研究必不可少的步骤.那么如何更好地抽取和固定血淋巴呢,本文以虾蟹为例做了总结,以供参考.     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…     

Food habits and growth of silver and bighead carp in cages and ponds

Analysis of intestinal contents of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) showed that silver carp consumed primarily phytoplankton while bighead carp consumed large quantities of zooplankton and detritus in addition to phytoplankton. The size of particles filtered by the bighead carp was larger (17–3,000 μm) than that filtered by silver carp (8–100 μm). Artificial feed was readily consumed by bighead carp but not by silver carp. No growth difference was indicated for silver carp in fertilized ponds and ponds receiving artificial feed. Growth of bighead carp increased substantially with the addition of artificial feed. Silver carp grew more rapidly in cages than bighead carp.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

虾蟹专用肥的研究开发及应用

20 0 1年 ,江苏省高邮市农林局与中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心及扬州市春申生物化工有限公司共同承担了江苏省水产更新工程项目———“虾、蟹专用肥料的开发研究与推广”。经项目组人员的共同努力 ,现已顺利完成项目任务 ,研究开发的虾、蟹专用肥在试用和大面积推广应用中取得了显著效果。虾、蟹专用肥已被列为江苏省第一批无公害水产品基地拟用鱼药、饲料推荐产品 ;也是江苏省水产技术推广站、安徽省水产技术推广站、江苏省高邮市农林局、江苏省兴化市水产局、江苏省宝应县水产局、安徽寿县水产局等十多个水产行政主管和技术推广部…     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.