温度和相对饵料丰度对海蜇水母体生长的影响

本文在实验室条件下,盐度为20‰时就温度和相对饵料丰度对海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye)水母体生长的影响进行研究。温度设6个梯度组(16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃,32℃、变温),同时对应4级饵料丰度(20℃组设7级),通过测定海蜇水母体日生长率得出海蜇水母体生长的最适温度,最佳有效饵料丰度及变温组的适宜饵料丰度,并在20℃条件下,得出水母体平均日生长率(Y)与相对饵料丰度(X)的关系式:Y=9.43-2.69(1 X~-),从理论上推算出水母体平均日生长率的最大值为9.34%及停止生长(或出现负生长)时的饵料丰度为0.285次/日。实验用逐步逼近方法得到海蜇水母体致死的上限温度为34℃。     

不同开口饵料对半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼摄食、生长与成活的影响

在水温23～25℃下,将刚开口摄食的5日龄半刺厚唇鱼Acrossocheilius hemispinus仔鱼饲养在60cm×50cm×50cm玻璃缸中,密度为300尾/缸,投喂淡水轮虫(10ind./mL)、水蚯蚓浆(过150μm筛网)、蛋黄(250μm纱布揉洗)、鱼苗开口料和虾奶粉,以筛选半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的适宜开口饵料。22d的饲养结果表明:摄食不同饵料的半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的初次摄食率、生长速率和成活率差异显著(P0.05),其中淡水轮虫组初次摄食率最高(98.89%),生长速率最快(日增全长0.43mm),存活率97.33%;水蚯蚓浆组初次摄食率亦达到95.56%,平均日增全长为0.36mm,存活率为85.44%;蛋黄组虽然初次摄食率(90.00%)较高,但其生长速率(日增全长0.13mm)和成活率(57.00%)均较低,显著低于淡水轮虫组和水蚯蚓浆组(P0.05);而开口饲料组和虾奶粉组的初次摄食率和成活率均显著低于其他3组(P0.05)。总之,淡水轮虫是半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的最适开口饵料;水蚯蚓浆为适宜开口饵料,缺乏淡水轮虫时可用其替代作为半刺厚唇鱼仔鱼的开口饵料。     

不同环境因子对异枝江蓠的生长及生化组分的影响

分别测定了在不同温度(18、23、28、33、38℃)、不同盐度(13、18、23、28、33、38)和不同光强(3000、6000、9000、12000 lx)的培养条件下,异枝江蓠藻体的相对生长速率和生化组分的变化。实验结果表明,异枝江蓠适合生长温度为23-33℃,在此温度范围,藻体具有较高的相对生长速率(RGR),其藻胆蛋白和可溶性蛋白的含量较高,过氧化物酶(POD)的活力较低。异枝江蓠适合生长的盐度为18-28,异枝江蓠对低盐的耐受能力高于高盐,6000 lx是异枝江蓠的最适生长光强。     

不同温度下多棘海盘车对菲律宾蛤仔的摄食选择性研究

为了解不同水温环境中(5~25℃)多棘海盘车(4~8 cm)对菲律宾蛤仔(20~40 mm)的摄食选择性,本实验利用饵料收益率、摄食规格选择性、摄食量与摄食率等指数,分析了温度、多棘海盘车规格及饵料规格对多棘海盘车摄食选择性的影响。结果显示,实验条件下,捕食者及被捕食者规格对饵料收益率影响显著,温度对饵料收益率影响不显著;根据饵料收益模型,4种规格多棘海盘车依次在摄食20、23、30和35 mm蛤仔时的饵料收益率最大,收益率分别为0.62、0.70、0.83、0.94 mg/min;5~15℃条件下,摄食量随水温升高而增大,15℃为多棘海盘车摄食蛤仔的最适水温,此时5~8 cm多棘海盘车摄食量均达最大值,分别为0.37、0.45和0.54 g/d,之后随水温升高摄食量减小;摄食率昼夜差异显著,夜间显著高于白天;青岛近海5—6月的水温(13~18℃)为蛤仔春季繁殖的适宜水温,也是多棘海盘车最适生长和摄食温度,此时应加强对多棘海盘车的防治和清除。     

盐度与温度对大珠母贝和合浦珠母贝滤水率及摄食率的影响

利用静水清滤法研究了盐度与温度对大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima)和合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)稚贝滤水率及摄食率的影响。试验分为4组,大1组:大珠母贝壳长(1.02±0.07)cm,大2组:大珠母贝壳长(2.94±0.17)cm;合1组:合浦珠母贝壳长(1.15±0.21)cm、合2组:合浦珠母贝壳长(3.08±0.36)cm。结果表明,随着盐度或温度的增加,4个组的滤水率和摄食率均先升高,到达最大值后又降低;其中,大1组在盐度27有最大滤水率(0.274±0.079)L/h,合1组在盐度30有最大滤水率(0.325±0.011)L/h,二者无显著性差异(P0.05),大2组与合2组均在盐度33时有最大滤水率,分别为(0.660±0.027)L/h和(0.329±0.021)L/h,二者有显著性差异(P0.05)。大珠母贝稚贝在盐度30时摄食率最大,合浦珠母贝在盐度33时摄食率最大,二者有显著性差异(P0.05)。2种稚贝在26℃时,滤水率和摄食率达到最大值,二者的最大滤水率和最大摄食率之间均有显著性差异(P0.05);随着贝体生长,大珠母贝的滤水率和摄食率显著高于合浦珠母贝,因此饵料需求量也更大;饵料不足可能是大珠母贝稚贝死亡的重要因素。     

光照对脆江蓠生长及光合色素含量的影响

将福建宁德海区人工养殖的脆江蓠分别于40、80、120、160、200μmol/m2.s光照下进行培养。测定其相对生长速率、干重、光合色素含量、光合作用速率等指标,并绘制光合作用曲线,计算其光饱和点和光补偿点。结果表明,在低光照(40μmol/m2.s)下,脆江蓠呈现负生长,但光合色素含量较高;短期(7d)内,80～120μmol/m2.s的光照强度适宜脆江蓠生长,相对生长速率显著高于其他光强,光合色素含量也显著高于高光强各组;经长期(14～28d)培养,高光强(160～200μmol/m2.s)下的脆江蓠相对生长速率和光合色素含量逐渐升高,随光照增强,藻体干重不断增大,在200μmol/m2.s下干重达到最大;20℃时,脆江蓠呼吸作用速率为0.07±0.03μmolO2/g.min,最大光合作用速率为0.40±0.12μmolO2/g.min,光补偿点为35±15μmol/m2.s,光饱和点为200±60μmol/m2.s。     

温度、盐度、pH和饵料密度对皱肋文蛤清滤率的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了温度、盐度、pH和饵料密度对皱肋文蛤清滤率的影响,旨在为该贝养殖容量、摄食行为和能量学研究提供基础数据,以及为该贝在我国南方海域的健康养殖和推广提供依据。实验结果表明,皱肋文蛤清滤率随温度(13~33℃)、盐度(13~33)、pH(7~9)和饵料密度(2.5×104~10×104cell/ml)的变化而呈现峰值变化,各种环境因子对3种规格皱肋文蛤清滤率均具有极显著性影响(P<0.01)。当温度、盐度、pH和饵料密度分别为28℃、23、8和10×104cell/ml时,大、中、小规格皱肋文蛤清滤率均达到最大值,分别为1.06、1.78和2.42 L/g.h,0.35、0.65和1.05 L/g.h,1.26、1.67和2.02 L/g.h,1.29、2.07和2.29 L/g.h,表明温度为28℃、盐度为23、pH为8、饵料密度为10×104cell/ml是皱肋文蛤最适宜的摄食环境条件。大、中、小规格皱肋文蛤清滤率对温度、盐度、pH和饵料密度敏感性均表现为大规格<中规格<小规格,揭示皱肋文蛤在适宜的环境条件下,中、小规格个体摄食活动频繁,生长旺盛。     

利用变温促进罗非鱼生长的研究

在实验室内不同温度条件(恒温28℃、30℃和周期性变温28±4℃、30±4℃)下,分四组饲养罗非鱼,测定其增重、耗氧率、并推算能量同化率和组织生长效率(K_2)。结果表明,变温组均比相应恒温组生长迅速。其中以变温28±4℃组日增重最快,增重百分率最高,其次为变温30±4℃组,恒温28℃组日增重最慢,增重百分率最低。能量同化率和组织生长效率也以变温28±4℃组最高;30±4℃组能量同化率虽较高,但组织生长效率却最低。本文对变温促进罗非鱼生长的机理和其在生产实践中的意义进行了分析与探讨。     

微流水池塘主养长吻(鮑)高产试验

用配合饲料在微流水池塘主养长吻(鮑)(Leiocassis longirostris),以适当的养殖密度、合理增氧、科学管理和防病治病,经过330 d的试验,单产13 542 kg/hm2,利润72 850元/hm2,饵料系数1.93.结果表明,长吻(鮑)的生长水温为15～32℃,最适宜生长水温22～28℃;鱼种放养规格在70～240g/尾时生长较快,400g/尾以上时,生长速度明显下降.水温在25～28℃且规格小于240 g/尾时,饵料系数较低;水温低于22℃和高于28℃时以及规格大于240g/尾时饵料系数偏高.在微流水池塘条件下,用配合饲料养殖长吻(鮑)能够取得较好的经济效益.     

利用变温促进罗非鱼生长的试验

1982年,桂远明、王志余等人曾在水族箱中做过利用变温促进罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)生长的试验。结果表明,变温组(28±4℃及30±4℃)均比相应恒温组(28℃及30℃)生长迅速,变温28±4℃组比相应恒温28℃组总增重高50%,比恒温30℃组高30%。周期性变温降低了能量消耗,从而提高了饵料利用率。然而,这一试验是在实验室条件下进行的。为了查明利用变温促进罗非鱼生长的方法,能否在     

Grow-out of juvenile seahorse Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker; Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in illuminated sea cages

This paper examines the feasibility of rearing 10–15-day- and 0.7–1.5-month-old seahorse Hippocampus kuda in illuminated sea cages to continue existing hatchery protocols to mass produce H. kuda for trade and enhance depleted wild stocks in their natural habitats. Thawed Acetes (a planktonic crustacean abundant in inshore seas) was fed to juvenile seahorses in lighted and unlighted sea cages while one group in lighted cages was not fed Acetes . After 10–12 weeks of rearing, both mean body weight and stretch height increased in all treatment groups, with lighted cage-reared seahorses fed Acetes being heavier (2 g) and longer (8 cm) than the other two treatment groups. Although instantaneous growth rates declined during the rearing period, these were generally higher among Acetes -fed seahorses in lighted cages (0.02–0.07) compared with those in the unlighted cages with Acetes and lighted cages without Acetes feeding. Mean survivorship in all groups ranged from 9% to 74% after the trials, but mean survivorship of juveniles in lighted cages with Acetes feeding (9–74%) was consistently lower than the two treatment groups as a likely result of crustacean and piscine predators being attracted by light and the odour of leftover Acetes in the lighted cages. These results demonstrate that light-attracted zooplankton prey supplemented by Acetes feeding may provide essential nutrients for the growth of H. kuda juveniles in illuminated sea cages. With further improvement in the grow-out protocol, it may provide a possible alternative livelihood to seahorse fishers and sufficient seed to re-populate depleted wild stocks of H. kuda .     

大海马在人工养殖条件下的生长速率

报道了在人工养殖条件下,大海马(Hippocampus kuda Bleeker)的体长与体重的相对生长率、生长比率及生长速度与饵料、水温等环境因子的关系。结果表明，大海马生长高峰期为5～11月，群体体长月平均增长率为12.20％，体长特定增长率为15.92％；体重月平均增重率为15.87％，体重特定增重率为27.70％，群体增重倍数为13.8。大海马体长呈逻辑斯蒂曲线增长，关系式为L＝192.3460／(1＋e     

Effects of Anesthetic Disposal on the Physiological and Behavioral Responses of the Lined Seahorses,Hippocampus erectus

Anesthetic disposal for fish often results in physiological and behavioral responses. There is limited information involved on the metabolic and behavioral responses of the seahorses. The lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, is of great interest in the sciences because of its unusual S‐shaped morphology and male pregnancy behavior. This study found that the lined seahorse could be effectively anesthetized into Stage II at the concentrations of 10 mg/L clove oil or 20 mg/L MS‐222 based on the comparison of six different treatments. The ventilation frequency, oxygen consumption, and ammonia‐N excretion of the seahorses were decreased significantly as soon as they were exposed to the anesthetic agents. A higher O : N ratio was found in seahorses anesthetized by clove oil as compared to those exposed to MS‐222. After the anesthetic treatment, the feeding frequencies of recovered seahorses were low at the beginning and then increased during the 7‐d culture. Moreover, there was no incremental difference of wet weights among the tested seahorses (P = 0.534). The findings indicate that the anesthetic process has few effects on the feeding and short‐term growth of seahorses in spite of the occurrence of physiological and behavioral responses.     

Biochemical composition of the wild and cultured seahorses, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker and Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach

The biochemical composition of wild and cultured seahorses Hippocampus kuda Bleeker and Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach was analysed in this study. The crude protein contents (% dry weight) of wild seahorses were high: 72.7±2.5% in H. kuda and 78.5±4.2% in H. trimaculatus . The crude lipid contents (% dry weight) of wild and cultured seahorses (1.1±0.1 vs. 1.4±0.2 for H. kuda and 1.2±0.1 vs. 1.2±0.2 for H. trimaculatus ) were low and did not differ significantly ( F _3, 12=1.461, P =0.12). The essential amino acids and flavour-enhancing amino acids in wild seahorses were higher than those in cultured seahorses, although the essential amino acid index in wild and cultured H. kuda and H. trimaculatus were generally low. The total amino acid content decreased with growth in cultured H. trimaculatus ( F _3, 12=14.927, P <0.05). The poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents in wild and cultured H. kuda and H. trimaculatus were 21.69%, 37.72%, 21.39% and 33.89% respectively. The fatty acid content in seahorses first decreased and then increased with growth both in wild and in cultured H. trimaculatus . The PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio was 1.31 in cultured H. kuda and 0.87 in cultured H. trimaculatus . The trace metal concentrations in the wild seahorses were relatively low. The results presented in this study provide biochemical information necessary for understanding the medicinal value of H. kuda and H. trimaculatus and for elucidating the potential dietary requirements for their culture.     

Prey Selectivity and Trophic Behavior of the Patagonian Seahorse,Hippocampus patagonicus,in Captivity

This study aims at evaluating the Patagonian seahorse, Hippocampus patagonicus, feeding behavior in captivity with regard to type and size of prey selectivity and time‐investment‐related activities for searching and capture. Experiments in aquaria were carried out under two different treatments, with and without refuge for prey. Different diets composed of amphipods (Melita palmata and Ampithoe valida), juvenile decapods (Neohelice granulata) from natural environments, and artificially cultured Artemia salina. The eaten prey’s size was analyzed and experiments with size‐controlled prey were carried out. There were neither significant differences in the prey quantity ingested between males and females nor between treatments (with or without refuge). However, significant differences were found between the quantities of each prey consumed. Amphipods and A. salina were consumed in greater quantity (P < 0.05) when compared with juvenile decapods. Experiments with A. salina of different sizes did not show significant differences on seahorses’ preference. N. granulata was highly avoided and seahorses had lower capture efficiency over this prey. Behavioral observations showed that more than 50% of the times seahorses were resting and ambushing their prey. In captivity, with optimal conditions for predation, the Patagonian seahorse modifies its opportunistic behavior, feeding selectively, and bases its food preferences on prey size and shape .     

Evaluation of VI-alpha and PIT-tagging of the seahorse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippocampus abdominalis</Emphasis>

The suitability of visible implant alphanumeric (VI-alpha) and passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagging to individually identify seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) was assessed in two trials. For each trial, 24 seahorses were tagged and mortality, growth, tag retention and tag visibility/readability assessed, together with 24 control seahorses, over a period of 3 months. For VI-alpha tagging, a single tag was inserted under the skin between the first two anterior lateral tail rings of the seahorses. There was no difference in final seahorse length, wet weight, or mean SGR in tagged seahorses, compared with control seahorses, after 3 months. Tag retention was 100%, as was survival, in both treatments. Tag detection with the naked eye was generally poor but improved using LED blue light. However, readability of tag codes was highly variable and insufficiently reliable for VI-alpha to be suitable for identification of individual seahorses. In PIT-tagged seahorses, a single FDX-B transponder was inserted into the abdominal cavity of seahorses. There was also no difference in final seahorse length, wet weight, or mean SGR, compared with control seahorses, after 3 months. Tag retention was also 100%, as was survival in both treatments. Readability of transponders was reliable and quick using a compact reader. PIT-tagging is considered suitable for individual identification of large H. abdominalis.     

Growth,Survivorship, Air‐bubble Disease,and Attachment of Feeble Juvenile Seahorses,Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker, 1852)

Seahorse aquaculture has been a focus for meeting the demand of traditional medicine and aquarium. Feeble (poor quality) juveniles are commonly found in the commercial seahorse culture. In this study, we compared the growth and survival performances of the feeble and healthy common seahorses Hippocampus kuda. The results show that the feeble juveniles had high growth and survival at the temperature of 27–29 C and salinity of 26–28‰ with frequent feeding (≥three times a day) during first 5 wk. Through a 12‐wk investigation, we found that the air‐bubble disease could significantly affect the specific growth rate and survival of the feeble juveniles. There was a positive and significant correlation between the substrate‐attachment rate and survival rate in the feeble juveniles, and substrate‐attachment rate may be used to assess the quality of the feeble populations in the seahorse H. kuda.     

Breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810

All seahorse species worldwide have been placed under CITES Appendix II since 2004, because they have been over-exploited for traditional Chinese medicine and aquarium trades. Aquaculture has been recognized as a long-term solution for sustaining the seahorse trade while minimizing wild collection. In this study, we evaluated the breeding and juvenile culture of an important aquarium seahorse species, the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus, Perry 1810. Pairing, mating and copulation behavior were observed. Gestation time and brood size were 17.33 ± 2.94 days and 272.33 ± 66.45 individuals/brood, respectively. Growth rates differed among juveniles from different broods. Effects of temperature on the growth rates and survivorship of the juveniles during the first two weeks were compared. The highest growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles occurred at 28–29 °C among the temperatures tested (24–33 °C). Growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles during the first 9 weeks at 28 °C were investigated. The final standard length and survivorship of the juveniles were 6.32 ± 0.52 cm and 71.11 ± 10.18%, respectively, and the relationship between the wet weight and the standard length of the juvenile seahorses can be expressed as: W = 0.0034 L^2.5535 (r² = 0.9903, n = 12, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that H. erectus is a good candidate for commercial aquaculture.     

池养大海马的摄食_生长和生态转换效率

对大海马 (平均体长 92 .82± 2 .0 5 2 6mm ,平均体重 6 .6 9± 0 .4 5 70g)在养殖条件下 (放养密度为 2 0 0ind·m-3 ,溶解氧保持在 5 .5mg·L-1以上 ,生物耗氧量低于 3mg·L-1,pH值 7.5～ 8.2 ,透明度 5 0～ 85cm ,盐度 15 .2～ 2 6 .5 )的摄食、生长和食物生态转换效率进行了定量研究。通过系统取样 ,测量海马的全长、体重和消化道内食物重量 ,计算其增长速度、摄食率、消化道排空率、生态转换效率等数值 ,发现大海马的摄食每天有两个摄食高峰 ,即 12 :0 0和 18:0 0 ,晚上不摄食或很少摄食。大海马的日摄食量为 16 .6 342± 0 .782 0g·(10 0g) -1,日摄食率为 1177.2 5cal·ind-1,排空率 0 .14 4 4g·(10 0g) -1·h-1,食物转换效率 2 0 .0 4 % ,能量转换效率 31.4 2 %。体长日平均增长速度和日均增长率分别为 1.176 6mm和 1.2 7% ;体重日平均增重速度和日均增重率分别为0 .182 0g和 2 .2 7%。通过多元回归分析建立摄食率与体重及温度的相关关系 ,得出下列关系式 :C =6 .75 4 4+0 .30 14T +0 .2 190W (F =83.5 96 3,F0 .0 1=18.0 0 ,F >F0 .0 1)。     

Live prey first feeding regimes for short‐snouted seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles

As with many species of seahorses, Hippocampus hippocampus wild populations are being subjected to uncontrolled exploitation in their natural environment. Thus, aquaculture could contribute to satisfy the commercial demand for animals while promoting the recovery of wild stocks. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of the substituting Artemia nauplii with rotifers for first feeding seahorse juveniles. Survival, growth and biochemical composition of prey organisms and fish were studied during the feeding trial. In addition, to help the biometric study, an anaesthetic test was also carried out using clove oil. The results showed excellent survival (average 60%) in juveniles exclusively fed with Artemia, with better values than those reported previously obtained by other authors for this species. By comparison, high mortality and poor growth were observed during first feeding with seahorses fed on rotifers. This could have been related to the lower energy intake and poorer nutritional value of the rotifers. Furthermore, clove oil concentrations of 25 ppm were found to work well as an anaesthetic for seahorse juveniles. Overall, first feeding Artemia alone was found to be an efficient and simplified method for feeding young H. hippocampus fry, building the principles for their culture for ornamental or re‐stocking purposes.