斑节对虾家系氨氮耐受性的比较

以非洲（F）、泰国（T）、印尼（Y）3个地理群体的野生斑节对虾（Penaeus1Ttonodon）为亲本构建家系,通过96h氨氮急性毒性试验对其中45个家系进行氨氮耐受性的比较研究。结果表明,在96h高氨氮的胁迫下各家系的死亡率为15．56％～100％,斑节对虾家系间对氨氮的耐受性差异极显著（P〈0．01）。其中死亡率低于30％的高氨氮耐受性家系有7个,死亡率在30％～60％的中等氨氮耐受性家系有29个,死亡率高于60％的低氨氮耐受性家系9个。不同父本和母本来源的家系氨氮耐受性由高到低分别为来源非洲、印尼和泰国。不同交配组合氨氮耐受性由高到低分别为F♀×F♂、Y♀×Y♂、Y♀×T♂、T♀×Y♂和T♀×T♂。对印尼和泰国杂交组合家系的氨氮耐受性进行杂交优势分析,结果表明,杂交组合在氨氮耐受性表现出一定的杂交优势（1．98％～19．80％）,其中Y♀×T♂组合的杂交优势高于T♀×Y♂组合。     

凡纳滨对虾高氨氮和低溶氧抗逆性状的杂交配合力分析

该研究利用3个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)引进群体,采用完全双列杂交交配设计,建立9个自繁和杂交组合F1代,比较幼虾对高氨氮和低溶解氧的耐受性,分析各交配组合杂种优势,采用线性模型均数加权二乘分析法估算凡纳滨对虾高氨氮和低溶氧抗逆性状的配合力,评估亲本及子代的耐受性能。结果表明,9个群体对氨氮(NH3-N)和溶解氧(DO)胁迫的耐受性均存在显著差异,杂交子代耐高氨氮和耐低溶氧性状的中亲优势和超亲优势范围分别为14.09~42.57和1.860~26.18、-52.48~31.39和-54.34~24.66;杂交后代耐受性的表现受到父本、母本一般配合力以及杂交组合特殊配合力共同影响,美国夏威夷SIS群体(UH)耐高氨氮和低溶氧性状的一般配合力较高,分别为0.144 2和0.089 9;特殊配合力分析表明,美国迈阿密SIS群体(UM)和美国夏威夷SIS群体的杂交组合(UM×UH)为强优势组合,存在较强的抗逆非加性效应,杂交优势明显,可为进一步家系选育提供候选材料。     

双列杂交分析比较两个养殖群体杂交牙鲆抗病力

采用双列杂交设计对牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus两个养殖群体：日本群体（J）和中国抗病选育群体（C）进行群体间杂交和群体内自繁,获得C（♀）×C（♂）、J（♀）×J（♂）、J（♀）×C（♂）和C（♀）×J（♂）4个交配组合的子一代。针对受精率、孵化率、白化率和存活率4个性状进行了组合间的比较,计算了各项性状的杂种优势率,对组间各性状进行了方差分析,并进行了相关分析。结果表明,杂交组在受精率、孵化率及存活率上存在着不同程度的杂种优势,其中C（♀）×J（♂）后代在孵化率和存活率两个性状上的杂种优势率分别为33.99%和31.37%。对4个性状的表型相关分析表明,受精率和孵化率的相关系数为0.657,受精率和存活率相关系数为0.432,分别达到了极显著水平（P〈0.01）。分析结果认为,两个不同群体间的种内杂交是牙鲆优良品种培育的有效途径。     

杂色鲍杂交及选育育苗的效果研究

利用杂交结合选育的方法对我国南方主要鲍鱼养殖品种杂色鲍进行了育苗试验.试验共设置2个杂交组合,每个组合分5个试验平行组.结果表明,2个组即TW♀×HN♂和TW ♂×HN♀都取得了良好的育苗效果,其受精率分别为(97.23±1.52)%和(96.30±2.25)%;幼体附着率分别为77.02%和76.69%;幼体存活率分别为66.39%和66.89%;稚鲍壳长日增长分别为136. μm和133.8μm.剥离印d后,2个组合稚鲍的存活率分别达到了64.1%和74.2%,体现出良好的杂种优势和对环境的适应能力.TW#♀×HN ♂组合在受精率、幼体附着率和稚鲍壳长日增长率都高于其反交组合TW♂×HN ♀,而幼体和稚鲍的存活率都低于反交组合,但方差分析表明2个组合正反交的育苗效果在受精率、幼体附着率、幼体存活率和稚鲍壳长日增长率上无显著性差异(P>0.05),但在稚鲍的存活率上存在显著性差异(P<0.05).     

凡纳滨对虾野生群体F1与近交群体杂交和自交子代的抗逆、生长性状比较

为了探究野生群体的引入对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)近交群体子代性状的影响,利用源自厄瓜多尔海区的野生群体群选F_1(EC)与自建的全同胞兄妹近交群体(ZG)双列杂交,构建了EC♂×EC♀(EE)、ZG♂×ZG♀(GG)、EC♂×ZG♀(EG)、ZG♂×EC♀(GE) 4个子代群体,并对4个群体的仔虾进行了急性低盐度、亚硝酸盐暴露下的存活率和急性微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)暴露下的抗氧化酶活性分析,同时进行了养殖生长性状测试。结果显示:4个群体仔虾急性低盐度暴露下的存活率、急性MC-LR暴露下的抗逆性和生长性状都表现为EEGEEGGG,急性亚硝酸盐暴露下的存活率GEEEEGGG;杂交群体GE在急性低盐度、亚硝酸盐暴露和生长性状的杂种优势率分别为31.83%、77.01%和2.77%;而EG群体的杂种优势率分别为-19.21%、-8.01%和-8.14%,性状弱于双亲中值。4个群体的抗逆、生长性状总体表现为EEGEEGGG。研究发现:凡纳滨对虾杂交群体的性状以母本遗传占主导优势,近交群体的性状衰退可能是导致以其为母本的杂交子代性状退化的主因;凡纳滨对虾选育工作可能需要每年补充外源基础群体,才能保持选育群体的优势性状。     

斑节对虾幼虾不同家系的耐低盐能力比较

为了选育斑节对虾耐低盐新品系,以11个不同品系亲本的斑节对虾家系作为材料,使用0、0.5以及1三个盐度对其进行急性胁迫实验。结果显示,盐度1对斑节对虾的存活率影响不大,各家系都能良好适应,所以不适合作为评估家系耐低盐能力的胁迫浓度。盐度0.5与盐度0对斑节对虾的胁迫作用较强,各家系最终全部死亡,半致死时间的存活率在各家系间存在显著差异,而且盐度0与盐度0.5胁迫的结果具有一定一致性,所以盐度0与盐度0.5都可以作为评估斑节对虾家系耐低盐能力的胁迫浓度。研究表明,J(♀61619×♂61548非×泰)、I(♀61173×♂61615泰×非)、H(♀61116×♂61625泰×非)和K(♀61689×♂61504非×泰)4个家系的耐低盐能力较强,可以作为候选家系应用于耐低盐家系的选育工作。     

K↑（+）对中国明对虾幼虾生存及耗氧率、窒息点的影响

采用单因子静态急性毒性实验方法,研究盐度为6的海水中不同K 浓度对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeue chinensis)幼虾存活率的影响,并测定中国明对虾幼虾在不同K 浓度水质中的耗氧率及窒息点。结果表明:(1)K 含量过低或过高,均会成为影响中国明对虾幼虾生存的限制因子,中国明对虾幼虾对K 的生存适宜范围为16.00-165.80 mg/L,K 质量浓度低于16 mg/L时,中国明对虾幼虾的存活率随K 浓度的增加而上升;而当K 质量浓度高于165.80 mg/L时,中国明对虾的存活率随K 浓度的增加而下降。(2)水中不同K 浓度会对中国明对虾幼虾的耗氧率产生影响,在K 质量浓度分别为20 mg/L6、0 mg/L和120 mg/L,水温为(18.5±0.5)℃条件下,中国明对虾幼虾5 h平均耗氧率分别为(0.801±0.059)mg/g.h、(0.719±0.057)mg/g.h、(0.828±0.047)mg/g.h。(3)不论是低K 浓度组还是高K 浓度组,中国明对虾幼虾窒息点均明显高于正常海水K 浓度组,当水温为(19.4±0.1)℃,中国明对虾幼虾在K 质量浓度为20 mg/L、60 mg/L和120 mg/L时的窒息点分别为(1.469±0.006)mg(O2)/g、(1.350±0.005)mg(O2)/g、(1.496±0.006)mg(O2)/g。     

日本囊对虾耐高氨氮与生长性状的遗传参数估计

研究估计了日本囊对虾基础群体的体长、腹长、体质量与耐高氨氮性状的遗传参数,为制定综合选择指数、选择方法与育种目标提供技术参考。试验引进日本囊对虾台湾群体亲本,以1尾亲虾构建1个家系,共建立63个全同胞家系,每个家系单独培育,密度调整后开展共同环境养殖测试。各家系养殖150d后,统计每个家系生长性状,并分别从家系中随机选取30尾个体,在氨氮质量浓度为68.5mg/L下进行耐高氨氮试验,48h后统计各个家系的存活率。利用一般线性动物混合模型与广义线性模型分析方法分别估计生长和耐高氨氮性状的方差组分和遗传参数。试验结果表明,日本囊对虾幼虾体长(估计值0.79±0.13)、腹长(0.74±0.24)与体质量(0.31±0.25)遗传力为中高等遗传力水平性状;耐高氨氮性状为低遗传力水平性状,估计值为0.13±0.06,48h后家系耐高氨氮性状平均值为(8.84±12.65)%,耐高氨氮性状的变异水平为143.10%。体长、腹长、体质量与耐高氨氮性状的表型相关与遗传相关系数分别为-0.082~0.08和-0.067~0.17,检验结果不显著。研究结果表明,采用复合育种技术对日本囊对虾生长性状与耐高氨氮性状同时进行改良,可以起到加快育种进程的作用。     

凡纳滨对虾选育群体子代仔虾幼体耐低盐能力比较研究

为研究凡纳滨对虾选育性状,在实验水温25.0～29.3℃、实验时间48 h条件下,本研究对A、B、C、D四个凡纳滨对虾选育群体的自交和杂交不同交配组合子代的仔虾幼体(发育期P_(11)～P_(12),体长6.09～7.54 mm)进行了耐低盐能力的比较实验,以48 h的存活率和体长为指标综合评价不同种源子代仔虾幼体的耐低盐能力。结果显示,当盐度为3时,在17个实验组中,低存活率的6个组(存活率17.69%～57.37%)和高存活率的11个组(存活率68.72%～96.10%)存在显著差异(P0.05);耐低盐能力最强的2个实验组分别是A群种虾和D群种虾的正、反杂交子代,而耐低盐能力最弱的2个实验组分别是D群种虾和C群种虾的自交子代。实验结果表明凡纳滨对虾不同种源、不同交配组合繁育的子代仔虾,其耐低盐能力存在差异,研究结果可为对虾选育研究提供参考。     

大黄鱼和（鱼免）的远缘杂交初步研究

进行了大黄鱼和（鱼免）的远缘杂交试验,结果表明：（鱼免）（♀）×大黄鱼（♂）杂交组受精率为52%,孵化率为71%,但孵化后未能开口摄食,15天内杂交苗逐渐全部死亡。大黄鱼（♀）×（鱼免）（♂）杂交组受精率为75%,孵化率为83%,度过了开口摄食轮虫和开始摄食桡足类2个死亡高峰期,存活率仅为1.2%。并分析了（鱼免）（♀）×大黄鱼（♂）的杂交子代不能存活的原因,以及大黄鱼（♀）×（鱼免）（♂）的杂交子代的遗传本质和成活率低的原因。     

凡纳滨对虾不同生长阶段肠道可培养细菌耐药性研究

在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中多使用微生态制剂来调节水质,为避免破坏池塘菌群结构,很少使用抗生素.为了解凡纳滨对虾肠道细菌耐药性与不同生长阶段的关系,本研究选取江苏地区4种主要养殖模式凡纳滨对虾成虾和虾苗作为研究对象,利用K-B纸片法和qRT-PCR技术,研究对虾样本肠道可培养细菌对...     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)及虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)的荧光定量PCR检测

2013年,河北、天津等地区养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)育苗期出现死苗、出苗率低的情况,生产上,仔虾个体大小差异较大,造成了严重损失.本研究采用荧光定量PCR方法(Real-time PCR)对天津大港地区采集的108尾凡纳滨对虾仔虾样品进行单尾病原检测.结果显示,传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)和虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)均有检出.IHHNV阳性检出率100％,每微克对虾组织DNA的病毒拷贝数为103-107,且个体较大的样品(1.2-2.0 cm)携带病毒拷贝数偏高;EHP阳性检出率为49.1％,每微克对虾组织DNA的拷贝数为103-105,且集中于个体较小样品(0.7-1.1 cm).对IHHNV和EHP阳性凡纳滨对虾样品进行生物学体长与病毒载量指数相关性分析,显示IHHNV载量指数与对虾生长速率呈正相关,虾组织IHHNV平均载量达8.51×104 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平;EHP的载量与对虾生长速率呈负相关关系,与较大个体阳性检出率较低相对应,虾组织EHP平均载量达到2.19× 104 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平.由此,该批凡纳滨对虾仔虾患病为IHHNV和EHP的混合感染所致,本研究数据为IHHNV和EHP病原混合感染流行情况及其对养殖育苗期仔虾生长的影响提供科学依据.     

Tagging of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) by uropod cutting: a comparison of two methods

Two uropod‐cutting methods were used and compared as a means of long‐term tagging on juvenile (mean weight: 1.77±0.5 g) and sub‐adult (mean weight: 18.7±0.2 g) Litopenaeus vannamei: (a) cutting half of the left exopod (LE); and (b) cutting the whole right uropods (WR). Shrimp with uncut uropods served as controls. Regeneration of uropods in juvenile shrimp commenced within a week and complete regeneration was evident after 2 weeks. In sub‐adult shrimps, incomplete regeneration (IG) was observed within 1 month of culture in both cutting methods. Complete regeneration was observed in 2 months among shrimps in LE but not in WR. Abnormal growths (AGs) on regenerated uropods (91.1%) were observed in juvenile shrimp including hollow‐type (HT; 77.8%) and flat‐type (FT; 13.3%). Among sub‐adult shrimp, 87.6% produced AG including HT (68.8%) and FT (18.8%). In WR, regenerated uropods among juvenile shrimp were of a normal type (N) which was indistinguishable from the control treatment. On the other hand, normal growth (with less pigmentation, 5.2%), IG (26.3%), and AG (68.5%) were observed among sub‐adult shrimp. After 4 months of culture, with average final weights of 18–19 g, tag retention rate in juvenile shrimps was 91.1% for LE treatment, and 87.6% (LE) and 100% (WR) in sub‐adults. Survival rate was about 98% for both cutting methods in juvenile and 53–63% for sub‐adult.     

Genetics of the resistance to hypoxia in postlarvae and juveniles of the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei (Boone 1931)

The genetics of resistance to hypoxia was studied in shrimp using two approaches, heritability estimation and heterosis estimation. The heritability of resistance to hypoxia was evaluated in two populations of shrimp postlarvae families produced at different times, and heterosis was estimated through the reciprocal crosses of two genetically distinct shrimp populations at postlarvae and juvenile. Heritabilities of resistance to hypoxia in postlarvae were large and out of the range for the heritability (1.73±0.09, 1.35±0.14) regardless of population evaluated. When covariates (survival and mean total weight to postlarvae 15 days old) were introduced in the analyses to correct for effects during rearing of the larvae, the heritabilities did not change substantially for the first population, but were decreased for the second population depending on the covariate used for correction (1.15±0.10 and 1.08±0.11 for the covariates survival and total weight respectively). Those large heritabilities could be explained by the presence of confounded common environmental variance in the estimated genetic variance (maternal effects), or by dominance and epistatic effects being an important part of the estimated genetic variance. Heterosis analyses dissecting maternal effect indicated that both effects, maternal and dominance, are involved in the resistance to hypoxia at postlarvae, and that although maternal effects decreased at juvenile stage, the trait was still characterized by presenting a large heterosis value (62–65% for postlarvae and 36% for juveniles).     

Hypoxia‐induced changes in survival,immune response and antioxidant status of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed with graded levels of dietary myo‐inositol

A 3‐hr experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary myo‐inositol (MI) supplementation on survival, immune response and antioxidant abilities in Litopenaeus vannamei under acute hypoxia stress. Six practical diets were formulated with supplementation of graded levels (control group 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g/kg dry diet) of MI and were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of L. vannamei (mean weight 0.40 ± 0.00 g) for 8 weeks. Ten healthy shrimp (final mean weight approximately 11–14 g) randomly selected from each tank were exposed to hypoxia stress after feeding trial. After 3‐hr acute hypoxia stress, survival of shrimp fed MI‐supplemented diets (except 0.1 and 0.4 g/kg diets) was significantly increased compared with the control group. Shrimp fed control diet had lower activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) contents in hepatopancreas than those fed the MI‐supplemented diets. In addition, mRNA expression levels of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), catalase (CAT) and penaeidin were significantly differentially regulated in hepatopancreas. In summary, dietary MI supplementation may have a positive effect on improving resistance to acute hypoxia stress of L. vannamei.     

Effect of lignite fulvic acid on growth,antioxidant ability,and HSP70 of Pacific white shrimp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fulvic acid (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%) as feed additive on growth, feed utilization, antioxidant ability, and HSP70 in hemolymph and hepatopancreas of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (average weight 2.5 g) reared under experiment conditions. Shrimp were stocked at a density of 625 shrimps m^?3 for 60 days in net cages submerged in recirculating tanks. At the end of the experiment, specific growth rates and survival rates of shrimp in treatment groups fed with 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% fulvic acid were higher compared to that of the control group. Shrimp fed 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% fulvic acid had significantly lower feed conversion rates than those fed control diet. The optimum dietary fulvic acid requirement for juvenile shrimp based on weight gain was 0.897%. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase activity and peroxidase activity increased significantly, while malonaldehyde content decreased in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas of shrimp fed 0.9 and 1.2% dietary fulvic acid. Glutathione content increased obviously in hemolymph of shrimp fed 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% fulvic acid. In hepatopancreas, glutathione content was significantly higher in shrimp supplemented with 1.2% fulvic acid. HSP70 decreased obviously in hemolymph of shrimp fed 0.9 and 1.2% fulvic acid, while shrimp fed with 0.6 and 0.9% fulvic acid showed lower HSP70 level in hepatopancreas. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary fulvic acid could improve survival rates, growth, feed utilization, antioxidant capability, and stress resistance of juvenile L. vannamei reared under intensive stocking conditions.     

A Laboratory Challenge Method for Estimating Taura Syndrome Virus Resistance in Selected Lines of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Among the strategies being developed to improve survival and harvest yields in the farming of Pacific white shrimp Litopenneus vannumei is breeding domesticated family lines and the selection for further development of those lines that demonstrate resistance to Taura syndrome virus (TSV) challenge in the laboratory. A standardized laboratory challenge method for measuring TSV resistance by per os exposure to the virus, relative to a reference stock of L. vannamei , was developed and used to screen a total of 176 family lines provided by five different companies over a period of several months. All challenged shrimp were exposed to TSV per os by feeding minced TSV-positive shrimp carcasses at ∼10% of the shrimp biomass once per day for three consecutive days. Studies were carried out for a minimum of 14 d from the first day (day 0) of exposure to TSV. The survival rates obtained following TSV challenge of the selected L. vannamei families ranged from 0% to 100%, with a mean of 31%. The reference line of L. vannamei ("Kona line") gave survival rates of 0% to 37% with a mean of 13%. The results of the present study demonstrate that the use of a relatively simple laboratory challenge procedure provides a mechanism to evaluate and compare resistance to TSV among selected L. vannamei families and to predict the performance of selected stocks in farm environments where TSV is enzootic.     

Effect of feeding frequency and feeding time on growth of Penaeus vannamei (Boone)

Abstract. An intensive growth trial conducted In pens in an earthen pond indicated that growth of Penaeus vannamei (Boone) increased with feeding frequency and suggested that day feedings produce greater growth than night feedings. The differences in growth due to feeding frequency were significant, instantaneous growth rates (IGR) increasing from 1·62% to 1·66% to 1·71%/day as the number of feedings increased from one to two to four per 24 h. Comparison of the IGR of shrimp fed at night (1·64%/day) to that of shrimp fed during the day (1·68%/day) suggested ( P = 0·0633) that growth was greater for shrimp given day feedings than for shrimp given night feedings. Survival of shrimp was not significantly different due to feeding frequency or due to time of feeding and averaged 74·7 ± 6·1%. Results indicate that P. vannamei cultured under conditions similar to those tested should be fed a minimum of four times daily and suggest that feeding during the day is at least as good as and may be preferable to feeding at night.     

温度、盐度交互作用对凡纳滨对虾耗氧和氨氮、磷排泄的影响

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)成虾为研究对象,设计了4个盐度梯度和4个温度梯度,采用正交试验,研究了温度、盐度及其交互作用对凡纳滨对虾耗氧率和氨氮、磷排泄率的影响.凡纳滨对虾在温度和盐度交互作用下耗氧率为0.266～0.582 mg/(g·h),平均为0.419 mg/(g·h);磷排泄率为0.935～2.279 μg/(g·h),平均为1.532 μg/(g·h);氨氮排泄率为1.222～2.656 μg/(g·h),平均为1.854 μg/(g·h).统计分析显示,温度和盐度对耗氧率和氨氮、磷排泄率都有极为显著的影响(P＜0.01),且两者之间交互作用极其显著(P＜0.01).     

Maturing, Spawning and Egg Collecting of the White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone in a Recirculating System

A specially designed recirculating system was used to maintain P. vannamei broodstock for maturation, mating and spawning in the same tank. Two groups of different size shrimp were stocked in this system in Phase I (8 May to 5 September 1989) and Phase II (5 September to 5 December 1989). Results showed that this recirculating system was able to maintain good water quality keeping broodstock maturing, mating and spawning with high stocking density (10 shrimp/m²) and low mortality (6%). Seventy-eight percent of spawned eggs were collected by a submerged egg collector. Mating success was very poor (3.4%) in Phase I even though there was normal spawning frequency. Mating success and nauplii production were much improved in Phase II. During Phase II 104 male and female broodstock housed in a 6 m³ tank produced 1.6 ± 10⁶ nauplii (with 70% mating success) in three months. This study illustrated that broodstock size was a critical factor of successful mating and fertilization for P. vunnamei , and also, reduction of handling stress and lowered disturbance of the shrimp greatly enhanced the mating success.