5种消毒剂对鮰爱德华菌抑菌效果研究

鮰爱德华菌为变形菌门、γ-变形菌纲、肠杆菌目、肠杆菌科、爱德华菌属,曾被称为爱德华氏菌"GA7752"群,有研究也将其称为鮰爱德华氏菌或鮰爱德华菌,是多种鱼致病的主要病原菌,1976年,在美国斑点叉尾鮰中首次发现,可引起斑点叉尾鮰肠道败血症和黄颡鱼"红头病"等。鮰爱德华菌病从鱼苗到成鱼均可大面积暴发,流行水温24~28℃,主要感染鮰科鱼类。为更好地防治该病,笔者开展了消毒剂对鮰爱德华菌的杀菌实验,筛选出较好杀菌效果的消毒剂,以期为鮰爱德华菌的疾病防治提供参考。     

洛美沙星治疗斑点叉尾鮰肠道败血症的初步研究

采用试管稀释法对鮰爱德华氏菌进行体外抑菌试验,测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC);采用腹腔注射,进行急性毒性试验,检测洛美沙星对斑点叉尾鮰的毒性作用;结合体外抑菌试验和急性毒性试验的结果,配制一定浓度的洛美沙星,对人工感染鮰爱德华氏菌的斑点叉尾鮰进行浸泡治疗,检测该药对斑点叉尾鮰肠道败血症的治疗效果。试验结果表明:洛美沙星对体外鮰爱德华氏菌的M IC为7.57×10-5mg/mL,对斑点叉尾鮰未表现出明显的毒性作用,其对由鮰爱德华氏菌引起的肠道败血症的最佳浸泡治疗浓度约为1.14×10-3mg/mL。     

鱼类爱德华氏菌病的诊断与防控（中）

3常见鱼类爱德华氏菌病及症状由爱德华氏菌感染引起的鱼类疾病统称为鱼类的爱德华氏菌病（Edwardsiellasis）,由Etarda引起的鱼类爱德华氏菌病主要是鲶鱼气肿性腐败病（emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish,EPDC）,又称迟钝爱德华菌病;由E.ictaluri引起的则主要是斑点叉尾鮰肠型败血症（Enteric septicemia of Channel catfish,ESC）和黄颡鱼红头病 （Red-Head disease of Yellow catfish）。     

斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症（ESC）PCR

由鮰爱德华氏细菌引起的肠败血症（ESC，又称爱德华氏病）是影响斑点叉尾鮰养殖最大的疾病。为快速和准确的诊断该疾病，本研究以NCBI公布的妇爱德华氏细菌eip基因（GeneBank登录号为AF037441）为模板序列，设计种特异性诊断引物，成功建立了用于斑点又尾鮰肠败血症病原菌的PCR检测方法。研究结果表明。该方法能够直接从发病斑点叉尾鮰脑、肝、脾和肾组织中检测到妇爱德华氏菌，检测的最低量为21个细菌；同时，该诊断方法与Ⅰ型荧光假单胞菌、点状产气单胞菌点状亚种、鳗弧菌、温和气单胞菌、肠型点状产气单胞菌、拄状黄杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌、河孤菌、豚鼠气单胞菌及海豚链球菌等常见水产病原菌无交又反应。临床样品检测证明。本研究所建立的PCR检测方法可以用于斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症的快速诊断。     

鮰爱德华氏菌灭活疫苗免疫斑点叉尾鮰后外周血免疫指标的变化

在水温(25±1)℃下,给平均体质量(80±5)g的斑点叉尾鮰Ictalurus punctatus腹腔注射福尔马林灭活的鮰爱德华氏菌(Formalin-killed Edwardsiella ictaluri,FKE)后,第2、4、6、8、14、21,和28d测定外周血液免疫指标,并在免疫后第28天进行攻毒试验。结果显示:注射鮰爱德华氏菌灭活菌苗后,斑点叉尾鮰外周血红细胞和白细胞数量显著升高,白细胞分类组成变化显著,吞噬细胞的吞噬活性与凝集抗体效价显著上升。第4d免疫组红细胞和白细胞达峰值2.52×106/μL和4.67×105/μL,极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);单核细胞、中性粒细胞、吞噬细胞分类百分比和吞噬指数均在第4d达到峰值,分别为22.3%、5.67%、39.3%和4.33,极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);淋巴细胞分类百分比、凝集抗体效价在第21d达到峰值,分别为54.33%和1:341.33,极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。攻毒试验结果表明:免疫组相对免疫保护率为64.3%。福尔马林灭活的鮰爱德华氏菌免疫后,斑点叉尾鮰获得较强的抗鮰爱德华氏菌感染保护能力,为进一步研究斑点叉尾鮰肠道败血症的免疫奠定基础。     

致病性鮰爱德华氏菌药敏及中草药提取液体外抑菌试验

采用琼脂扩散法和二倍稀释法测定了31种抗生素和10味中草药及组合对致病性鮰爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)的抑菌作用。结果表明:31种抗菌类药物中,病原菌对头孢克洛、复达欣、头孢噻吩、先锋必、氟哌酸、环丙沙星、氨曲南、恩诺沙星、头孢拉定、头孢克肟、阿莫西林、新生霉素、先锋Ⅴ、氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、头孢呋肟、头孢氨苄和羧苄青霉素18种药物敏感,对克拉霉素、菌必治、红霉素、林可霉素、多粘菌素B、罗红霉素6种药物表现耐药性。10种中草药水提取物对鮰爱德华氏菌均有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中黄芩水提物的抑菌作用最强,其对鮰爱德华氏菌的最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度分别为3.75mg/mL和7.50mg/mL,抑菌圈平均直径达29.17±1.60mm;连翘、大黄、蒲公英、金银花、黄柏有较强的抑菌作用,MIC为7.50～15.0mg/mL,抑菌圈平均直径均在20mm以上;而龙胆草表现出较弱的抑菌作用。     

斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症病原菌的分离与鉴定

近两年来，一种严重的传染性疾病在广西斑点叉尾鮰养殖业中流行，造成鱼苗100％死亡；咸鱼的损失也高达30％～80％不等。为了确定该病病原，本试验对患病斑点叉尾鮰脑、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织进行了细菌的分离、鉴定及致病性试验。结果从南宁和合浦两地分离到NN和HP两株G短杆菌，人工感染试验表明，腹腔注射感染可引起健康斑点叉尾鮰100％死亡，浸泡感染可引起30％-55％死亡，并且感染发病的斑点叉尾鮰症状与自然发病症状相似。两株细菌的形态特征、培养特性和生理生化反应指标均与国外报道的鮰爱德华氏菌参考菌株（JCM1680）相同；两株细菌的16SrRNA基因序列与JCM1680菌株16s rRNA基因序列同源性均为99．3％。以上研究证实，NN和HP两株细菌为致病性鮰爱德华氏菌，其引起的传染性疾病为斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症。本研究首次对国内斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症进行病原菌的分离和鉴定，证实了斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症在广西斑点叉尾鮰养殖业中的流行及造成严重经济损失，对国内该病的控制及斑点叉尾鮰健康养殖具有重要的指导意义。     

中华鳖爱德华氏菌病病原和组织病理研究

从中华鳖病病鳖的肝脏分离得到菌株ｓ－１。用菌株Ｓ－１进行人工感染，１００％的鳖患病，从感染的病鳖的肝脏分离到菌株ｓ’－１，经生理生化反应测定，它与菌株ｓ－１特性一致。经鉴定，菌株ｓ－１是迟钝爱德华氏菌，野生型。爱德华氏菌感染会引起鳖的脏器发生变质性病变。主要症状呈肝脏型，肝局部坏死，有结节状肉芽肿。     

迟缓爱德华氏菌病

迟缓爱德华菌病,是由迟缓爱德华菌引起鱼类、牛蛙等水生动物疾病的统称,其中鱼类疾病有肠道败血症和肝肾坏死病、鳗赤鳍病、鳗臌胀病、鳗溃疡病、鳗肝肾病、鳗肝肾综合症等。迟缓爱德华氏菌还可引起人体肠炎、腹泻、脑膜炎、蜂窝组织炎、肝脓肿、败血症等症状。为我国的三类水生动物疫病。     

养殖大菱鲆的爱德华氏菌病

2004年5月至2005年9月间,先后对潍坊、烟台、威海和青岛等沿海区域养殖的大菱鲆自然发生的6宗爱德华氏菌感染病例进行了流行病学、病原分离鉴定和组织病理学等方面的调查研究。根据分离菌株的形态、生理生化特性,并结合16S rDNA序列分析,将其鉴定为迟钝爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)。人工感染实验证实该菌为大菱鲆爱德华氏菌病的致病菌。大菱鲆迟钝爱德华氏菌病具有急性和慢性两种感染形式。迟钝爱德华氏菌感染可引起大菱鲆肾脏、脾脏、肝脏、肠、鳃、皮肤等器官组织发生不同程度的病理变化,其显著特点是单核巨噬细胞增生,使得各器官组织出现巨噬细胞浸润现象。病鱼的组织病理变化以肾脏最为明显,包括巨噬细胞大量增生,多发性局灶坏死伴有渗出性炎症反应以及肉芽肿的产生;肾脏外观则显示异常膨大,正常组织转变为白色脓疡或豆腐渣状。本文属国内首次报道爱德华氏菌感染大菱鲆致病,为该鱼类的健康养殖和疾病防治提供参考和依据。     

Susceptibility of five species of fish to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract. Five species of fingerling fish, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , tilapia, Sarotherodon aureus , golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas , largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides and bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis , were tested to determine their susceptibility to the bacterium, Edwardsiella ictaluri , at 26°C, Channel catfish demonstrated high susceptibility to E. ictaluri as 100% of those fish injected with 1.5 × 10³ cells died within 10 days. Tilapia demonstrated slight susceptibility to the pathogen while golden shiner, bighead carp and largemouth bass were not susceptible. E. ictaluri was isolated from a higher percentage of peritoneal cavities, livers and kidneys of channel catfish than of other species. Sequential growth of E. ictaluri in the liver of channel catfish is described.     

Recovery of Edwardsiella ictaluri from danio (Danio devario)

A disease outbreak in the danio (Danio devario) resulted in the isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri as the etiologic agent. This isolate was compared with typical E. ictaluri and found to give identical reactions. It was also pathogenic for channel catfish. This is the second isolation of E. ictaluri from non-ictalurid fish.     

Organization and sequence of four flagellin-encoding genes of Edwardsiella ictaluri

Edwardsiella ictaluri , the cause of enteric septicaemia in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ), is motile by means of peritrichous flagella. We determined the complete flagellin gene sequences and their organization in E. ictaluri by sequencing genomic segments from a λ-ZAP phage genomic library of E. ictaluri . Four flagellin genes ( fliC1, fliC2, fliC3 and fliC4 ) are arranged in tandem within 6 kb in the E. ictaluri genome. Each flagellin-coding sequence is preceded by a σ²⁸ recognition site consensus sequence. The predicted amino acid sequences of all four flagellin proteins (between 36 and 37.5 kDa) are similar in the N-terminal (1–160 aa) and C-terminal (last 74 aa) portions and are divergent in the central portion of the proteins. Proteins encoded by flC1, fliC2 and fliC3 are more similar to each other (88–90% aa identity) than to the protein encoded by fliC4 (76–78% aa identity). basic local alignment search tool analysis of GenBank sequences showed that all flagellin aa sequences are more similar to those of Serratia marcescens (72–74% identity) than to those of Edwardsiella tarda (≤64% identity). Primary determination of E. ictaluri flagellin gene sequences facilitate advanced studies on the role of flagella in host–pathogen interaction.     

Comparison of Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from different hosts and geographic origins

The intraspecific variability of E. ictaluri isolates from different origins was investigated. Isolates were recovered from farm‐raised catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Mississippi, USA, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in the Western Hemisphere and zebrafish (Danio rerio) propagated in Florida, USA. These isolates were phenotypically homologous and antimicrobial profiles were largely similar. Genetically, isolates possessed differences that could be exploited by repetitive‐sequence‐mediated PCR and gyrB sequence, which identified three distinct E. ictaluri genotypes: one associated with catfish, one from tilapia and a third from zebrafish. Plasmid profiles were also group specific and correlated with rep‐PCR and gyrB sequences. The catfish isolates possessed profiles typical of those described for E. ictaluri isolates; however, plasmids from the zebrafish and tilapia isolates differed in both composition and arrangement. Furthermore, some zebrafish and tilapia isolates were PCR negative for several E. ictaluri virulence factors. Isolates were serologically heterogenous, as serum from a channel catfish exposed to a catfish isolate had reduced antibody activity to tilapia and zebrafish isolates. This work identifies three genetically distinct strains of E. ictaluri from different origins using rep‐PCR, 16S, gyrB and plasmid sequencing, in addition to antimicrobial and serological profiling.     

An assessment of the antigenic homogeneity of Edwardsiella ictaluri using monoclonal antibody

Abstract. Monoclonal antibodies were made against the reference strain of Edwardsiella ictaluri (ATCC 3320). Antibody produced by one of seven anti- E. ictaluri hybridomas reacted positively by the immunofluorescent antibody technique against 17 other E. ictaluri isolates. All hybridoma antibodies failed to react with six other bacterial species pathogenic to fish including E. tarda . Ouchterlony tests indicated that four anti- E. ictaluri clones produced only one kind of immunoglobulin. Electrophoresis of 14 different E. ictaluri isolates indicated identical protein bands at 36 and 60 kilodaltons (KD) in all isolates except an isolate from Thailand. Using the immunoblot method, channel catfish anti- E. ictaluri serum reacted with protein bands at 34 and 60 KD, which indicates that this molecular weight protein in the bacterium may be the dominant immunoprotein.     

Studies on Vaccination of Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Against Edwardsiella ictaluri

Enteric septicemia of cattish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, has become the most significant disease problem affecting the commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, industry in the United States. Although antibiotics are used extensively for the control of ESC, there are inherent problems associated with their use. Consequently, experiments were initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination program that used immersion and oral delivery methods to administer a killed E. ictaluri vaccine to fry and fingerling channel cafish. In a preliminary pond study with laboratory challenge, mortality in a group vaccinated with a combination of immersion and oral procedures was only 5.0% in both high- and low-dose challenges. This was significantly different (P c 0.01) from non-vaccinated controls, which had 46.7%mortality in the lowdose challenge and the 6 1.7% mortality in the highdose challenge. This corresponds to relative percent survival (RPS) values of 89.3 and 91.9 respectively. Subsequent field trials further indicated the efficacy of a vaccination program for the prevention of ESC in channel catfish. In 1987-1988, a field study was conducted using 12 commercial ponds, with three replicates of four treatments. The four treatments included vaccination by immersion only, oral only, a combination of both immersion and oral procedures, and non-vaccinated conwols. Relative percent survival was 57.4 for the immersion only treatment, 50.3 for the oral only treatment, and 53.5 for the combination immersion and oral treatment. In 1989-1990, no significant difference was found between vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish. However, in 1989-1990, a vaccine-oil emulsion was topcoated on a floating feed, rather than incorporating vaccine in a sinking pellet. In 1990-1991, overall mortality in vaccinated fish was significantly less (P < 0.05) than non-vaccinated fish, with 41.2% mortality in vaccinates compared to 63.5% in non-vaccinated fish, for an RPS of 35.1. In examining RPS values for individual farms, two farms had excellent results, with RPS values of 81.3 and 76.9; two farms had only moderate success, with RPS values of 26.6 and 15.4; and one location had greater mortality in the vaccinated fish than in the non-vaccinated fish. However, that farm had only two ponds in the study and experienced significant losses to proliferative gill disease in the pond with vaccinated fish.     

Intra- and interspecific phenotypic characteristics of fish-pathogenic Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda

Intra‐ and interspecific characteristics of fish‐pathogenic Edwardsiella ictaluri, and E. tarda were determined by numerical analysis of gel electrophoresed protein profiles, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and immunoblotting. The 18 E. ictaluri isolates revealed a high degree of homogeneity (70% similarity or higher) in their protein profiles and 95% similarity in their FAME, while the nine E. tarda isolates revealed 30% similarity in their protein profiles and 95% similarity in their FAME. Immunoblots probed for antigenic epitopes with goat antiserum produced against E. ictaluri and E. tarda, respectively, revealed that E. ictaluri were more homogeneous compared with the E. tarda isolates. Overall, there was a considerable degree of relatedness between the two species. Our findings suggest that phenotypically E. ictaluri represents a clonal bacterial population structure compared with the less monomorphic E. tarda.