东平湖刀鲚生物学参数、单位补充量渔获量及产卵亲体量评估

为完善东平湖刀鲚(Coilia nasus)的基础生物学数据, 并为实现其资源的可持续利用提供技术指导和理论依据, 本研究根据 2021—2023 年东平湖定置三层多目刺网调查获得的刀鲚体长、体重数据, 利用 ELEFAN_GA 技术对刀鲚的生长和死亡参数进行估算, 拟合 Von Bertalanffy (VBGF)生长方程, 构建了基于体长结构的单位补充量渔获量(YPR)和单位补充量产卵亲体量(SSBPR)模型。结果显示, 东平湖刀鲚体长范围为 4.9~26.2 cm, 平均体长为 (12.2±2.4) cm, 体重范围 1.1~51.8 g, 平均体重为(6.6±4.5) g; 使用基于 bootstrap 的 ELEFAN_GA 方法估算刀鲚渐进体长 L_∞=31.65 cm, 生长速率 K=0.66, 理论生产起点年龄 t₀= ‒0.23, 季节性生产振幅 C=0.65, 1 年中生产最快的时间段 t_s=0.40; 刀鲚的总死亡系数 Z=2.71, 自然死亡系数 M=1.074, 捕捞死亡系数 F=1.641、开发率 E=0.604, 平均选择体长 L₅₀=9.15 cm; YPR 模型结果显示, 随着 F 增大, YPR 值呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 生物学参考点 F_0.1 和 F_max 的值分别为 0.978 和 2.204; SSBPR 模型结果显示随着捕捞强度的增大, SSBPR 呈下降趋势, 现阶段捕捞强度介于 F_20%(2.848)与 F_40%(1.065)之间, 略大于 F_35%(1.286)。综上所述, 东平湖刀鲚生长表现出明显的季节性变化规律, 在与其他地理群体对比中, 东平湖刀鲚在生物学参数上的差异体现了其生长过程的空间异质性, K 值最大表明其可以用最短的时间生长到接近极限体长, 说明东平湖饵料丰富, 而同时较高的开发率和较低的开捕体长则表明目前东平湖刀鲚已处于过度开发状态, SSBPR 曲线得出现阶段捕捞强度小于极限值 F_20%, 略大于生物学参考点 F_35%。研究结果表明, 为使东平湖刀鲚资源达到生态、经济效益平衡, 可在适当减少渔船数量以降低捕捞强度的情况下, 通过增大网目尺寸以增加开捕体长来保持其可持续发展。     

基于线粒体DNA分子标记的东太平洋茎柔鱼群体遗传多样性比较分析

为合理开发利用东太平洋茎柔鱼资源,需要准确掌握其种群结构。基于线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)与细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)2个分子标记对茎柔鱼赤道海域与秘鲁外海2个地理群体的遗传多样性现状进行比较分析。分析认为,基于Cytb基因所有序列得到2个群体总的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为7、(0.397±0.079)、(0.001 09±0.000 96)和0.600,秘鲁外海群体单倍型多样性指数仅为(0.282±0.101),明显低于赤道海域群体。基于COⅠ基因所有序列得到2个群体总的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为17、(0.787±0.051)、(0.002 90±0.001 38)和1.802。单倍型网络关系图及两两群体间遗传分化系数F_st分析结果显示,赤道海域群体与秘鲁外海群体不存在显著的遗传差异(Cytb:F_st=0.005 91,P>0.05;COⅠ:F_st=0.055 23,P>0.05),2个地理群体可能在赤道海域海流的作用下发生基因交流。单倍型网络关系图、中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明,茎柔鱼经历过近期群体扩张事件,发生群体扩张的时间在138 900～167 900年前。     

东海区刺鲳生长、死亡及资源利用状况评价

利用2001-2005年东海区26°30′～32°30′N，禁渔区线外200水深以浅的东海区大陆架海域底层拖网调查资料和生物学测定资料，利用ELEFAN I软件估算生长参数，拟合von-Bertalanffy生长方程,估算死亡系数，利用Beverton和Holt模型评价资源利用状况。研究结果表明：东海刺鲳的Von Bertalanffy生长方程的生长参数为:L_∞ =267.8 mm；K=0.45/a；t₀=-0.63 a。从生长速度看其生长过程是变化的，小时生长较快，当叉长达到178.5 mm时生长速度开始下降，此时年龄为1.81 a。利用Pauly公式和詹秉义等推导的M和最大年龄t_λ的线性回归方程求得自然死亡系数M=0.81，用FiSAT II软件中的长度变换渔获曲线法、BH模式和用CPUE估算总死亡系数，得到Z=3.87，捕捞死亡系数F=3.06。根据Beverton和Holt的单位补充量等渔获量曲线，现行渔业点即F=3.06，t_c=1.10 a位于最适产量区内，表明目前对刺鲳的资源利用较为合理，接近最大产量。保持目前的捕捞强度F=3.06和捕捞规格L_c=145 mm不变，不仅能够保持目前渔获量稳定，而且能够保护刺鲳的资源。刺鲳渔获量稳定且缓慢增长的重要原因在于开捕年龄较为合理，也就是网目尺寸较为合适，这对东海区主要经济鱼类资源的管理和保护具有很大的借鉴作用。     

长江口横沙浅滩及邻近水域夏季游泳动物群落结构分析

为了解长江口横沙浅滩及邻近水域游泳动物群落结构状况，分析其是否受河口工程建设的影响，本研究于2019年6月对该水域展开底拖网数据调查，通过分析其优势种、物种多样性、群落结构特征来了解群落结构现状。结果显示，夏季该水域共出现游泳动物68种，种类组成主要以节肢动物和鱼类为主。优势种分别为安氏白虾（Exopalaemon annandalei）、葛氏长臂虾（Palaemon gravieri）和矛尾虾虎鱼（Chaeturichthys stigmatias），主要为小型、低营养层次和短生命周期的物种。调查水域游泳动物生物多样性指数偏低，群落结构总体不稳定，受环境扰动较大。聚类和排序分析显示调查水域站位大致可分为两组，并且两组组间物种群落结构差异极显著（R=0.825，P<0.01），主要是受到盐度和水温的影响。总体上看，近年来长江口深水航道和滩涂围垦等工程的建设可能对横沙浅滩及邻近水域游泳动物群落结构造成了一定程度的影响。     

倒刺鲃属三个种之间种间杂交的初步研究

采用人工催产和干法授精技术,进行了以中华倒刺鲃、倒刺鲃为母本与其父本及黑脊倒刺鲃雄鱼的种间杂交实验,获得4个杂交组合和2个自交组合,在(27±0.5)℃温度条件下,对其F₁卵膜径、受精率、孵化率、孵化时间、畸形率、子代早期形态特征与成活率进行了比较,同时,观察了胚胎发育及其异常现象,结果表明:以中华倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径差异不显著;以倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径,在多细胞期时差异不显著,在耳石期时,倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁卵膜径显著大于母本(P<0.05)。杂种F₁的受精率、孵化时间与母本差异不显著,畸形率显著高于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁的孵化率较高,与母本差异不显著(P<0.05)。倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率与母本之间差异不显著,倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁仔鱼早期发育阶段存在死亡高峰期,成活率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃种间杂交和倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂杂种F₁既具有父本特征,同时又具有母本特征,初步证明倒刺鲃属种间杂交是可行的。     

下纲重量和放网速度对金枪鱼围网下纲沉降速度的影响

作为围网网具主要性能,沉降性能直接关系到围网作业的捕捞效率,通过模型试验研究不同因素对金枪鱼围网沉降性能的影响,对改进金枪鱼围网沉降性能具有重要意义。本文通过2009年10月24—26日在千岛湖进行的金枪鱼围网模型试验,采用一般线性模型(GLM)分析下纲重量和放网速度对围网下纲沉降速度的影响。结果表明:(1) 下纲重量和放网速度对下纲各部分沉降速度均有显著影响(P<0.05),但两者间交互作用不明显(P>0.05)。(2) 下纲重量在0.795 kg/m时,下纲中部和后部沉降速度明显比其它组快(P<0.05);下纲中部沉降速度和下纲重量间关系式为:V=0.114 6w 0.103 2(R²=0.871)。(3) 随放网速度变快,围网下纲沉降速度加快,在放网速度为1.05 m/s时,下纲前部和后部沉降速度明显比其他组快(P<0.05);下纲中部沉降速度和放网速度间关系式为:V=0.072 6s 0.113 8(R²=0.983)。     

北部湾鱼类群落格局及其与环境因子的关系

根据2007年在北部湾海域进行的4航次底拖网调查数据,对北部湾鱼类的种类组成和群落格局进行分析。该调查共采获鱼类323种,隶属于18目101科。以冬季出现种类数最多,为231种;秋季和夏季次之,分别为217种和214种;春季最少,为186种。运用聚类分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS)方法分析了北部湾鱼类群落结构的空间分布,研究表明,该海域鱼类可划分为5个群落,为较为稳定的东北部沿岸群落(群落Ⅰ)、海南岛西岸群落(群落Ⅱ)、北部湾中南部群落(群落Ⅲ)、白龙尾岛附近海域群落(群落Ⅳ)和季节波动较大的琼州海峡西侧群落(群落Ⅴ)。ANOSIN检验表明,各群落间鱼类组成的差异极为显著(R=0.896~0.956,P<0.001)。对不同季节鱼类群落格局与环境因子(水深、底层水温、底层盐度)的相关性分析表明,鱼类群落组成的变化与水深的相关性最好(春季R=0.491,夏季R=0.578,秋季R=0.594,冬季R=0.514),与温度和盐度的相关性较差。     

西藏哲古措2种土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构及感染状况

为了解西藏哲古措土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构及季节动态，于2018年9月（秋季）和12月（冬季）、2019年3月（春季）和6月（夏季）对哲古措进行了4个季节的采样调查。共采集到2种土著鱼类，分别为高原裸鲤（Gymnocypris waddellii）和异尾高原鳅（Triplophysa stewartii），与原来的记录不同。在高原裸鲤的消化道中采集到了5种寄生蠕虫，分别为聂氏拟短结绦虫（Parabreviscolex niepini）、新棘吻虫未定种（Neoechinorhynchus sp.）、异肉吸虫未定种（Allocreadium sp.）、对盲囊线虫未定种线虫（Contracaecum sp.）和束首线虫未定种（Streptocara sp.），并对形态特征进行了描述。本研究发现，哲古措土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的物种组成具有一定地域性，大部分为广布性寄生虫，鸟类在其传播过程中起到了重要作用。经过分析，高原裸鲤消化道寄生蠕虫群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.70~1.27，显示了较高的群落多样性，Berger-Parker优势度指数为0.38~0.76，优势群为线虫。线虫表现出一定的季节消长规律：秋季为周年最高，冬季下降，春季上升，夏季降至最低，推测与水温、中间宿主的种群数量、线虫的生命周期和鱼类宿主繁殖期的行为等有关。复殖吸虫、绦虫和棘头虫四季的感染率均在10%以内浮动，平均丰度也较低。异尾高原鳅的消化道中未发现任何寄生蠕虫，推测与宿主肠道空间大小、摄食量和分布空间的差异有关。本研究通过对西藏湖泊土著鱼类寄生蠕虫的调查与分析，旨在为深入了解西藏寄生虫的组成特点、研究青藏高原隆升对寄生虫与鱼类宿主协同进化提供基础理论依据。     

汕头南澳海域龙须菜栽培系统细菌群落结构特征

为研究养殖规划调整后汕头南澳海域龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)栽培系统的细菌群落结构特征, 于 2021 年 4 月，龙须菜生物量最大时, 选择龙须菜栽培区(原为贝藻混合养殖区, 且常年开展牡蛎养殖)和邻近的自然海区(对照区), 调查比较了水体、沉积物、龙须菜藻体及其凋落物的细菌群落结构及环境特征, 并分离鉴定了龙须菜及其凋落物附着可培养优势细菌种类。结果发现, 龙须菜栽培区表层和底层水体细菌总数分别为 3.96× 10⁵ copies/mL 和 4.97×10⁵ copies/mL, 均显著高于对照区(P＜0.05), 沉积物细菌数量差异不显著(P＞0.05), 龙须菜藻体附着细菌数量和可培养细菌数量均显著高于凋落物(P＜0.05)。相对水体和藻体附着细菌, 龙须菜栽培区和对照区沉积物细菌多样性和丰富度最高, 相对于对照区沉积物, 龙须菜栽培区沉积物中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度更高; 两区域水体优势菌群结构类似, 但龙须菜栽培区 Rhodobacteraceae 的相对丰度 (21.1%~29.1%)显著高于对照区(11.9%~12.1%)(P＜0.05)。龙须菜及其凋落物附着优势菌以盖丝藻属(Geitlerinema)、 弧菌属(Vibrio)和假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)为主。可培养优势细菌为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、食环芳弧菌(Vibrio cyclitrophicus)和假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.)等。通过冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA) 发现, 水体 pH、溶解氧和盐度是影响水体和藻体附着优势菌群的主导因子, 总磷含量是影响沉积物细菌优势群落组成的主导因子。综上所述, 龙须菜的生长与凋落对区域水体细菌群落结构会产生较大影响, 栽培龙须菜及其凋落物体表能形成独特的微生物区系, 影响龙须菜栽培生态系统的结构和功能。     

团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期世代群体同野生群体间遗传变异的ISSR分析

以团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期3个世代群体（F₇、F₈、F₉）为试验对象、其选育奠基群体（1985年淤泥湖野生群体）后代、淤泥湖野生群体（2007年）、梁子湖野生群体（2007年）为对照材料，通过ISSR标记技术分析，并通过部分样本的细胞色素b基因测序的补充验证，了解选育所产生的遗传变异及野生群体遗传结构现状。主要结果：（1）从100个ISSR引物中筛选出26个引物，扩增出清晰、可重复的条带共164条，多态性条带比例49.39%。细胞色素b基因在选育良种3个世代中只发现一种单倍型。（2）选育群体同选育奠基群体后代、野生群体间的遗传差异显著，如群体多态位点百分数，F₉（28.05%）比选育奠基群体后代（40.24%）减少了30.29%，比淤泥湖野生群体（41.46%）减少了32.34%。选育群体同淤泥湖野生群体间的遗传相似系数最小（0.935 0），距离最大（0.067 2），两两配对F_ST值最大（F_ST=0.305 72）；UPGMA法构建系统进化树表明，选育群体同野生群体处于两个大分支，而在野生群体大支中，选育奠基群体后代与淤泥湖原种野生群体间配对F_ST值最小（F_ST=0.050 45）。（3）选育群体F₇、F₈、F₉各世代间遗传分化虽弱（低G_ST 0.141 7值，高N_m 3.027 9值），但多态位点百分数、位点基因平均多样性、Nei氏基因多样性、群体内Shannon多样性指数等遗传参数仍然都呈现随选育世代数的累进而降低的趋势。（4）ISSR比细胞色素b基因更适合近缘种的相关关系研究。（5）经过二十多年9代的选育，相对于野生群体，团头鲂“浦江1号”良种已产生了明显的遗传分化，性状已相当稳定，但离选育极限尚有一定距离，今后应在继续监测其遗传结构变化的基础上，进一步挖掘选育潜力，同时要避免种质混杂、近交衰退及瓶颈效应等的发生。     

A review of intestinal microbes in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes)

Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, harbours complex intestinal bacterial communities, which are important in several physiological processes of their host. Intestinal microbiota of grass carp have been previously described in numerous studies. However, an overview on the bacterial community diversity, including their establishment, their functions in host's nutritional processes and immune‐related responses, and use as probiotics, is absent. This study aimed to summarize the current understanding of the grass carp intestinal microbiota. In this review, we provide general information on the establishment and composition of intestinal microbial communities and factors influencing the diversity of gut microbiota. Also, this review covers the dietary effects of probiotics, prebiotics and/or synbiotics on the grass carp intestinal microbial communities and physiological characteristics. Although our knowledge of the grass carp intestinal microbiota is expanding rapidly, further studies on the factors affecting the diversity of intestinal microbes, interactions between intestinal microbiota and their hosts and application of probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics in aquaculture industry, are needed.     

Two biomass preparation methods provide insights into studying microbial communities of intestinal mucosa in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Animal digestive tract is habitat for a large number of autochthonous microbiota, which play central roles in multiple biological and physiological processes of the host. In this study, two different micro‐biomass preparation methods were employed to evaluate the diversity of intestinal mucosa‐associated microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Genomic DNAs were isolated either directly from intestinal mucosal samples (group A), or from micro‐biomass after microbial dissociation (group B). Community richness, diversity and evenness indices were all higher in group B, but differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.97, P = 0.33, P = 0.34 respectively). Furthermore, group B samples exhibited an increased ratio of bacterial DNA in comparison with group A samples, but the difference was also not statistically significant (P = 0.74). In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05) at the taxonomic level. Our results support previous findings that there exists a great abundance of the intestinal mucosa‐adherent microbiota in the grass carp; among these, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes and Fusobacteria were the most common phyla. Within these microbiota, Paenibacillus, Bacteroides, Bacillus and Cetobacterium genera comprise the majority of the community, implicating their functional importance (e.g. as probiotics) to their host. Our results contribute towards a better understanding of the intestinal microbial profile of grass carp. Both micro‐biomass preparation techniques proved to be feasible for studying mucosa‐adherent microbiota of grass carp; however, the second method (group B) provides a protocol that is somewhat more effective than the first method (group A).     

Effect of three commercial microbial products on bacterial community in a freshwater fish polyculture system

A 30‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three commercial microbial products, Novozymes Pond Plus, Zhongshui BIO‐AQUA and Effective Microorganisms on bacterial community in polyculture tanks stocked with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), gibel carp (Carassius auratus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Four treatments were tested. One treatment with no supplementation of the microbial products served as control. In the other three treatments, the microbial products were added at the intervals of 10 days respectively. During the experiment, grass carp and gibel carp were fed with a commercial formulated feed daily. Bacterial count and bacterial composition in water column of the tanks were monitored at the intervals of 3 days, and bacterial composition in sediment was determined at the end of the experiment. Bacterial composition in water column varied with progress of the experiment. Some bacteria from Novozymes Pond Plus and Effective Microorganisms could colonize in the tanks but did not dominate in bacterial community. This study reveals that the competition between the exogenous bacteria and native bacteria might be a factor determining the efficacy of the microbial products in improving water quality.     

草鱼MSTN-1基因多态性及与早期生长性状和肌肉成分关联分析

为研究草鱼MSTN-1基因多态性及与早期生长性状和肌肉成分的相关性,本研究扩增出全长为3824 bp的草鱼MSTN-1基因,用长江选育草鱼群体对MSTN-1基因多态性进行筛选和验证。结果共发现3个多态性位点(Locus 1:C1799T,野生型EE/突变型EF;Locus2:C1842T,野生型HH/突变型HI;Locus 3:TGAAGCGCTGGTTCT/2585-,野生型BB/缺失型BD)。利用一般线性模型分析3个位点及其组合型(剔除个体数少于3的组合)与生长性状和肌肉成分的相关性,发现2个位点对幼鱼生长性状表型差异有显著影响,但3个位点对肌肉成分差异均无显著影响。多重比较发现,单倍型HI突变组的体长和体质量显著高于HH野生组,BD突变组的体长和体质量显著性低于BB野生组;多倍型中存在HI突变组合的体长、体质量均显著高于其他组,存在BD突变的组合在体长性状方面显著低于其他组。表明草鱼MSTN-1基因3个SNPs中,HI突变是对草鱼生长性状的有利突变,BD突变是不利突变,而EF突变无显著影响,可将MSTN-1基因作为分子标记辅助草鱼选育的候选基因。     

Characterization of the bacterial community associated with early‐developmental stages of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Bacterial communities in eggs and larvae of grass carp were analysed. During the early‐developmental stages, grass carp harboured five bacterial phyla, i.e. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and Firmicutes. However, the composition of bacterial communities varied among the different developmental stages. In eggs, the bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, while in larvae the dominant bacterial community was Bacterioidetes. With the exception of a large proportion (>50%) of uncultured bacteria, Sphingobacterium (14.75%) and Acinetobacter (13.11%) were the most abundant groups in eggs at the fertilization stage (FS). However, Aermonas was the most abundant group, ranging from 40.54% to 61.76% in eggs at the cleavage (CS), blastula (BS), organ differentiation (ODS) and hatching stages (HS). In larvae after first ingestion (OW), Chitinophagaceae (79.41%) formed the predominant bacterial community. Changes in the bacterial community were further confirmed by statistical analysis, which demonstrated significant differences in the bacterial communities of eggs at FS, eggs from CS to HS and OW. However, no significant difference was found in bacterial communities of eggs from CS to HS. Furthermore, the present study revealed that bacteria related to Chitinophagaceae persisted from CS to OW, suggesting that these bacteria form part of the autochthonous microbiota of the fish.     

种青养鱼模式下的草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性

为探究种青养鱼养殖模式对草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性的影响,随机选取以种青喂草为主养殖模式下养殖的草鱼(生态草鱼)和投喂人工配合饲料进行养殖的草鱼(饲料草鱼)各16尾,测定其肌肉系水力和质构特性指标,以及肌肉常规营养成分、矿物元素、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果显示,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肝体比和空壳率无显著性差异;生态草鱼肌肉系水力指标中滴水损失显著低于饲料草鱼,冷冻渗出率不显著地低于饲料草鱼,失水率不显著地高于饲料草鱼,p H值无显著性差异;肌肉的硬度、弹性、凝聚性、胶黏性和回复性均无显著性差异;生态草鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于饲料草鱼,水分、灰分、粗蛋白含量均无显著性差异;生态草鱼P和Fe含量均显著高于饲料草鱼,Mg、Mn和Cr含量均极显著高于饲料草鱼;生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸总量分别为6.85%和6.27%。生态草鱼必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为76.07,而饲料草鱼为77.29,饲料草鱼略高于生态草鱼。生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉均含19种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸、花生四烯酸(ARA)、亚油酸(LA)、油酸、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和硬脂酸含量较高,为主要脂肪酸,而花生五烯酸(EPA)+DHA含量分别为8.95%和10.70%,且差异显著。研究表明,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼在肌肉质构特性方面无显著性差异,与饲料草鱼相比,生态草鱼具有肌肉系水力强、低脂肪和矿物元素含量高的特点。     

The effect of four microbial products on production performance and water quality in integrated culture of freshwater pearl mussel and fishes

An 80‐day mesocosm experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four commercial microbial products on production performance and water quality in integrated culture of freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, grass carp, gibel carp, silver carp and bighead carp. Five treatments were tested. One treatment with non‐supplementation of microbial products served as control (C). In the other four treatments, Novozymes Pond Protect (NO), Bio‐Form BZT‐Water Reform (WR), Bacillus natto (BN) and Effective Microbes (EM) were added at the intervals of two weeks, respectively. Mussel yield declined in the tanks with supplementation of the microbial products. No significant differences were found in fish yield and chemical water quality among the treatments except total nitrogen (TN) was higher in tanks EM than in tanks C. Biomass of phytoplankton and Cyanophyta was higher in tanks NO, WR, BN and EM than in tanks C. Supplementation of the microbial products resulted in change in bacterial community in which Actinobacteria, Chlorobi, Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria dominated. Bacterial community in the tanks was significantly affected by TN, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and Cyanophyta biomass. This study reveals that the function of these microbial products as probiotics is limited in H. cumingii farming.     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

基于微卫星评估草鱼放流亲本对野生群体遗传多样性的影响

利用筛选的13对草鱼多态性微卫星标记,开展了2011至2015年长江中游草鱼亲本增殖放流对野生群体遗传多样性的影响评估。通过对各位点的遗传多样性分析,13个微卫星位点的多态信息含量为0.8622(0.657~0.950),基因多样度为0.8555(0.675~0.936)。15个群体的有效等位基因数为7.4503~10.1536,等位基因丰度为11.483~15.204,说明15个草鱼群体的遗传多样性水平总体较高。遗传分化指数分析表明,群体间不存在显著遗传分化(FST5%)。通过贝叶斯聚类分析和主成分分析可将草鱼群体分为4个组群,根据分组结果以及来源划分分别对草鱼群体进行AMOVA分析,发现遗传变异大部分来自于群体内个体间,组间及组内群体间的分化水平较低(FCT5%,FSC5%),与FST分析结果一致。研究表明,当前草鱼亲本增殖放流模式对野生群体遗传结构影响不明显。     

Diversity of autochthonous bacterial communities in the intestinal mucosa of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (Valenciennes) determined by culture‐dependent and culture‐independent techniques

Traditional culture‐based technique and 16S rDNA sequencing method were used to investigate the mucosa‐associated autochthonous microbiota of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Twenty‐one phylotypes were detected from culturable microbiota, with Aeromonas, Shewanella, Lactococcus, Serratia, Brevibacillus, Delftia, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Enterobacter, Buttiauxella and Yersinia as their closest relatives. Genomic DNA was directly extracted from the gut mucosa of C. idellus originating from six different geographical regions, and used to generate 609 random bacterial clones from six clone libraries and 99 archaeal clones from one library, which were grouped into 67 bacterial and four archaeal phylotypes. Sequence analysis revealed that the intestinal mucosa harboured a diversified bacterial microbiota, where Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were dominant, followed by Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Deinococcus‐Thermus. The autochthonous bacterial communities in the gut mucosa of fish from different aquatic environments were not similar (C_s < 0.80), but γ‐Proteobacteria was a common bacterial class. In comparison to bacterial communities, the archaeal community obtained from one library consisted of Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. These results demonstrate that molecular methods facilitate culture‐independent studies, and that fish gut mucosa harbours a larger bacterial diversity than previously recognized. The grass carp intestinal habitat selects for specific bacterial taxa despite pronounced differences in host environments.