西藏黑斑原鮡消化道寄生蠕虫的分布类型及种间关系

黑斑原鮡(Glyptosternum maculatum)是中国唯一的原鮡属鱼类, 在中国仅分布于西藏的雅鲁藏布江。在 2019 年 5—8 月对 383 尾黑斑原鮡消化道寄生蠕虫种类调查鉴定的基础上, 对其感染数量的频率分布进行了统计, 并分别用方差均值比和 X² 检验、共感染频率统计等方法对各寄生蠕虫种群的空间分布类型及消化道寄生蠕虫群落的种间关系进行了分析和判定。结果显示, 深槽绦虫未定种(Bathybothrium sp.)、原头绦虫未定种(Proteocephalus sp.)和杆咽线虫未定种(Rhabdochona sp.)的分布模式为均匀分布; 异肉吸虫未定种(Allocreadium sp.)、新棘吻虫未定种 (Neoechinorhynchus sp.)、裸鲤棘头虫(Echinorhynchus gymnocyprii)和 Contracaecum eudyptulae 呈聚集分布。异肉吸虫未定种与裸鲤棘头虫、新棘吻虫未定种与深槽绦虫未定种、新棘吻虫未定种与原头绦虫未定种、新棘吻虫未定种与异肉吸虫未定种, 以及新棘吻虫未定种与杆咽线虫未定种间均为正关联; 裸鲤棘头虫与异肉吸虫未定种间为负关联; 其他寄生蠕虫物种两两之间不存在相互关联。共感染频率分布显示被感染的宿主多数只感染 1 种寄生虫, 同时感染 2 种以上寄生虫的宿主约占被感染宿主群体的 1/3, 其中, 共感染的最大物种数为 4 种, 但频率只为 1, 以 2 种物种共同感染的情况居多。     

西藏羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫的种群生态

高原裸鲤(Gymnocypris waddellii)是西藏高原重要的土著裂腹鱼类,本研究调查了藏南内流湖泊羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫的种群生态学,对180尾高原裸鲤寄生蠕虫进行种类鉴定和感染数量统计分析.结果显示,羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫由5个物种构成,分别为聂氏拟短节绦虫(Parabreviscolex ni...     

西藏哲古措异尾高原鳅年龄、生长及繁殖特性

本研究以耳石为年龄鉴定材料, 结合生物学测量数据, 利用函数拟合求得生长方程, 并解剖观察性腺发育情况, 对采自西藏哲古措的 1616 尾异尾高原鳅(Triplophysa stewarti)开展了年龄、生长及繁殖特性研究。结果发现, 所采集的异尾高原鳅年龄分布为 1~6 龄, 高龄个体较少。体长为 3.47~14.30 cm, 体重为 0.40~28.70 g, 生长特性符合 von Bertalanffy 生长方程: L_t=13.891[1?e^{?0.168(t+2.895)}](R² =0.940); W_t=28.179[1?e^{?0.168(t+2.895)}] ^3.0115(R² =0.991)。拐点年龄为 3.65, 对应的体长和体重分别为 9.26 cm、8.31 g。异尾高原鳅雌雄性比为 1∶3.01, χ² 检验结果显示雌雄差异极显著(P＜0.01)。Fulton 肥满度雄体平均为 1.07, 雌体平均为 1.03; Clark 肥满度雄体平均为 0.88, 雌体平均为 0.76。 异尾高原鳅 1 冬龄达到性成熟。雄性群体成熟系数为 1.57%, 雌性群体为 2.37%。绝对繁殖力为 1040~10176 粒/尾, 平均为 4397 粒/尾。研究结果, 哲古措异尾高原鳅年龄结构简单且低龄化, 生长缓慢, 肥满度低, 雌性个体性腺成熟系数低, 可能是受哲古措特殊的地理位置和生态环境等因素影响。本研究可为高原鳅属鱼类积累基础生物学资料, 并为藏南内流湖泊生态环境及渔业资源保护提供理论依据。     

西藏哲古错高原裸鲤年龄结构与生长特性

对西藏哲古错高原裸鲤（）的年龄结构与生长特性进行研究。2017—2019年，在西藏哲古错共采集高原裸鲤样本432尾，采用微耳石鉴定年龄，测量耳石半径，进行体长退算，研究其年龄结构与生长特性。结果显示，所采集高原裸鲤样本体长范围为3.1~35.6 cm，体重范围为0.4~645.9 g；年龄范围为1~11龄，6~8龄鱼比例超过35%。体长（2=0.9911，>0.05），拟合建立von Bertalanffy生长方程，=1114.233[1-e^{-0.149（=27.826 cm、为4.399。综上，哲古错高原裸鲤年龄结构简单化，处于增长期，可能是受哲古错特殊的地理位置和生态生境等因素影响。本研究旨在为西藏脆弱的生态系统中该物种的保护提供基础数据，并建议通过入湖河流水量管理、限制捕捞等人类活动等措施，改善哲古错生态环境，对哲古错高原裸鲤种群进行保护。}     

西藏鱼类寄生虫区系研究现状与影响因素分析

西藏水资源丰富,鱼类进化与青藏高原隆起、自然环境隔离演变息息相关,与鱼类和水环境密切相关的鱼类寄生虫区系也逐渐引起关注和重视。初步的研究显示,尽管西藏鱼类种类单一,但鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫种类较多,显示较高的多样性,而且发现了一些裂腹鱼特有的复殖吸虫和棘头虫种类,以及一些以鸟类为终末宿主的线虫和绦虫种类。西藏特有的放生习俗和候鸟迁徙现象,水电工程兴建和水体污染现状,以及土著鱼类资源量下降和青藏高原气候变化等因素,都有可能影响西藏鱼类寄生虫区系的组成与演变。寄生虫区系调查可为该地区鱼类寄生虫的种类、分布和数量提供详细的数据,进而了解寄生虫的形成与演变过程,弄清环境与寄生虫多样性的关系,为西藏渔业资源的开发与利用提供科学依据。本文对上述问题进行了总结和论述。     

新疆克孜勒河5种土著鱼食性分析

为探究克孜勒河 5 种土著鱼食物组成及其营养级, 本研究选取采自于克孜勒河的塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizothorax biddulphi)、宽口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax eurystomus)、厚唇裂腹鱼(Schizothorax irregularis)、叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis)和长身高原鳅(Triplophysa tenuis) 5 种鱼样品共 46 尾作为研究对象, 运用传统形态学方法, 对样品 5 个摄食器官形态性状进行分析, 通过高通量测序技术分析其肠道食物组成, 并测定了碳、氮稳定同位素以分析其营养级。研究结果显示, 3 种裂腹鱼属鱼类摄食器官形态较为相近, 2 种高原鳅摄食器官形态基本一致; 厚唇裂腹鱼肠长比约为 2.95, 主要食物来源于初级生产者, 包括刚毛柽柳(Tamarix hispida)、野大豆(Glycine soja)和白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)等; 宽口裂腹鱼肠长比较短, 约为 2.56, 食物以初级生产者为主, 如二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon), 也会捕食一些小型鱼类; 塔里木裂腹鱼肠长比较短, 约为 2.38, 食物以裂腹鱼属鱼类为主, 其次为白柠檬(Citrus latifolia); 叶尔羌高原鳅与长身高原鳅比肠长均小于 1, 肠道中裂腹鱼属鱼类丰度达到 95%以上; 塔里木裂腹鱼、宽口裂腹鱼和厚唇裂腹鱼营养级分别为 3.19、2.78 和 2.52, 叶尔羌高原鳅与长身高原鳅营养级为 3.44 和 3.55; 综合判断厚唇裂腹鱼属植食性鱼类, 宽口裂腹鱼为杂食性偏植食性鱼类, 塔里木裂腹鱼为杂食性偏肉食性鱼类, 叶尔羌高原鳅和长身高原鳅为肉食性鱼类。本研究拓展了对克孜勒河食物网的认识, 探明克孜勒河鱼类食物关系和营养级, 为克孜勒河鱼类资源保护及合理利用提供基础数据。     

塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅大棚养殖技术

叶尔羌高原鳅TriplophysarHedinichthys）yarkandensis（Day），又名叶尔羌鼓缥鳅、叶尔羌条鳅，地方名狗头鱼。属鲤形目、鳅科、条鳅亚科、高原鳅属、鼓鳔亚属，广泛分布于塔里木河水系，是塔里木河流域中生长较快、个体较大的一种，是生活在塔里木河流域的主要优势土著鱼类之一。叶尔羌高原鳅在鳅科鱼类中属于个体较大的鱼类之一，最大体长可达30．0cm、体重在305g左右。     

大渡河金川至丹巴河段干、支流鱼类资源及其多样性分布

为进一步了解大渡河金川至丹巴河段干、支流鱼类群落结构及其多样性分布特征，2020年5和9月、2021年5和7月对大渡河上游金川电站坝址至猴子岩电站库尾108km干流及区间主要支流进行了系统的鱼类资源调查与分析。结果显示：研究河段共分布有鱼类19种，隶属3目6科11属；鲤形目种类最多（15种），占总种数的78.95%；鲇形目（3种），占15.79%，鲑形目（1种），占5.26%。土著鱼类（14种）主要为裂腹鱼亚科、高原鳅属和爬鮡属等适应高山峡谷流水生境、特化程度较高的鱼类。其中，大渡河裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis chengi chengi）、细尾高原鳅（Triplophysa stenura）和齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）为研究河段的优势种。渔获物统计及多样性分析表明，干流与小金川、革什扎河、东谷河及勒乌沟等支流土著鱼类组成较为相似，但干流与支流以及各支流间鱼类资源及其多样性差异明显。研究表明，本河段鱼类群落组成简单，生态脆弱性较高，种群资源一旦遭到破坏，将很难恢复。且大部分土著鱼类为珍稀濒危和特有鱼类，保护意义重大。同时，大渡河上游鱼类正面临严重的外来鱼类入侵威胁，需引起高度关注。研究结果可为梯级开发对鱼类资源的影响评估提供基础资料，为鱼类栖息地保护等水生态保护措施的规划和设计提供依据。     

不同月份养殖草鱼幼鱼消化道微生物群落动态变化研究

为了评估草鱼消化道微生物群落结构在草鱼食性转化后的变动情况,实验对食性转换完成后的草鱼消化道微生物群落结构进行了PCR-DGGE分析。结果显示,不同月份采集草鱼消化道微生物群落结构存在明显差异(Monte Carlo检验,A:F=3.41,P=0.002;B:F=3.58,P=0.002),而被广泛认为影响宿主消化道微生物群落结构的宿主大小、丰满度等因素则在短期内并没有发现会对草鱼消化道微生物群落结构产生影响。实验表明,短期内环境因素可能是造成草鱼消化道微生物群落结构变动的主要因素。本实验结果将为深入阐述草鱼消化道微生物群落结构的变化规律、消化道益生菌的作用机理、消化道微生物群落结构变动与草鱼疾病的关系等问题积累基础材料。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江大峡谷墨脱江段鱼类群落结构及多样性的空间分布特征

本研究首次对西藏雅鲁藏布江大峡谷墨脱江段鱼类群落结构及多样性的空间分布特征进行分析。根据 2015 年春季(4 月), 2017 年春季(3—4 月)和秋季(11 月)在雅鲁藏布江大峡谷墨脱江段及其附属湖泊布裙湖进行的渔业资源调查数据, 对墨脱江段鱼类群落结构特征及多样性的空间变化进行了分析。结果表明, 春、秋季墨脱江段及布裙湖共捕获鱼类 18 种, 隶属于 2 目 4 科 13 属, 其中外来鱼类 2 种, 分别为鲤(Cyprinus carpio)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)。通过形态和分子生物学鉴定发现新物种 3 种, 分别属于裂腹鱼属(Schizothorax)、墨头属(Garra)和鰋属(Exostoma), 暂时命名为裂腹鱼属待定名种(Schizothorax sp.)、墨头鱼属待定名种(Garra sp.)和鰋属待定名种(Exostoma sp.)。春季墨脱江段干流和支流的鱼类种类组成存在显著差异, 干流主要由大中型鱼类组成, 支流主要为小型鱼类。优势种组成也存在差异, 仅弧唇裂腹鱼(Schizothorax curvilabiatus)为干流和支流的共有优势种。相对资源量最高的鱼类为弧唇裂腹鱼(S. curvilabiatus), 在干流中平均每小时电捕获鱼类重量为 9844.7 g; 平均每组网捕获鱼类重量 446.0 g, 支流平均每小时电捕获鱼类重量为 486.4 g。物种多样性指数(H?)变化范围为 0.95~1.77, 丰富度指数(D?)变化范围为 0.58~1.13, 均匀度指数(J?)变化范围为 0.37~0.77, 其中干流物种的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均低于支流, 表明春季墨脱江段干流鱼类物种多样性明显低于支流。     

Ecological and histopathological aspects of Didymodiclinus sp. (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) parasite of the dusky grouper,Epinephelus marginatus (Osteichthyes: Serranidae), from the western Mediterranean Sea

The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe) is an ecologically and commercially important fish species of the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal rocky habitats. Despite records of didymozoid infections in several grouper species, the identification and pathogenesis of these parasites in E. marginatus are lacking. The aim of this study is to characterize the didymozoids of E. marginatus, particularly their mechanisms of infection and histopathological features. Dusky groupers (n = 205) were caught off Majorca Island (western Mediterranean Sea) and examined for parasites. Of the fish sampled, 45% were infected with white and yellow didymozoid capsules and brown nodules, found on the gills and pseudobranchs. Parasite abundance had a strong positive relationship with the fish length; only fish larger than 20 cm were infected, suggesting infection via consumption of an intermediate host, for which E. marginatus size was a limiting factor. The capsules contained two convoluted viable adult trematodes, identified as Didymodiclinus sp., in close contact with host capillary vessels, with no evidence of the tissue inflammatory response. Conversely, nodules containing degraded parasites were surrounded by an intense inflammatory infiltrate. The findings suggest that Didymodiclinus sp. have the potential to evade the host's immune system by inhibiting the inflammatory response.     

太白湖主要经济鱼类寄生蠕虫种类调查

2015年12月,采用形态学方法对长江中游的太白湖鱼类鳃和肠道寄生蠕虫进行了初步调查和种类鉴定。结果显示:在调查的15种131尾鱼中,共分离鉴定了36种寄生蠕虫,其中单殖吸虫30种,复殖吸虫1种,绦虫5种;对其中6种单殖吸虫的形态特征进行了重新描述。大部分鱼类的鳃部都感染单殖吸虫,只有4种鱼类的肠道感染寄生蠕虫,较低的体内寄生蠕虫多样性表明该湖泊的生态环境可能受到较严重的干扰。     

Nematode parasites infecting the starry batfish Halieutaea stellata (Vahl) (Lophiiformes: Ogcocephalidae) from the East and South China Sea

The starry batfish Halieutaea stellata (Vahl) is a small, benthic fish found in Indo‐West Pacific Oceans. However, our present knowledge of the helminth parasites of this fish is still fragmentary. In this study, a total of 29 fish collected from the East and South China Sea were examined to determine the prevalence, intensity and species composition of helminth parasites in H. stellata. Using morphological and molecular approaches, four species of nematodes were found parasitic in this fish host, including the adults and fourth‐stage larvae of Raphidascaroides nipponensis Yamaguti 1941; adults and third‐stage larvae of Raphidascaris lophii (Wu 1949), third‐ and fourth‐stage larvae of Hysterothylacium larval type IV‐A of Shamsi, Gasser & Beveridge 2013 and third‐stage larvae of Hysterothylacium amoyense (Hsü 1993). Halieutaea stellata represents a new host record for the three last‐named nematodes. Raphidascaroides nipponensis with the highest prevalence (82.5%) and intensity (mean = 13.5) of infection was considered as the dominant parasite species in H. stellata. The detailed morphology of the different developmental stages of the four nematode species was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. All nematode species were also genetically characterized by sequencing and analysing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA. This study provides further data on the occurrence of nematode parasites in H. stellata and also contributes to facilitate an accurate and rapid diagnosis of the infection by these little‐known nematodes.     

Wetland edges as peak refugia from an introduced piscivore

相似文献   

Protective responses of intestinal mucous cells in a range of fish–helminth systems

Histopathological, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies were conducted on the intestines of four fish species infected with different taxa of enteric helminths. Brown trout (Salmo trutta trutta), eel (Anguilla anguilla) and tench (Tinca tinca) obtained from Lake Piediluco (central Italy) were examined. Brown trout and eel were infected with two species of acanthocephalans, and tench was parasitized with a tapeworm species. In addition to the above site, specimens of chub (Squalius cephalus) and brown trout infected with an acanthocephalan were examined from the River Brenta (north Italy). Moreover, eels were examined from a brackish water, Comacchio lagoons (north Italy), where one digenean species was the predominant enteric worm. All the helminths species induced a similar response, the hyperplasia of the intestinal mucous cells, particularly of those secreting acid mucins. Local endocrine signals seemed to affect the production and secretion of mucus in the parasitized fish, as worms often were surrounded by an adherent mucus layer or blanket. This is the first quantitative report of enteric worm effects on the density of various mucous cell types and on the mucus composition in intestine of infected/uninfected conspecifics. We provide a global comparison between the several fish–helminth systems examined.     

Polyculture of western white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 with Grey mullet,Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 controls external parasites of western white shrimp

The main aim of this study was to examine the effects of a polyculture system on the control of the external parasites of western white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. To this end, the western white shrimp postlarvae (PLs) were stocked in nine earthen ponds (600 m²) at a density of 20 PLs m^?2 and reared for 4 months. After 40 days of shrimp stocking, Mullets, Mugil cephalus, were stocked at various densities including: control (0 fish/100 m² pond), treatment 1 (T₁: 2 fish/100 m² pond) and treatment 2 (T₂: 4 fish/100 m² pond). Over the course of the experiment, the external parasites of shrimps were investigated by the preparation of a wet mount from the gill tissue. Based on the obtained results, totally two genera of protozoan parasites, i.e. Zoothamnium sp. and Epistylis sp., were identified over the course of the experiment. In all experimental groups, the incidence and abundance of Zoothamnium sp. was significantly higher than Epistylis sp. (P < 0.05). Also, mean incidence per cent and mean abundance of Zoothamnium sp. and Epistylis sp. were significantly lower in the polyculture treatments (T₁ and T₂) compared to the monoculture group (control) (P < 0.05). Throughout this experiment, the total organic matter (TOM %) content of the bottom sediments and biological oxygen demand (BOD₅ mg L^?1) of water samples in the polyculture ponds were significantly lower than the monoculture group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the polyculture ponds had a higher concentration of water dissolved oxygen (O₂ mg L^?1) compared to the monoculture (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results show that mullet as a secondary farmed species can reduce indirectly the parasitic pollution of western white shrimp probably through reducing the total organic matters in water and sediments and improving the water quality parameters.     

PARASITES AND PARASITOSIS IN FISH CULTURE IN PORTUGAL

This paper deals with research work covering the period from May 1979 up to May 1981 and presents results of parasites and parasitosis diagnosed in a total of 195 complete dissections of six fish species from cultured and feral populations in Portugal: European eel (Anguilla anguilla) (49); mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio specularis) (29); common grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) (18); European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) (11); rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (42); common sole (Solea solea) (46). A list of protozoans and helminths identified with respective incidence is given: A) Feral fish: 1) European eel (17)—Echinorhynchus clavula 11.8% and Rhabdochona anguilla 5.9%; 2) common grey mullet (18)—Haploporus benedenii 16.7%, Neoechinorhynchus sp. 5.6%, and Raphidascaris sp. 5.6%; 3) European plaice (11)—Bothriocephalus sp. larvae 9.1%, Contracaecum aduncum 9.1%, and Cryptocotyle lingua 9.1%; 4) common sole (46)—Cucullanellus minutus 8.7%, Gyrodactylus elegans 4.3%, and Cestodes larvae 2.2%. B) Cultured fish: 1) European eel (32)—Trichodina anguillae 3.1% and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 18.8%; 2) rainbow trout (42)—Eimeria truttae 2.4%, Hexamita intestinalis 4.8%, Holophrya simplex 2.4%, and Trichodina truttae 4.8%. The results show that feral fish harbor predominantly indirect life cycle helminths, in contrast with cultured fish only affected with protozoans, due mainly to overcrowding and deficient management, which propitiate a significant background infection. It was in these specimens that some lesions characteristic of protozoosis were found.     

Parasites of cultured and wild brown‐marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) in Lampung Bay,Indonesia

A total of 210 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (brown‐marbled grouper) was examined for parasites. During three consecutive seasons (two rainy and one dry season from 2002 to 2004), 35 specimens each taken from floating net cages of the National Sea Farming Development Centre (Balai Budidaya Laut) and from wild catches in Lampung Bay, South Sumatra, Indonesia were studied. Twenty‐five (cultured grouper) and 30 (wild grouper) parasite species/taxa were identified, with an infracommunity ranging from one to nine (cultured) and three to 14 parasite species (wild), demonstrating a species‐rich parasite fauna even in the cultured fish. Protozoans (1 species), microsporeans (1), myxozoans (1), digeneans (8), monogeneans (5), cestodes (3), nematodes (8), acanthocephalans (2) and crustaceans (6) were found. The most abundant parasites were the monogeneans Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli and Pseudorhabdosynochus lantauensis for both, cultured and wild grouper during all seasons. For the cultured fish, the prevalence of monoxenous ectoparasites (e.g. P. epinepheli, P. lantauensis, Capsalidae gen. et sp. indet., Benedenia epinepheli) was in most cases higher than that of heteroxenous endoparasites. This contrasts the wild grouper, where heteroxenous parasites such as Allopodocotyle epinepheli and Raphidascaris sp. occurred at a similar prevalence compared with the fairly abundant Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. No seasonality of infestation was observed for both cultured and wild fish. The high levels of infestation of potentially pathogenic monogeneans throughout the year could result in significant parasite outbreaks at the locality studied.     

Prevalence of nematode parasite,Contracaecum, in Nile tilapia,African catfish and Barbus species in Lake Hawassa,Ethiopia

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018 at Lake Hawassa to determine the prevalence of larval Contracaecum infestation in Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus), African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Barbus species (Barbus intermedius). Fifty‐two point six per cent (52.6%) previous prevalence and 5% precision were used to estimate the sample size. Accordingly, a total of 383 randomly sampled fish species comprising of 163 (42.6%) C. gariepinus, 159 (41.5%) O. niloticus and 61(15.9%) B. intermedius were examined. The length and weight of each sampled fish were recorded. All the sampled fish were examined for the evidence of Contracaecum parasites in Hawassa University Veterinary Parasitology and Pathology Laboratory. Chi‐square values and comparison of proportions were used to analyse the data. The overall prevalence of Contracaecum parasites of fish population was 31.6%. The distribution of parasite was significantly affected by fish species (p = .000), sexes (p = .018), length (p = .003) and weight classes of fish (p = .026). As a hygienic problem and gutting activity conducted at the sides of the Lake Hawassa and distribution of discarded fish wastes for surrounding piscivorous birds by butchers and other people, the life cycle of Contracaecum parasite was perpetuated. Thus, the parasite is of zoonotic significance. Therefore, awareness creation activities for societies and control of fish parasites should be conducted in the study area.