科学实施渔业柴油补贴政策的建议

本文通过专题调查和研究,认为渔业柴油补贴政策在降低生产成本、增加渔民收入、稳定捕捞业生产和渔民情绪,以及推动渔船规范管理等方面发挥了重要作用,受到普遍拥护和肯定。但在实施过程中也存在政策认识误区、政策冲突、执行走样和补贴发放操作困难等问题。针对渔业管理中的实际问题,本文提出了四点科学实施柴油补贴政策的建议,即加强宣传引导、消除认识误区;进一步完善政策内容,扩大补助范围;与渔船管理相结合,增强落实力度;加强后续研究,使政策配套和衔接更合理,从而更好地发挥保障民生作用和推进我国渔业可持续发展。     

秦皇岛市扎实推进渔用柴油补贴发放工作

12月4日，秦皇岛市水产局在北戴河区召开渔用柴油补贴发放现场会，落实国家对从事近海捕捞、内陆捕捞及养殖并使用机动渔船的渔民和渔业企业的补贴政策。近期各县区陆续对全市4764艘渔船进行渔用柴油补贴．4034万元补贴款将足额发放到渔民手中。     

购置节能型渔船柴油机享受国家农机补贴政策可行性探讨

渔船装备老化是导致捕捞业高能耗的主因之一.将节能型渔船柴油机纳入国家农机购置补贴范围,鼓励渔民采用先进的渔船柴油机更换目前的老旧主机,对于推动我国渔业节能减排进程、实现渔业低碳经济和渔民节本增效,效果将十分显著.本文根据当前国家农机补贴的政策规定、实施情况及渔船装备应用现状等进行分析,探讨节能型渔船用柴油机产品纳入农机补贴的可行性.     

新形势下 渔船节能技术的推广应用

我国是世界第一渔船大国,拥有机动渔船50余万艘,年消耗燃油巨大。随着船舶燃油价格的上涨,渔船作业成本中燃油费用所占比重急剧增大,渔业生产经营越来越难,许多渔船被迫停港或转产。为此我国政府已对在国内作业的渔船使用柴油给予适当补贴,年柴油补贴已达100多亿元。燃油消耗成本是影响海洋渔业发展的最主要因素,成为制约渔业可持续发展的关键问题。渔船节约能源,降低能耗,不仅关系到我国渔业的可持续发展,也关系到我国的能源安全、节能减排、保护环境。     

声音

“水产养殖自发电用柴油能否被纳入柴油补贴范围？” ——不少养殖者纷纷呼吁。目前,柴油补贴的对象仅为渔业船舶（捕捞渔船和养殖渔船）。在一些偏远的养殖场,电力无法送达,养殖者只能用柴油发电来维持正常的渔业生产。另外,柴油发电在突发停电时对保障渔民财产安全也起着不可取代的作用。     

我国渔业补贴政策的演进及发展趋势

面对渔业资源环境的不断枯竭和恶化,一方面我国政府推行伏季休渔制度,实行渔民转产转业补贴以促进渔业资源的可持续利用,而另一方面,渔业柴油补贴的实施又促使想转业的渔民继续从事渔业捕捞活动,看似矛盾的渔业补贴政策该何去何从？文章从渔业补贴政策的历史演进入手,对我国的渔业补贴政策进行了整体分析,认为我国渔业补贴政策将以促进渔业资源可持续利用为方向,逐步走向法制化,对外海和远洋渔业的补贴投入将越来越大。     

港澳流动渔民获燃油政策性补贴

近日，牛盾副部长在出席香港渔民庆祝香港回归祖国十二周年暨香港渔民团体联会成立十一周年庆典活动时宣布，考虑到国际油价的波动和港澳流动渔民的实际情况，中央政府决定参照内地渔船的有关政策，适当给予港澳流动渔船燃油政策性补贴。港澳流动渔民对此极为振奋，这一政策将使3000多艘持有广东省港澳流动渔民户籍的香港和澳门渔船受惠。     

财政补贴对渔民参加互助保险影响的实证分析——基于浙江沿海渔区数据

作者通过对浙江沿海渔区数据进行实证分析,认为财政补贴政策对渔民、渔船参保互助保险情况有明显的正效应,但与渔业互助保险的简单赔付率无关。建议通过加大财政补贴力度、增加浙江省财政对政策性海洋渔业互助保险的补贴险种、增加中央财政的补贴比重来优化财政对渔业互助保险补贴方案。     

安徽渔业发展注重节能减排

<正>2013年,安徽在加快现代渔业发展的同时,创新工作思路,大力宣传国家节能减排政策,积极推广节能减排养殖新技术,推广节能型渔船产品和渔机技术,加快老旧渔船更新改造;加强渔民培训,提高渔民节能减排意识,坚持机动捕捞渔船数量和总功率"双控"制度,促进渔业可持续发展。     

《中国水产》"渔业节能"技术栏目征稿启事

“这里我想谈一下渔业节能问题。渔业特别是海洋捕捞业是高耗能产业,渔业节能对降低生产成本、提高生产效益、增加渔民收入都具有重要意义,是建设资源节约型社会的题中之义。以渔船节能为例,目前我国渔船每年柴油消耗量约800多万吨,如按每吨5000元计算,成本高达400亿元。如果节约10%,一年就可减少成本40亿元。希望各地高度重视渔业节能工作,加强相关政策研究和科技创新,大力推广节能技术和设备,使渔业节能工作有一个大的进步。”     

An introduction to species concepts and speciation of fishes

More than 22 different species concepts have been proposed. The concepts in general reflect the philosophical outlook, particular expertise, and the groups on which the authors are working. The full‐length papers in this special issue dedicated to species concepts relative to fishes are based on presentations by the authors at the 2001 annual meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists at University Park, Pennsylvania, USA and generated much discussion on the topic of what constitutes a species.     

哲罗鲑胰岛素样生长因子－I（IGF－I）cDNA 分子克隆、序列分析及组织表达

采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT－PCR）方法,从哲罗鲑（Hucho taimen）肝脏的总 RNA 中扩增出胰岛素样生长因子－I（IGF－I）的 cDNA 开放阅读框（Open reading frame, ORF）序列,运用软件对其进行生物信息学分析,并利用荧光实时定量 PCR 技术检测了哲罗鲑成鱼不同组织中 IGF－I mRNA 的表达情况。结果显示, IGF－I 基因的 cD－NA 开放阅读框为573 bp,编码190个氨基酸,蛋白质等电点为9．21,氨基酸结构由信号肽、 B、 C、 A、 D 结构域及 E 肽组成;氨基酸序列与其他鲑科鱼类具有较高的同源性,其中与北极红点鲑的 IGF－I 同源性最高（99．2％）;组织表达分析显示,哲罗鲑 IGF－I mRNA 在肝脏中表达量最高,在鳃、前肠中次之,在脑、头肾、脾、心、胃和肌肉等组织中的表达量较低。     

几种经济贝类性腺组织同工酶表达

用聚丙烯酰胺电泳法对皱纹盘鲍、家虫戚、泥螺、泥蚶、紫贻贝、虾夷寓贝、海湾扇贝、青蛤、文蛤、硬壳蛤、缢蛏11种经济贝类性腺组织的6种同工酶（MDH、ME、SOD、ADH、ATP、EST）进行检测分析。结果发现,各贝类性腺组织的各种同工酶谱的表达存在很多迁移率相同的条带,说明了它们的同源性;并且亲缘关系越近的贝类之间的酶谱表达越相似,表明环境对贝类进化具有重要作用;但由于不同贝类的所在的微环境的差异造成了同工酶谱表达的多态性。     

Conservation genetics and management implications for European grayling, Thymallus thymallus: synthesis of phylogeography and population genetics

Abstract  European grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), populations have steadily declined since the mid-1980s, mostly because of habitat degradation and increased predation pressure. To provide guidelines for conservation strategies and future management programmes, delineation of conservation and management units is warranted. Over the last decade, several studies have investigated the phylogeography and population genetic structure of T. thymallus using mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellite DNA markers. However, no study has covered the distribution range of T. thymallus across Europe; thus, a comprehensive survey of the evolutionary history of the species is lacking. This paper synthesises the major findings of the molecular studies and provides guidelines for the conservation and management of genetic resources of T. thymallus . At least five major mtDNA lineages have evolved in geographical isolation during the Pleistocene and these lineages should be recognised as the basic evolutionary significant units for T. thymallus in northern, central and southern Europe. There is also evidence for a high level of admixture among major lineages and sublineages, especially in the contact zones of drainages (e.g. in mainland Sweden and Norway and in central Germany), most probably resulting from a complex process of post-glacial and inter-glacial colonisation and re-colonisation events from different refugia during the Pleistocene ice ages. Based on the microsatellite data, T. thymallus shows a substantial level of inter-population genetic differentiation and, compared with other freshwater fish species, a relatively low level of within-population genetic diversity. The species develops discrete population structure, both within hydrologically connected rivers or lakes on comparatively small scales as well as in large river systems.     

Evolution of introduced Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lake Huron: emergence of population genetic structure in less than 10 generations

Abstract – Population genetic structure was detected in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in their non‐native range of Lake Huron using microsatellite DNA. All Chinook salmon in this system descend from Green River, Washington cohorts, originally transplanted to Michigan hatcheries in the late 1960s. We tested for population genetic differentiation of age 0 fish collected from 13 rivers and two hatcheries in 2007. The amount of genetic differentiation among collection sites was low but statistically significant, with F_ST values ranging from 0.036 to 0.133 and R_ST values ranging from 0.008 to 0.157 for specific loci. Based on pairwise F_ST and R_ST values and Bayesian cluster analysis, the Maitland River population in the Main Basin of Lake Huron was genetically distinct from the remaining collection sites. Based on analysis of bycatch data from commercial gill net fisheries, Chinook salmon likely colonised the Main Basin by 1975 (10 generations ago) and the North Channel and southern Georgian Bay regions by 1980 (eight generations ago). Thus, population genetic structure has emerged in Lake Huron Chinook salmon in <10 generations.     

Phenotypic plasticity in the morphology of small benthic Icelandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Intraspecific phenotypic diversity is the raw material for evolution, so understanding its origin and maintenance is critically important for conservation of biodiversity. Intraspecific diversity in a trait or a suite of traits can result from genetic diversity and/or phenotypic plasticity. The two are, however, not independent as plasticity has been shown to evolve. In this study, we evaluated the importance of phenotypic plasticity in generating morphological diversity in populations of small benthic Arctic charr in Iceland, using a rearing experiment with contrasting modes of feeding. We also examined the association between phenotypic plasticity in offspring groups generated by the contrasting feeding modes and important ecological variables characterising the natural habitats of the respective populations. Although the level of plasticity could not be related to any of the ecological measurements, clear differences in morphological reaction norms among populations suggest that plasticity is an important aspect of morphological diversity of the charr. It is not clear whether that plasticity is adaptive, but it is notable that reaction norms in all populations have similar reaction to the treatments.     

长江草鱼群体MHC Class ⅡB的多态性和进化分析

克隆及测序草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)长江3个群体的主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)Class II B基因编码β1和β2区的第2和第3个外显子及两个外显子之间的内含子,分析了草鱼MHC的进化模式和种群遗传结构。结果显示:实验共定义了34个等位基因,每条序列包括长为130~136 bp的第2个外显子,长为218 bp的第3个外显子以及长81~371 bp的内含子。序列分析揭示,第2个外显子有106个核苷酸变异位点(78%)和40个氨基酸变异位点(88%),而第3个外显子有100个核苷酸变异位点(45%)和41个氨基酸变异位点(56%),β1变异要大于β2区。用β1和β2区序列分别构建的邻接(NJ)系统树均显示5个具有高支持率的谱系,结合序列变异特点和内含子长度,推测草鱼至少存在5个MHC Class II座位。分别计算β1的肽结合位点(PBR)、非肽结合位点及β2的非同义替换率(dN)和同义替换率(dS),PBR的dN/dS为2.03(P<0.05),非肽结合位点和β2则小于1,表明草鱼MHC受到歧化选择作用。根据等位基因在群体中的分布频率作分子方差分析(AMOVA),得出FST为0.37%,提示长江草鱼MHC没有遗传分化。     

基于免疫进化算法的贝叶斯网络预测网箱转移周期

以象山港网箱养殖区2000～2006年的监测数据作为训练数据,结合专家知识采用基于免疫进化的贝叶斯网络结构增量式学习算法,构建了海底网箱转移的贝叶斯网络预测模型。该模型能有效的揭示出网箱养殖环境各个指标之间的因果关系,进而可以对指定的网箱养殖的网箱转移周期进行预测和决策。结果表明,评价的准确性是91．7％,证明该方法是有效可行的。     

Current knowledge and new assumptions on the evolutionary history of the African lungfish,Protopterus, based on a review of its fossil record

Lungfish have a large fossil record that started over 400 Ma ago and a relict modern diversity within Australia, Africa and South America. Their study mostly concentrates on their sister‐group relationship with the tetrapod vertebrates, on their early evolution and on the physiology of their air breathing and of the ability of certain species to aestivate. Conversely, little is known about the evolutionary history of modern taxa. In this study, the focus is on the single polytypic extant genus, Protopterus. Four species and seven subspecies are currently present in African freshwater. As fossils, Protopterus are recognized by their heavy tooth plates. Indeed, the review of the diagnostical characters shows that so far we are not able to confidently distinguish fossil species. The fossil record is thus explored through the analysis of the distribution of the genus. A comprehensive scenario for their evolutionary history is built by including also knowledge of the ecology, distribution and phylogeny of modern Protopterus, in the context of the environmental changes that affected Africa over the last 100 Ma. The genus has been present in Africa for at least 100 Ma when the continent separated from South America. Northern Africa might be the cradle for the African lineage, but other regions of Africa cannot be ruled out. During the Paleogene, lungfish disappeared from northern Africa, whereas modern Protopterus arose in a peri‐equatorial area with dispersal from this area late in the Pliocene. This correlates with great environmental change that occured during the last 25 Ma in eastern Africa.     

大弹涂鱼白细胞介素-8基因分子进化及不同病原体刺激对其表达的影响

实验从大弹涂鱼皮肤组织转录组中筛选出大弹涂鱼IL-8基因,并分析了其序列特征,构建了系统发生树,评估了IL-8基因在健康个体不同组织中的表达差异,以及在不同病原体刺激下IL-8基因在机体主要免疫器官肝脏和脾脏中的表达情况。结果显示,该基因的开放阅读框由306个碱基组成,编码101个氨基酸残基,包含典型的由18个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,和1个由62个氨基酸残基组成的SCY结构域,该结构域还包含了4个保守的半胱氨酸残基,分别为Cys-30、Cys-32、Cys-57和Cys-73。大弹涂鱼IL-8氨基酸序列中的受体结合位点基序ELR (Glu-Leu-Arg)被Asn-Ser-His (NSH)取代,系统进化分析表明,纯化选择影响了鱼类该基序的多样性,且IL-8基因在大弹涂鱼乃至硬骨鱼中不可取代。荧光定量实验结果显示,IL-8基因在大弹涂鱼的健康组织中广泛表达,在鳃和脑中表达量最高。细菌和poly(I∶C)注射实验表明,在受到感染后,肝、脾和脑组织中IL-8的表达量均上调,说明IL-8基因在大弹涂鱼肝、脾和脑组织的炎性反应和免疫应答中起到了重要作用,为大弹涂鱼免疫基因的后续研究提供了参考。