日本水产综合研究中心为弄清灯笼鱼的生态和现存资源量开发成功声学、光学复合观测系统（J-QUESTx）

灯笼鱼是深海鱼类，大部分分布于大陆架外缘一带的深水水域。据估计世界深海鱼类的潜在可捕量为一亿吨左右，其中仅灯笼鱼的现存资源量就有几千吨。在世界粮食紧张的今天，有关国对资源大的而尚未完全开发利用或有待开发的南极磷虾、灯笼鱼等有所关注。     

玉筋鱼资源开发利用现状分析

玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personalus Girard)俗称面条鱼、沙钻,为冷温性小型的地方性经济鱼类。玉筋鱼资源丰富,营养价值高,味道鲜美,可用于食品加工、鱼粉加工和冷冻品加工,冷冻品作为鱼类养殖饵料畅销国内外,成为近几年出口创汇的重要品种之一。1998年春汛,黄海区玉筋鱼资源开始被大规模地开发利用,这一资源的开发利用,使海     

玉筋鱼资源开发利用现状分析

玉筋鱼(Aminodytes personatus Girard)俗称面条鱼、沙钻，为冷温性小型的地方性经济鱼类。玉筋鱼资源丰富，营养价值高，味道鲜美，可用于食品加工、鱼粉加工和冷冻品加工，冷冻品作为鱼类养殖饵料畅销国内外。成为近几年出口创汇的重要品种之一。1998年春汛。黄海区玉筋鱼资源开始被大规模地开发利用，使海洋捕捞     

美国：饲料鱼捕捞量应减少50％

海洋科学家们认为,饲料鱼在海洋生态系统中,特别是对大型鱼类而言具有重要作用,当前全球饲料鱼的捕捞量应减少一半。科学家们在对全球饲料鱼资源状况做了全面分析后表示,小型饲料鱼类具有巨大作用,是海洋食物链的关键环节。这些小型鱼类在各自生态系统中很大程度上都不应该被捕捞。     

小凌河中华鳖自然保护区的管理及开发

小凌河鱼类资源丰富，中华鳖和瓦氏雅罗鱼已在小凌河形成了优势种群，同时还有餐条、花Gui江、鲶、黄Sang鱼、红鳍Ba、马口等鱼类。中华鳖和瓦氏雅罗鱼均被列入辽宁省水生野生动物保护名录。70年代以前小凌河沿岸有很多人以捕鱼为生，进入80年代以后，人们对中华鳖及其他野生鱼类的酷捕滥捞使中华鳖及瓦氏雅罗鱼等野生鱼类资源受到严重威胁。为保护好小凌河中华鳖等野生鱼类资源，省政府成立朝阳小凌河中华鳖省级自然保护区，朝阳县政府成立了自然保护区管理局。为使自然保护区走健康发展之路，适应现代渔业发展趋势，增加经济效益，必须对小凌河自然保护区进行合理开发利用。     

保护鳀鱼资源刻不容缓

80年代前,虽然鳀鱼资源丰富,但因利用价值低而在我国一直未被大规模开发利用。随着传统经济鱼类资源严重衰退,鳀鱼的利用价值日趋提高,人们对鳀鱼资源的开发越来越重视,鳀鱼由兼捕对象转为主捕对象。但从近年捕捞情况看,鳀鱼资源开始呈现过度捕捞现象,其特征是渔获群体组成低龄化、小型化,以鳀鱼为主食对象的鲅、鲐等几十种大型肉食性鱼类资源衰退,网次产量低等。笔者认为,保护鳀鱼资源已刻不容缓。以下围绕鳀鱼资源现状谈几个亟待解决的问题。     

军曹鱼仔鱼饲料营养成分需求探讨

军曹鱼是广东、海南、福建沿海的重要海水养殖对象,被称为海水网箱养殖中最有养殖前景的鱼类之一。近年来,有关军曹鱼的研究取得了长足发展,本文就军曹鱼营养需求方面的研究作一综述,以期为军曹鱼的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

Cyt b和12S rRNA基因条形码在灯笼鱼科鱼类物种鉴定中的应用

灯笼鱼科鱼类种类繁多, 且同属鱼类形态学相近, 因此利用分子标记对灯笼鱼进行准确的物种鉴定具有重要价值。为探讨线粒体细胞色素 b 基因(Cyt b)和 12S rRNA 基因在灯笼鱼科物种鉴定中的适用性, 对西北太平洋采集的 56 尾灯笼鱼进行扩增, 并进行序列对比与系统发育分析。研究表明, 采集的样本包括 6 种灯笼鱼, 分别为瓦氏角灯鱼(Ceratoscopelus warmingii)、长体标灯鱼(Symbolophorus californiensis)、粗鳞灯笼鱼(Myctophum asperum)、 细泰勒灯鱼(Tarletonbeania crenularis)、日本背灯鱼(Notoscopelus japonicus)以及某背灯鱼属鱼类(Notoscopelus sp.)。 核苷酸多态性分析显示, 基于 Cyt b 基因的种内与种间遗传距离比基于 12S rRNA 基因的更大。比较灯笼鱼科 2 种基因序列的结构特征, 发现 Cyt b 基因的种间平均遗传距离是种内平均遗传距离的 25 倍, 12S rRNA 基因的种间平均遗传距离是种内平均遗传距离的 26 倍, 均符合作为 DNA 条形码的基本要求。系统进化分析显示, 每种灯笼鱼均能形成独立分支, 2 个基因均能对 6 种灯笼鱼类进行鉴别; 但在 Cyt b 基因构建的进化树中, 每种鱼类能更好与数据库中已有的序列进行聚类。综上所述, Cyt b 和 12S rRNA 作为 DNA 条形码可以有效地对灯笼鱼科鱼类物种进行鉴定, 且 Cyt b 基因在系统进化关系的研究上具有更高的适用性。     

新疆维吾尔自治区水产种质资源现状与保护

新疆维吾尔自治区地处我国西北边陲,分布着众多河流、湖泊等水域,其中孕育着极富区域特色的鱼类物种,如扁吻鱼、塔里木裂腹鱼、准噶尔雅罗鱼等。有些鱼类仅在新疆分布,研究保护意义重大,还有一些鱼类经济性状突出,开发潜力较大。随着新疆社会经济的不断发展,使得水域原生态环境发生较大变化,对土著鱼类生存产生了显著影响,亟须引起全社会的关注从而保护当地鱼类种质资源。本文就新疆鱼类种质资源现状、开发利用与保护状况进行阐述,以期为新疆特有鱼类种质资源保护和开发利用工作提供参考。     

东黄海区鳀鱼资源变动及渔业管理

鱼 (Ｅｎｇｒａｕｌｉｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ)是一种集群性强、昼夜垂直移动明显的中上层小型鱼类。我国东黄海区鱼资源丰富 ,渔场广阔。 80年代以前 ,因鱼属于低值小型鱼类 ,其资源并未引起人们高度重视 ,仅作为部分拖网、定置网等渔具兼捕对象。进入 90年代 ,随着主要传统经济鱼类资源的严重衰退 ,鱼资源逐步得到大规模的开发利用 ,从兼捕对象变为主捕对象 ,取得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。然而 ,近两年来鱼资源严重衰退 ,有必要研究其资源变动过程的渔业管理。1　鱼渔业的开发过程及现状鱼渔业历史悠久 ,早在 60年代 ,已…     

Trouble on the reef: the imperative for managing vulnerable and valuable fisheries

Reef fishes are significant socially, nutritionally and economically, yet biologically they are vulnerable to both over‐exploitation and degradation of their habitat. Their importance in the tropics for living conditions, human health, food security and economic development is enormous, with millions of people and hundreds of thousands of communities directly dependent, and many more indirectly so. Reef fish fisheries are also critical safety valves in times of economic or social hardship or disturbance, and are more efficient, less wasteful and support far more livelihoods per tonne produced than industrial scale fisheries. Yet, relative to other fisheries globally, those associated with coral reefs are under‐managed, under‐funded, under‐monitored, and as a consequence, poorly understood or little regarded by national governments. Even among non‐governmental organizations, which are increasingly active in tropical marine issues, there is typically little focus on reef‐associated resources, the interest being more on biodiversity per se or protection of coral reef habitat. This essay explores the background and history to this situation, examines fishery trends over the last 30 years, and charts a possible way forward given the current realities of funding, capacity, development patterns and scientific understanding of coral reef ecosystems. The luxury live reef food‐fish trade is used throughout as a case study because it exemplifies many of the problems and challenges of attaining sustainable use of coral reef‐associated resources. The thesis developed is that sustaining reef fish fisheries and conserving biodiversity can be complementary, rather than contradictory, in terms of yield from reef systems. I identify changes in perspectives needed to move forward, suggest that we must be cautious of ‘fashionable’ solutions or apparent ‘quick fixes’, and argue that fundamental decisions must be made concerning the short and long‐term values of coral reef‐associated resources, particularly fish, for food and cash and regarding alternative sources of protein. Not to address the problems will inevitably lead to growing poverty, hardship and social unrest in many areas.     

An evaluation of the contribution of hatchery stocking on population density and biomass: a lesson from masu salmon juveniles within a Japanese river system

Stocking is an important management tool for enhancing fisheries resources, but its actual contribution to fisheries resources is controversial, taking into consideration both the positive and negative effects. This study compared density and biomass of hatchery (otolith thermal marked) and wild masu salmon parr between stocked and unstocked rivers to evaluate the contribution of stocking with hatchery‐reared fish. Density and biomass of all fish did not differ between stocked and unstocked rivers. Moreover, density and biomass of wild fish in the stocked rivers were lower than those of the unstocked rivers. Density and biomass of hatchery fish in a non‐natural reproducing river were similar with those of all fish in natural reproducing rivers. These results indicate that hatchery stocking does not have positive effects on population density or biomass but replaces wild fish with hatchery fish and that non‐natural reproducing areas are more suitable as stocking sites.     

Most fish destined for fishmeal production are food‐grade fish

Marine fisheries target and catch fish both for direct human consumption (DHC) as well as for fishmeal and fish oil, and other products. We derived the fractions used for each for 1950–2010 by fishing country, and thus provide a factual foundation for discussions of the optimal use of fisheries resources. From 1950 to 2010, 27% (~20 million tonnes annually) of globally reconstructed marine fisheries landings were destined for uses other than DHC. Importantly, 90% of fish destined for uses other than DHC are food‐grade or prime food‐grade fish, while fish without a ready market for DHC make up a much smaller proportion. These findings have implications for how we are using fish to feed ourselves or, more appropriately, how we are not using fish to feed ourselves.     

‘Whales eat fish’? Demystifying the myth in the Caribbean marine ecosystem

There has been much recent discussion about the idea that large whales are potential competitors with fisheries for available marine resources. Based on this idea, often referred to as the ‘whales eat fish’ conflict, culling whales has been proposed as a way to increase resources available for human consumption and thereby ensuring global food security. However, the scientific basis for such arguments remains unclear, especially in the Caribbean waters where baleen whales generally do not feed. In this article, we (i) develop an ecosystem model describing the trophic interactions between whales, fish and fisheries in the Caribbean waters, (ii) calculate the level of overlap between cetaceans and fisheries for food resources, and (iii) simulate the removal of cetaceans from the Caribbean waters in order to quantify the potential increase in available biomass of commercially important fish. Ten groups of cetaceans are considered in the model, including baleen whales, toothed whales and small cetaceans. Our results suggest that baleen whales are not a threat to fisheries in Caribbean waters, while toothed cetaceans seem to be more impacted by fisheries than they actually impacting them. Whales target different types of food resources and consume significantly less than what is taken by fisheries. Moreover, simulated reductions in large whale abundance do not produce any appreciable increase in biomass of the commercially important fish species. In some cases, the presence of some whales actually improves fishery yield as a result of indirect predation effects.     

基于分期的实际种群分析法研究

实际种群分析法(virtual population analysis,VPA)是开展渔业资源评估最有效的技术之一,一般以世代为基础开展评估.基于实际渔业存在渔汛期、休渔期等特点,本研究运用分期评估的概念对传统实际种群分析进行了扩展,即分期种群分析法,并根据不同时期的捕捞死亡特征,评估与分析了4种不同分期情景对评估结果的影响.模拟研究表明,由于分期不当造成评估结果的误差为6％～33％.文中一并给出了开展分期实际种群分析法对资料收集和参数评估的要求.该方法克服了传统实际种群分析法中没有全面分期产生的误差,使其扩展至适合于评估全年捕捞死亡率不稳定或非连续性渔业种群,评估结果也更接近于评估种群的真实值.     

Factors influencing the scope and quality of science and management decisions

The lecture traces the historical path to overfishing of the world's fish and shellfish stocks, and provides an assessment of marine fish resources in the later half of the 1990s. The basis of overfishing as noted by various fishery scientists is reviewed. Four factors, including institutional paralysis, the rapidity of technological developments, uncertainty of science, and the inability to monitor and enforce regulations are identified as the major problems leading to overfishing. The failure of the world community to deal with extensive overfishing, appears to have motivated managers and scientists to promote a new fishery management paradigm that focuses on a broader set of problems resulting from fishing, and establishes a more conservative decision‐making process founded on precautionary principle and uncertainty. The author feels that the evolving paradigm will result in the rebuilding of a number of stocks in the United States, but is less certain of its adoption on a global scale, and whether or not science will play a more useful role in fisheries management. It is noted that the support for fisheries science and the status of fisheries have followed opposite courses. Over the past half century marine science has boomed, diversified and become intellectually and materially enriched, while the number of overfished stocks and ecological disasters has increased. Looking ahead it is expected that fisheries management will move into a more conservative era. The focus of fisheries has moved from full use of ocean resources to establishing yields that take into account the impacts of fisheries on target and non‐target species and the ecosystem in general. Although there has been wide‐spread abuse in the use of the world's fishery resources and condemnation of the fishing industries, the author feels that the government institutions must bear the primary responsibility for the historical course of fishery management and its failure.     

African Freshwater Fisheries and their Management

The subsistence and commercial fisheries of African rivers, floodplains and lakes are described in general terms. The problems in the management of these fisheries are thought to be more similar to those of the marine than the freshwater fisheries of Europe. Some of the problems peculiar to fisheries management in developing countries are discussed, including the difficulty of collecting reliable statistics and the unsuitability of many stock assessment models. The self-regulatory mechanisms in traditional fisheries are described briefly. The possibilities of discovering new fish stocks in swamps and lakes are considered, and the problems of licensing systems to maintain optimum yields discussed. Traditional and introduced methods of processing catches are described, and the future for African freshwater fisheries considered.     

The global contribution of forage fish to marine fisheries and ecosystems

Forage fish play a pivotal role in marine ecosystems and economies worldwide by sustaining many predators and fisheries directly and indirectly. We estimate global forage fish contributions to marine ecosystems through a synthesis of 72 published Ecopath models from around the world. Three distinct contributions of forage fish were examined: (i) the ecological support service of forage fish to predators in marine ecosystems, (ii) the total catch and value of forage fisheries and (iii) the support service of forage fish to the catch and value of other commercially targeted predators. Forage fish use and value varied and exhibited patterns across latitudes and ecosystem types. Forage fish supported many kinds of predators, including fish, seabirds, marine mammals and squid. Overall, forage fish contribute a total of about $16.9 billion USD to global fisheries values annually, i.e. 20% of the global ex‐vessel catch values of all marine fisheries combined. While the global catch value of forage fisheries was $5.6 billion, fisheries supported by forage fish were more than twice as valuable ($11.3 billion). These estimates provide important information for evaluating the trade‐offs of various uses of forage fish across ecosystem types, latitudes and globally. We did not estimate a monetary value for supportive contributions of forage fish to recreational fisheries or to uses unrelated to fisheries, and thus the estimates of economic value reported herein understate the global value of forage fishes.     

Reconciling traditional inland fisheries management and sustainability in industrialized countries, with emphasis on Europe

In northern industrialized countries, the inland fisheries sector has long been dominated by recreational fisheries, which normally exploit fish for leisure or subsistence and provide many (poorly investigated) benefits to society. Various factors constrain the development and existence of inland fisheries, such as local user conflicts, low social priority and inadequate research and funding. In many cases, however, degradation of the environment and loss of aquatic habitat are the predominant concerns for the sustainability of inland fisheries. The need for concerted effort to prevent and reduce environmental degradation, as well as conservation of freshwater fish and fisheries as renewable common pool resources or entities in their own right is the greatest challenge facing sustainable development of inland waters. In inland fisheries management, the declining quality of the aquatic environment coupled with long‐term inadequate and often inappropriate fisheries management has led to an emphasis on enhancement practices, such as stocking, to mitigate anthropogenic stress. However, this is not always the most appropriate management approach. Therefore, there is an urgent need to alter many traditional inland fisheries management practices and systems to focus on sustainable development. This paper reviews the literature regarding the inputs needed for sustainability of inland fisheries in industrialized countries. To understand better the problems facing sustainable inland fisheries management, the inland fisheries environment, its benefits, negative impacts and constraints, as well as historical management, paradigms, trends and current practices are described. Major philosophical shifts, challenges and promising integrated management approaches are envisaged in a holistic framework. The following are considered key elements for sustainable development of inland fisheries: communication, information dissemination, education, institutional restructuring, marketing outreach, management plans, decision analysis, socioeconomic evaluation and research into the human dimension, in addition to traditional biological and ecological sciences. If these inputs are integrated with traditional fisheries management practices, the prospects for sustainability in the inland fisheries will be enhanced.     

鱼松片加工工艺优化及成型设备研究

以风干鲢鱼为原料,开发了鱼松片加工工艺:经高压蒸煮、打击成绒、压制成型、干燥等工序后,制成即食型的方便食品鱼松片.通过正交试验以感官品质评定为指标,得到了鱼松片成型的最优工艺:糕粉添加量为20％,成型压力为3 MPa,保压时间为20 s.为满足工艺条件和工业化生产的需要,设计了自动化程度高的鱼松片成型机,介绍了其基本结构、工作原理及主要技术参数.