利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鲑摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代苏氏圆腹鲑饲料中鱼粉的潜力.配制了7种等氮、等能饲料,其中对照饲料含45%鱼粉,在其余6种饲料中按等量蛋白替代原则分别添加31%或46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%或75%,添加20%或40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%或50%,添加19%或39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%或50%.实验中所用苏氏圆腹鲑初始体重为11.3 g.实验结果表明:添加豆粕将饲料鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%,添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%,对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积(Hct)未产生显著不良影响.添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降,添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR升高和鱼体能量储积率下降,添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct下降.上述结果显示可通过添加豆粕将苏氏圆腹鲑鱼种饲料鱼粉含量降低到23%,或通过添加菜粕和棉粕将饲料鱼粉含量降低到34%.     

饲料中菜粕和棉粕的不同配比对异育银鲫生长性能、血浆生化指标和棉酚残留的影响

为考察不同菜粕和棉粕的水平组合对异育银鲫生长、饲料利用、血浆指标和棉酚残留的影响,配制了菜粕∶棉粕(菜粕与棉粕之和为60%)分别为5∶0、4∶1、3∶2、2∶3、1∶4和0∶5的6组试验饲料,投喂平均体重为5.6 g的异育银鲫8周。结果表明,随着饲料中棉粕含量升高和菜粕含量减少,异育银鲫的增重率、饲料效率、特定生长率呈现先上升后下降趋势,其中菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2组的鱼生长最佳,增重率和饲料系数分别为505.6%和1.33,具有最高的肥满度和最低肝体比;菜粕∶棉粕为5∶0组的鱼生长最差,增重率和饲料系数分别为430.1%和1.52,具有最低的肥满度和最高的肝体比。各组成活率,肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。菜粕∶棉粕为5∶0组鱼的血浆谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力相对于菜粕∶棉粕分别为3∶2和2∶3组显著增加(P＜0.05);菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2组鱼的血浆碱性磷酸酶活力在各组中最高(P＜0.05);血浆中总蛋白在各组间差异不明显(P＞0.05)。对异育银鲫肌肉和肝脏分析发现,游离棉酚含量随着饲料中棉粕含量的升高而升高(P＜0.05)。本研究表明,在配方中菜粕和棉粕总量为60%的情况下,菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2时异育银鲫的生长性能最佳,具有最高的增重率和最低的饲料系数,过高的菜粕或棉粕均会降低鱼体的生长性能,使鱼体血浆ALT和AST活力升高。     

利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鱼芒摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

摘要：通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕作为苏氏圆腹鱼芒 （Pangasius sutchi）饲料中鱼粉替代蛋白源的潜力。配制了7种等氮、等能饲料，其中基础饲料含45%鱼粉，按等量蛋白替代的原则，在其余6种饲料中分别添加31%和46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%和75%，或添加20%和40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%，或添加19%和39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%。实验中所用的苏氏圆腹鱼芒初始体重为11.3 g。实验结果表明：添加豆粕将饲料中鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%，添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%，对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率（SGR）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积（Hct）未产生显著不良影响。添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降，添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR和鱼体能量储积率下降，添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct明显下降。上述结果显示，可通过添加豆粕（31%）将苏氏圆腹鱼芒 鱼种饲料中鱼粉含量降低到23%，或通过添加菜粕（20%）和棉粕（19%）将饲料中鱼粉含量降低到34%。     

豆粕替代鱼粉对青鱼幼鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

以初始体重(5.90±0.01)g的青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)为研究对象,用豆粕替代不同水平鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能的实验饲料,分别为30%鱼粉(对照组)、25%鱼粉、20%鱼粉、15%鱼粉和15%鱼粉+晶体氨基酸,试验持续8周。结果显示:当鱼粉含量为15%时,其增重率、特定生长率、肌肉鲜味氨基酸含量和总氨基酸含量显著低于对照组,而饲料系数则显著高于对照组,添加晶体氨基酸对青鱼生长无显著改善;各处理组间甘油三酯(TG)、总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)含量及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性无显著差异,但15%鱼粉组和15%鱼粉+晶体氨基酸组的青鱼的血糖含量和谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于对照组。结果表明,青鱼幼鱼实用饲料中鱼粉含量以不低于20%为宜,添加晶体氨基酸对青鱼幼鱼的生长无改善作用。     

棉粕酶解蛋白肽对建鲤生产性能和生化指标的影响

以2%棉粕酶解蛋白肽(以下简称蛋白肽)分别等质量替代基础日粮中2%鱼粉和2%植物蛋白原料(1.0%豆粕+0.5%菜粕+0.5%棉粕),考察蛋白肽对(48.56±1.39)g建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)生长性能、血清及肠道相关酶活的影响。结果表明:蛋白肽替代鱼粉或植物蛋白后试验组增重率和特定生长率均显著性高于对照组(P<0.05),同时饵料系数显著降低(P<0.05);蛋白肽可降低脏体比和肝体比,并显著性提高鱼体粗蛋白含量(P<0.05);同时可提高试验组建鲤血清溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶和肠道中蛋白酶的活性。     

花生粕替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长及饲料表观消化率的影响

试验旨在探讨花生粕替代鱼粉对全雄黄颡鱼生长及饲料表观消化率的影响。选择初始体质量为(9.12±0.05)g全雄黄颡鱼240尾,随机分成2组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)和16.98%花生粕替代11.5%鱼粉的等氮等脂饲料(替代组),进行55 d生长及消化试验。结果表明:(1)替代组体增重、增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率及饲料系数与对照组差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)饲料干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、能量、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸表观消化率两组间无统计学意义差异(P0.05);替代组饲料苏氨酸和缬氨酸表观消化率显著低于对照组(P0.05),精氨酸表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:用花生粕部分替代鱼粉应用于全雄黄颡鱼饲料是可行的。     

蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响

以初始体重为(3.86±0.23)g的大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)为试验对象,研究蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)粉替代鱼粉对其生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响。以0代替鱼粉为对照组,用蚯蚓粉替代25%、50%、75%、100%的鱼粉配制成5组等氮等能饲料,在网箱中进行10周的养殖试验。结果显示,饲料中的蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅的存活率无显著影响;随着替代水平的升高,饲料系数、增重率升高(P0.05),肥满度、肝体比降低(P0.05)。各组间脾体比、特定生长率均无显著性差异;75%和100%替代组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),100%替代组粗蛋白和水分含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。随着饲料中蚯蚓粉水平的上升,鱼体肌肉蛋白质的精氨酸、胱氨酸、天门冬氨酸含量升高(P0.05),脯氨酸、组氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05);各组间血清谷丙转氨酶活力、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均无显著性差异(P0.05)。随着代替水平的上升,血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量显著升高(P0.05),谷草转氨酶显著降低(P0.05);随着替代水平的继续上升,肝胰脏过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、溶菌酶活力下降,肝胰脏丙二醛含量、碱性磷酸酶活力、攻毒后的发病率和死亡率上升。各组间的肝胰脏总超氧化物歧化酶活力和总抗氧化能力均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下,蚯蚓粉可部分替代(22%)饲料鱼粉而不影响大鳞副泥鳅的生长和存活,且能提高鱼体肌肉成分,有效预防肝胰脏损伤和过氧化,但显著降低了鱼类免疫性能(P0.05)。     

不同添加量发酵棉粕作为蛋白饲料对恩施黑猪育肥性能的影响研究

目的 研究不同添加量发酵棉粕作为蛋白饲料对恩施黑猪育肥性能的影响。方法 试验选取44头3月龄恩施黑猪为供试对象，随机平均分为4组，对照组以普通豆粕作为蛋白质饲料，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别以5%、7.5%和10%的发酵棉粕替代部分豆粕作为蛋白饲料，试验期5个月，试验期结束后测定并对比各组日增重、日采食量和料肉比。结果 在日增重方面，试验Ⅰ组低于对照组(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组高于对照组(P>0.05);在日采食量方面，试验组采食量均有所增加，试验Ⅲ组增加最多，但差异不显著(P>0.05);在料肉比方面，相对于对照组3个试验组均有不同程度下降，试验Ⅲ组与对照组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。结论 使用10%发酵棉粕替代10%普通豆能够满足恩施黑猪育肥期生长需求，育肥效果最佳。     

小麦蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究小麦蛋白粉替代大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中的鱼粉对其生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,实验以小麦蛋白粉替代基础饲料中0%(FM组为对照组)、25%(WGM25组)、50%(WGM50组)、75%(WGM75组)和100%(WGM100组)的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮(蛋白质水平为45%)等脂(脂肪水平为10%)的饲料。结果显示,大黄鱼幼鱼各处理组的存活率(SR)和饲料系数(FCR)差异不显著;增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)各替代组显著高于对照组;各处理组的肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)和肥满度(CF)差异不显著。全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分和灰分的含量差异不显著;肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分含量差异不显著;肌肉灰分含量WGM50、WGM75组和FM、WGM25、WGM100组差异显著。各处理组大黄鱼血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)的含量均无显著性差异。肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,WGM25和WGM100组显著低于FM、WGM50和WGM75组;丙二醛(MDA)的活性,WGM50组显著高于FM、WGM25和WGM100组;过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,各组间差异不显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活性,WGM100组显著高于其他组。研究表明,在该实验条件下,小麦蛋白粉替代饲料(含40%鱼粉)中100%的鱼粉不会影响大黄鱼幼鱼的生长。     

玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响

以凡纳滨对虾幼虾[体重(0.013 6±0.001 0)g]为试验对象,以鱼粉、豆粕、肉粉和花生粕为蛋白源配制对照饲料,用玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉配制3种与对照饲料等氮、等能的试验饲料,其中玉米蛋白粉用量为5%、10%和15%,分别替代鱼粉8.6%、17.2%和25.8%,饲喂凡纳滨对虾45 d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响.结果表明,(1)试验饲料中玉米蛋白粉用量不超过10%,对凡纳滨对虾日均摄食量没有显著影响(P＞0.05).(2)5%玉米蛋白粉组的生长效果最好,其相对增重率、增长率和饲料系数分别为2 542.8%、155.1%和1.58,前者显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),后两者与对照组没有显著差异(P＞0.05);10%玉米蛋白粉组虾的生长和饲料系数与对照组没有显著差异(P＞0.05);15%组虾的生长显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).(3)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对对虾肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著(P＞0.05);对对虾肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量以及必需氨基酸指数的影响也不显著(P＞0.05).(4)玉米蛋白粉在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜用量为10%.     

Supplemental iron and phosphorus increase dietary inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A long‐term feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the use of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) with iron and phosphorus supplements in diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Olive flounder with an initial average size of 28.5 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into 15 groups (three tanks per dietary treatment) and fed 480 g kg^?1 crude protein diets in which each of five isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain different levels of cottonseed/soybean meal (1 : 1) to replace fish meal (FM) with iron and phosphorus supplementations. The five experimental diets were as follows: diet 1 (control), 0%CS; diet 2, 20%CS; diet 3, 30%CS; diet 4, 30%CS + Fe&P; and diet 5, 40%CS + Fe&P. After 26 weeks of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed utilization and survival among all the treatments. The total gossypol accumulation in liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was significantly lower than that of fish fed diets without supplementation of iron. The results indicate that the addition of iron in diets could prevent the absorption of free gossypol. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplements of iron and phosphorus could increase the inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal for FM replacement in diets for marine fish species.     

Use of cottonseed meal supplemented with iron for detoxification of gossypol as a total replacement of fish meal in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) diets

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of total replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal (CSM) supplemented with various levels of iron in practical diets on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and some biological and haematological parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Juvenile fish (average weight 3.78±0.1 g) were stocked in 18 glass aquariums (80 L each) at 25 fish per aquarium. Fish meal (50% of the diet) was used as the sole source of animal protein in the control diet 1. Diets 2–6 had 100% CSM (0.145% free gossypol) protein with various levels of supplemented iron (86, 486, 972, 1458 and 1944 mg Fe kg diet^?1) in diets 2–6 respectively. Diets were fed to fish twice daily at a rate of 3% of body weight during the first 12 weeks then 2% of the total fish biomass daily until the end of the experiment (30 weeks). The results of this study revealed that, groups of fish fed diets 1, 4, 5 and 6 had significantly (P≤0.01) the higher average body weight and specific growth rate than those of fish fed diet 2 (100% CSM without iron supplementation) and diet 3 (100% CSM plus 486 mg Fe kg diet^?1). The best values for feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor (K) were recorded with groups of fish fed diet 4 (100% CSM plus 972 mg Fe kg diet^?1). Red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin were increased with increasing levels of iron and significantly affected by dietary iron. Hepatosomatic index for diets 3–6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) and superior to that of diet 1 control [100% fish meal (FM)]. The gonadosomatic index of males of Nile tilapia was not influenced by CSM diets with or without iron, while females of Nile tilapia were significantly influenced with iron and the lowest values were recorded with groups of fish fed diet 2 (100% CSM without iron supplementation). Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, fat dry matter and energy were relatively high for most diets supplemented with iron and increased by increasing iron supplementation. There were no significant differences between groups of fish fed diet 1 (100% FM) and diets 5 and 6 which contained 100% CSM with additional 1458 and 1944 mg Fe kg diet supplemental iron^?1 respectively. Proximate composition of whole body was not influenced by diet. Adding 972 mg Fe kg diet^?1 from ferrous sulphate to the CSM‐based diets that contained 972 mg free gossypol (1:1 iron to free gossypol ratio) for Nile tilapia reduce the negative effects of gossypol and improved growth performance, feed utilization and blood parameters and can totally replace fish meal in tilapia diets.     

Growth performance and TOR pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream,Megalobrama amblycephala,fed with diets replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal

A 16‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with cottonseed meal (CM) on the growth performance, feed utilization, plasma biochemical composition and target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Five isonitrogenous (36% crude protein) and isoenergetic (16 MJ kg^?1) diets with graded replacing levels of CM (replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% FM with CM) and similar lysine and methionine concentrations were fed to triplicate groups of fish. Results revealed that specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of group fed with diets replacing FM with CM up to 50% were significantly higher than others (P < 0.05). However, final body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) remained similar up to 25% and thereafter significantly decreased and increased, respectively, as the replacement level increased (P < 0.05). Replacement levels significantly decreased hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index (P < 0.05), but did not significantly affect condition factor and whole body compositions. Free gossypol mainly accumulated in liver and significantly increased in diets CM75 and CM100 than CM0 (P < 0.05). Replacement significantly influenced plasma urea contents (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, increasing replacement of FM with CM in diets increased insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐1) gene expression in liver of blunt snout bream. Target of rapamycin (TOR) gene expression in diet CM100 was significantly lower than that in diets CM0 and CM75, while the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 2 (4E‐BP2) gene expression was not affected by the replacement level of CM in diets. Therefore, based on final body weight and FCR, it suggested that up to 25% of FM (150 g kg^?1 in basal diet) could be replaced by CM in diets, which was 112.5 g kg^?1 FM and 192.9 g kg^?1 CM, for juvenile blunt snout bream.     

饲料中豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血液生化指标的影响

试验分别以豆粕替代0(对照组)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%的鱼粉蛋白设计出6种等氮等能的饲料配方, 按照配方配制试验饲料(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5和A6)。将540尾体质量为(14.67±0.51) g的齐口裂腹鱼随机分为6个试验组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复30尾试验鱼, 分别投喂6种不同的试验饲料, 养殖时间为45 d。结果表明, 豆粕蛋白替代水平对齐口裂腹鱼的生长有显著影响。豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白的比例为60%时, 试验鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料蛋白效率(PER)均达到最高(分别为118.08%、1.95%/d和207.22%), 饵料系数(FCR)最小(1.27)(P<0.05)。与其余各试验组相比, 替代比例为100%的试验组的WGR、SGR、PER显著降低, FCR显著升高(P<0.05)。通过二次多项式回归分析可知, 齐口裂腹鱼生长性能最佳时豆粕蛋白替代比例为34.25%~45.46%; 随着豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例的增大, 鱼体水分、粗灰分、肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05), 粗蛋白在豆粕蛋白替代水平为60%时达到最高(15.53%), 但在豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时试验鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P>0.05), 肝体指数则随豆粕蛋白替代水平增加而增大, 但在0~80%之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着豆粕蛋白替代比例的增加, 超氧化歧化酶(SOD)的活性有一定的波动, 在豆粕蛋白替代比例为40%达到最高, 豆粕蛋白替代比例在20%~60%时, 溶菌酶(LSZ)的活性逐渐升高, 但各组间及与对照组间的差异不显著(P>0.05), 谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)随着豆粕替代比例增加而逐渐升高, 但豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。豆粕蛋白替代比例为100%时AST、ALT活性显著高于其余各试验组(P<0.05)。说明饲料中豆粕替代一定比例的鱼粉蛋白可促进齐口裂腹鱼的生长, 提高对饲料蛋白的代谢和免疫能力, 但豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例超过80%则可引起肝损伤或组织病变。在本试验条件下, 综合考虑其生长指标、体成分及免疫指标, 齐口裂腹鱼的饲料中豆粕对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代比例为80%, 当其替代比例为34.25%~45.46%时可获得最佳生长效果。     

花鲈对七种蛋白质原料的表观消化率

为了解花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)对水解羽毛粉、喷雾干燥血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、黄粉虫粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白和脱酚棉籽蛋白等七种蛋白质原料的干物质、钙、磷、粗蛋白和氨基酸的表观消化率,实验选取平均体重为(54.3±1.5)g的花鲈240尾,随机分成8组,每组3个平行,对照组投喂基础饲料,试验组分别投喂试验饲料,试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%实验原料组成,以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。结果显示:花鲈对七种蛋白质原料的干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率以血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白较高,脱酚棉籽蛋白和黄粉虫粉次之,水解羽毛粉最低。其中,花鲈对血球蛋白粉的粗蛋白消化率最高,为95.64%,显著高于其他六种原料;鸡肉粉次之,为90.61%,与大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白之间差异不显著;水解羽毛粉最低,为71.18%,与黄粉虫粉和脱酚棉籽蛋白之间差异不显著,与其他蛋白原料之间差异显著。花鲈对鸡肉粉和黄粉虫粉的总钙的表观消化率分别为30.39%和42.65%。花鲈对总磷的表观消化率从高到低依次为大豆分离蛋白(76.04%)、脱酚棉籽蛋白(67.49%)、大豆浓缩蛋白(51.24%)、鸡肉粉(42.88%)、黄粉虫粉(38.40%)。花鲈对各蛋白质原料中氨基酸的表观消化率与粗蛋白质的表观消化率变化趋势基本一致。结果表明,喷雾干燥血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白可作为花鲈优质的蛋白源,脱酚棉籽蛋白、黄粉虫粉和水解羽毛粉在花鲈饲料中添加量不宜过高。     

Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus

Two consecutive feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimum dietary level of the cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) for replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for juvenile and ongrowing parrot fish with or without iron and phytase. In experiment I, juvenile parrot fish (BW: 3.17 g) were fed one of six experimental diets for 12 weeks which were formulated to replace FM protein by equal proportion (1:1, w:w) of CS at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% (designated as CS0, CS10, CS20, CS30, CS40, or CS50, respectively). In experiment II, ongrowing parrot fish (BW: 55 g) were fed one of five experimental diets for 9 weeks. The experimental diets were formulated to replace FM protein by CS at 0, 20, or 30% (designated as CS0, CS20, or CS30, respectively) and to include ferrous sulfate (0.1 and 0.2%) and phytase into the CS20 and CS30 diets (CS20 + Fe&P and CS30 +Fe&P, respectively). Results from the two feeding trials indicated that the CS could replace up to 20% FM protein in diets for juvenile parrot fish (3–22 g) and up to 30% in ongrowing (55–120 g) parrot fish. The supplemental effect of iron and phytase was not significant on growth performance. Total or each gossypol enantiomer concentration in the liver increased as the level of dietary cottonseed meal increased. However, gossypol in the liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was not detected. The dietary supplementation of CS significantly reduced the levels of plasma triacyglycerols and total cholesterol. The present study indicates that plant protein sources are better utilized in larger fish, and that up to approximately 30% FM protein could be replaced by CS with iron and phytase in the presence of supplemental lysine and methionine.     

Partial substitution of fish meal with soybean and cottonseed meals in diets for African bonytongue,Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) fingerlings: effects on growth,feed efficiency and body composition

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the suitability of soybean meal (SBM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) as a partial substitute for the dietary protein supplied by fish meal for H. niloticus fingerlings. Fish were fed with four isonitrogenous (350 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (18.8 kJ g^?1 GE) diets in which fish meal protein was gradually replaced by plant protein from a mixture of SBM and CSM (0%, 25%, 50% and 75% in diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively). Triplicate groups of fingerlings H. niloticus (mean weight of 5 g) were handfed twice daily to apparent satiation for 60 days inside net hapas. Growth performances (SGR varied from 3.09% to 3.16% day^?1) of fingerlings fed diets containing 0%, 25% and 50% plant protein were not significantly different (P>0.05). At 75% fish meal substitution, growth and feed utilization efficiency indicators were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The carcass composition were also significantly (P<0.05) affected by the replacement level of fish meal, except dry matter and ash. Results suggest that the dietary fish meal protein could efficiently be substituted by a mixture of soybean and cottonseed meals up to 50%, without adverse effects on maximal growth in practical diets for H. niloticus fingerlings.     

饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆生长性能及生化指标的影响

以鱼粉和豆粕分别为主要动物性和植物性蛋白源,研究饲料中不同豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆幼鱼生长性能和生化指标的影响。设计4∶1、3∶1、2∶1和1∶1四种不同动植物蛋白比的等氮等脂饲料配方,按配方制备试验饲料,分别表示为D1、D2、D3和D4。牙鲆幼鱼随机分配到12个设有循环水系统的玻璃钢桶内(900L),每3桶鱼饲喂一种饲料,每天投喂饲料2次,每次达到表观饱食,饲喂期为56d。以增重率(WGR)、饵料系数(FCR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、肝体指数(HSI)、肥满度(CF)、鱼体成分和饲料成本为依据,综合评价饲料中不同比例的豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆的饲养效果。通过测定尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等生化指标,研究饲料中不同豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆蛋白质代谢和脂肪代谢的影响。随豆粕比例的增加,WGR、PER和SGR逐渐降低,FCR逐渐增加,当饲料中豆粕比例在24%以上时差异显著(P<0.05);HSI逐渐增加,且D1组显著低于其他...