鱼类性别决定及性别特异分子标记的研究进展

在脊椎动物系统进化中,鱼类处于承前启后的关键地位.与高等脊椎动物相比,鱼类的性别决定机制具有原始性、多样性和易变性,并具有所有脊椎动物的性别决定方式,存在从雌雄同体到雌雄异体的各种性别类型,性逆转在鱼类也是较为常见的现象.     

鱼类的性别决定和性染色体

全世界现存鱼类约有 2 4 6 18种 ,分属 5 7目 ,4 82科 ,4 2 5 8属 ,是脊椎动物中分布最广 ,种类最多的类群 ,具有多种多样的生物学特性和重大的经济价值。在脊椎动物系统进化中 ,鱼类处于承先启后的地位 ,有着长久的进化历史和繁多演化分枝。鱼类在进化过程中表现出各种趋同性、趋异性和保守性 ,变化纷繁 ,物种进化异常活跃[1] 。鱼类作为较低等的脊椎动物 ,在性别决定中也有多种表现形式 ,例如鱼类中有些物种是雌雄同体的 ,这在其它高等脊椎动物中是没有的。即在同一个体中同时具有两种性腺 ,行自体受精。而另有些物种则是连续性雌雄同体鱼…     

鱼类性别决定机制及相关基因研究进展

鱼类性别决定机制是脊椎动物中最复杂的。同高等脊椎动物一样,鱼类性别决定的基础依然是遗传基因。鱼类的性别控制对于水产养殖有着十分重要的指导意义。目前用于生产实践的鱼类人工性别控制方法有很多,但大多数仍然处于探索与实验阶段,理论上的作用机理仍未研究透彻。文章旨在通过对鱼类性别决定机制、性别决定相关基因等方面国内外研究进展的阐述,为鱼类性别控制、调控养殖鱼类的经济性状如生长率和个体大小等,提供有益的参考资料。     

基于遗传连锁图谱筛选虾夷扇贝性别相关AFLP分子标记的方法

基于近年来他人构建的遗传连锁图谱,对2011–2013年2–5月期间采集的雌性、雄性及雌雄同体虾夷扇贝进行性别相关AFLP分子标记筛选。从雄性和雌性遗传连锁图谱上选取合计18对引物组合,经3批次试验,有8对引物扩增出性别相关的条带,其中Eb Mc、Ej Mf和Ei Mk重复性好,有4对引物扩增出雌雄同体特异性条带,5对引物扩增出雌性特异性条带。结果表明,基于高密度遗传连锁图谱筛选性别相关分子标记的方法简单可行,雌雄同体的基因组DNA与雌性和雄性存在显著差异,可能是一个单独的群体。     

鱼类性别相关基因及性别特异标记的研究进展

对动物性别的研究一直深受人们关注,以哺乳类为代表已经取得了许多可喜的成果。由于鱼类在脊椎动物系统进化中处于承前启后的地位,是脊椎动物中分布最广、种类最多的类群,具有多种多样的生物学特征和重大的经济价值,所以,对于鱼类性别决定机理的研究具有重大意义。本文主要介绍了鱼类性别决定相关基因和性别特异标记的研究进展。     

鱼类细胞工程育种技术和原理（三）

四、性反转 (一)鱼类的性别 自然界的鱼类性别多种多样，有些种类为雌雄异体，其外形和体色都明显不同；有些种类是雌雄同体，或雄性先成熟或雌性先成熟，人们所熟知的黄鳝即是先雌后雄的鱼类。     

我国鱼类性别控制研究进展

鱼类性别的表达方式 ,包括各种类型的性染色体机制、雌核发育、雌雄异体、雌雄同体、物种所特有的外部性别以及多样化的行为性别等 ,归纳起来 ,可以分为生理性别和遗传性别。生理性别是在遗传性别的控制下通过个体发育的生化过程而形成的 ,生理性别的基础取决于原始性器官的类型。该基础性别称为性腺性别 ,由它进一步分化为雌雄异体和雌雄同体。遗传性别 ,即染色体性别 ,每种鱼都有它自己独特的染色体性别。虽然对 16 0 0多种真骨鱼类进行过染色体组型的研究 ,但被证明具有染色体机制的种类却很少。况且 ,鱼类的染色体机制比较复杂。主要有…     

水产养殖中鱼类性别决定的遗传基础及性别控制技术运用分析

在水产养殖期间,需合理控制鱼类性别比例,以此提升水产养殖收益,实现效益最大化,但对于部分鱼类而言,在自然生长期间将出现性别转变现象,为保障水产养殖效果,应做好鱼类性别控制.基于此,首先阐述了鱼类性别转变现象,分析鱼类性别决定的遗传基础,讨论环境因子对鱼类性别决定的影响,并以罗非鱼为例,探讨性别控制技术在水产养殖中的实际应用.     

贝类性别决定与分化相关基因研究进展

性别决定与分化是生命发育的基本事件,性别决定与分化机制一直是生命科学研究的热点问题。贝类具有雌雄同体、雌雄异体、雄性先熟和性转换等复杂的性别类型,是研究无脊椎动物性别决定与分化机制及其演化进程的理想动物类群。挖掘贝类性别决定与分化调控基因,阐明相关基因的调控作用,对于揭示贝类性别决定与分化的分子机制具有重要意义。本文就贝类性别决定与分化相关基因的研究进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域进行展望,以期为贝类的性别决定和分化机制、生殖操作和遗传改良等研究提供参考。     

鱼类性别相关基因FTZ-F1的研究进展

FTZ-F1基因属于孤核受体超家族成员,最初是在果蝇(Drosophila)中发现的,该基因在果蝇胚胎发生的早期调控体节分化基因ftshi-tarazu(FTZ)表达。目前已经发现了很多它的同源基因。研究证明它在类固醇生成、性别分化过程中都发挥着重要的作用。鱼类在脊椎动物系统进化中处于承前启后的地位,是脊椎动物中分布最广、种类最多的类群,具有多种多样的生物学特征和重大的经济价值,所以对于鱼类性别决定机理的研究具有重大意义。文章就鱼类中发现的性别相关基因FTZ-F1,及该基因在胚胎发育过程中的作用、在性逆转鱼中的作用及与芳香化酶的相互作用关系等进行了综述,旨在为系统研究鱼类性别决定机制提供参考。     

Genetic, abiotic and social influences on sex differentiation in cichlid fishes and the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism

Genetic and environmental factors may interact to control sex determination in fishes. A common pattern of initial female differentiation and subsequent male transformation before maturation in non‐hermaphroditic fishes and after maturation in sequentially hermaphroditic fishes has suggested that changes in developmental timing may be responsible for the evolution of various expressions of sexual lability. Sequential hermaphroditism is rare in freshwater fishes, but investigators report degrees of sexual lability at four distinct life stages in cichlid fishes. Some cichlids undergo genetic sex determination and are not labile. Lability at the larval stage allows temperature or pH to determine sex. Social interactions apparently determine sex at the juvenile stage in the Midas cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus). Most reports of post‐maturational sex change in cichlids are anecdotal or unsubstantiated. The common occurrence of same‐sex spawning suggests that many species are incapable of sex change. Sequential hermaphroditism is concluded not to be typical, except for the checkerboard cichlid (Crenicara punctulata), which regularly undergoes functional female‐to‐male transformation. Expression of sexual lability at four life stages in one family of fishes corroborates a role for developmental timing in the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism as well as environmentally controlled sex determination. The broad phylogenetic distribution of sexual lability in cichlids indicates that processes capable of producing sex change are generally present. The rarity of sequential hermaphroditism in cichlids and possibly other freshwater fishes is likely due to unpredictability of food and therefore potential mate distributions compared with coral reef habitats.     

Sex change in coral reef fish

Gonadal differentiation can take many forms in fish, ranging from gonochorism, where individuals directly develop as male or female and finally possess only testis or ovaries at sexual maturation, to hermaphroditism where the same individuals can produce mature male and female gametes at some time in their lives. Hermaphrodite fish are, thus, an excellent model for studying the plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in vertebrates. We have shown that sex steroids play a principal role in sex differentiation and sex change in fish. Our laboratory implements several fish models that undergo sex change from female to male or male to female or in both directions. In this review, we will briefly discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of sex change in coral reef fish.     

芳香化酶抑制剂对暗纹东方鲀CYP19A、DMRT1基因表达及性腺分化的影响

采用组织学和分子生物学方法,研究了投喂芳香化酶抑制剂来曲唑(LE)后暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscures)初孵仔鱼CYP19A、DMRT1基因表达以及性腺的组织学变化,以期进一步了解P450芳香化酶(P450arom)在鱼类早期性别分化过程中的作用。RT-PCR结果显示,对照组样品CYP19A和DMRT1表达显示性二态,雌性表达CYP19A基因,雄性表达DMRT1基因。LE处理组在性别分化期间,雄性样品单一表达DMRT1,雌性样品则同时表达CYP19A和DMRT1。qRT-PCR结果显示:LE处理组雌性仔鱼CYP19A基因表达被显著抑;虽然在仔鱼出膜后22d(dph)的表达水平高于9 dph,但仅为同日对照组的2.11%。LE处理组雌性样品22 dph时DMRT1基因表达量上调,至150 dph时达对照组雄性水平。55 dph的性腺组织学结果表明,LE处理可导致暗纹东方鲀稚鱼原始卵巢退化,并向功能性精巢发育。150 dph的LE处理组性腺均为精巢,并与对照组精巢发育同步。结论认为,暗纹东方鲀性腺分化期间P450arom是卵巢形成和维持发育所必须的,抑制P450arom活性可导致雌性暗纹东方鲀发生雄性化逆转。     

芳香化酶抑制剂对暗纹东方鲀CYP19A、DMRT1基因表达及性腺分化的影响

摘要: 采用组织学和分子生物学方法, 研究了投喂芳香化酶抑制剂来曲唑(LE)后暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscures)初孵仔鱼CYP19A、DMRT1基因表达以及性腺的组织学变化, 以期进一步了解P450芳香化酶(P450arom)在鱼类早期性别分化过程中的作用。RT-PCR结果显示, 对照组样品CYP19A和DMRT1表达显示性二态, 雌性表达CYP19A基因, 雄性表达DMRT1基因。LE处理组在性别分化期间, 雄性样品单一表达DMRT1, 雌性样品则同时表达CYP19A和DMRT1。qRT-PCR结果显示: LE处理组雌性仔鱼CYP19A基因表达被显著抑; 虽然在仔鱼出膜后22 d(dph)的表达水平高于9 dph, 但仅为同日对照组的2.11%。LE处理组雌性样品22 dph时DMRT1基因表达量上调, 至150 dph时达对照组雄性水平。55 dph的性腺组织学结果表明, LE处理可导致暗纹东方鲀稚鱼原始卵巢退化, 并向功能性精巢发育。150 dph的LE处理组性腺均为精巢, 并与对照组精巢发育同步。结论认为, 暗纹东方鲀性腺分化期间P450arom是卵巢形成和维持发育所必须的, 抑制P450arom活性可导致雌性暗纹东方鲀发生雄性化逆转。

     

鱼类性别决定的研究进展

有关鱼类性别决定的研究主要集中在温度、性激素、芳香化酶以及随机重复序列、核受体基因等对性别分化的调控方面。由于鱼类所处分类地位较低 ,生活环境千差万别 ,鱼类性别决定没有一个普遍的模式 ,目前研究的鱼类又各不相同 ,因此象哺乳动物那样的性别决定级联模式还没能阐述。本综述旨在阐述近几年有关鱼类性别决定机制方面的研究动态和进展 ,为系统研究鱼类性别决定机制提供参考     

Patterns of sex ratio response to water temperature during sex determination in honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens

ABSTRACT:   The sex ratios of the offspring of males from broods of honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens that displayed thermolabile sex determination (TSD), and those from eggs collected from the wild, strongly suggest that the combination of parents plays an important supplementary role in TSD in this species. The proportion of females in all broods from eight pairings of fish captured in the field decreased significantly at 30°C compared to 20°C, and one brood was entirely female at the lower temperature. These results suggest that phenotypic males (XX-males) exist in nature, probably as a result of sex change from genetic females caused by TSD. Sex ratios in relation to water temperature fall into five patterns, two of which seem to result from normal pairings of XX-females and XY-males, and from pairings of XX-males and XX-females with non-thermosensitivity. Two other patterns are thought to result from the same types of pairing, but with thermosensitivity. The last pattern, which shows male bias at both low and high temperature, is not explained only by the combination of genotypic sex determination (XX/XY) and TSD. Fluctuating temperatures close to natural conditions showed little potential to masculinize broods laid in the field between April and early June. However, the sex ratios of fish spawned in early June showed male bias at low and high temperatures. The sex determination mechanism in G. caerulescens may involve the interaction between temperature and sex-determining genetic factors, and the relative importance of each component differs with breeding season.     

Environmental and fishing effects on the abundance,size and sex ratio of the blue‐throated wrasse,Notolabrus tetricus,on South Australian coastal reefs

Abstract The blue‐throated wrasse, Notolabrus tetricus (Richardson), is a site‐attached protogynous hermaphroditic species, with a small home range of 1000–2000 m², and the most abundant fish on inshore coastal reefs of South Australia. Long‐term studies over 18–24 years were conducted at an island reserve site and a fished mainland reference site. At the reserve site the retention rate of fish (reduced by mortality + emigration) was directly correlated with female mean size; the female:male sex ratio ranged from 10 to 20:1, consistent with an induction‐inhibition model of sex‐change. At the fished reference site, female mean size declined under intense fishing, and the sex ratio became strongly skewed towards females. Additional spatial surveys over >2000 km of coast showed that: (1) juvenile and adult abundance was variously determined by habitat features, such as substratum‐type, depth, bottom relief, wave exposure and algal canopy cover, and by geographical factors, such as distance off‐shore and within gulfs; and (2) that female mean size and the sex ratio were strongly influenced by recreational fishing, and to a small extent by bottom relief and other factors. The results suggest that female mean size and the sex ratio together can be used as an indicator of recreational fishing intensity at local scales. As populations of sequential hermaphroditic species are sensitive to size‐selective harvesting, management measures should aim to prevent sperm limitation, reproductive failure and skewed sex ratios in this species.     

鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究概况

动物从受精卵发育到具有不同性别特征的个体是一个奇妙而又严谨的过程,是人类长期以来试图揭示的自然现象。上世纪90年代初在人类Y染色体上发现了性别决定基因SRY[1],进而发现了一个新的Sox基因家族[2]。上述基因的发现,促进了以哺乳类为代表的动物性别决定和分化机制研究。由于鱼类在脊椎动物中的特殊进化地位、庞大的种类数量以及显著的社会经济价值,鱼类的性别决定研究一直受到遗传和发育学者的重视。尽管离最终阐明鱼类性别决定的机制还有距离,但近20多年来鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究已取得不少重要进展。本文试图根据现有文献资料,…     

Temperature effects on sex differentiation of the reciprocal hybrids of Odontesthes bonariensis and Odontesthes hatcheri (Atherinopsidae)

The pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes 1835) and the Patagonian pejerrey Odontesthes hatcheri (Eigenmann 1909) are Atherinopsid species with commercial importance and potential for aquaculture. The hybrids of the two species are viable but their mode of sex determination is unknown. This study examined the gonadal histology and sex ratios of reciprocal hybrids that were reared at 15, 17, 21, 25 or 29 °C during the sex differentiation period. The genetic sex of hybrids from O. hatcheri fathers was inferred from a sex‐linked SNP marker. Both hybrids showed female‐biased sex ratios at the lowest temperature, female‐biased to balanced sex ratios at intermediate temperatures and balanced or male‐biased sex ratios at 29 °C, but unlike in purebred O. bonariensis, the lowest and highest temperatures did not yield monosex populations. The proportion of females in the offspring was affected more by parental genome than by hybrid combination. Female hybrids bearing the O. hatcheri Y chromosome showed temporary arrest of ovarian development that was rescued in adults. These results reveal strong interactions between genotype and temperature for sex determination and differentiation of the hybrids and provide important clues to understand the mechanisms of sex determination in these species.