鱼类性别决定机制及相关基因研究进展

鱼类性别决定机制是脊椎动物中最复杂的。同高等脊椎动物一样,鱼类性别决定的基础依然是遗传基因。鱼类的性别控制对于水产养殖有着十分重要的指导意义。目前用于生产实践的鱼类人工性别控制方法有很多,但大多数仍然处于探索与实验阶段,理论上的作用机理仍未研究透彻。文章旨在通过对鱼类性别决定机制、性别决定相关基因等方面国内外研究进展的阐述,为鱼类性别控制、调控养殖鱼类的经济性状如生长率和个体大小等,提供有益的参考资料。     

鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究概况

动物从受精卵发育到具有不同性别特征的个体是一个奇妙而又严谨的过程,是人类长期以来试图揭示的自然现象。上世纪90年代初在人类Y染色体上发现了性别决定基因SRY[1],进而发现了一个新的Sox基因家族[2]。上述基因的发现,促进了以哺乳类为代表的动物性别决定和分化机制研究。由于鱼类在脊椎动物中的特殊进化地位、庞大的种类数量以及显著的社会经济价值,鱼类的性别决定研究一直受到遗传和发育学者的重视。尽管离最终阐明鱼类性别决定的机制还有距离,但近20多年来鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究已取得不少重要进展。本文试图根据现有文献资料,…     

鱼类性别决定及性别特异分子标记的研究进展

在脊椎动物系统进化中,鱼类处于承前启后的关键地位.与高等脊椎动物相比,鱼类的性别决定机制具有原始性、多样性和易变性,并具有所有脊椎动物的性别决定方式,存在从雌雄同体到雌雄异体的各种性别类型,性逆转在鱼类也是较为常见的现象.     

温度对鱼类性别分化和性别决定的影响

哺乳类和鸟类的胚胎发育在恒温条件下进行的,受外界环境影响极小,因此其性别决定和分化主要由遗传因素决定。而低等脊椎动物的性别决定和分化除受遗传因素控制外,还受到温度、光照、pH值、食物供给、外源激素及动物群体行为等多方面因素的影响。     

鱼类的性别决定与人工控制

鱼类性别的人工控制是鱼类育种中一个十分重要的领域。本文概述了鱼类的性别决定机制及鱼类生理性别的表现方式,同时介绍了鱼类性别的多种人工控制方法,为育种单位的生产实践提供参考。     

鱼类性别决定机制的研究进展

鱼类的性别决定受多方面的调控,主要可分为基因型性别决定和环境型性别决定。文章阐述了鱼类性别决定机制方面的研究进展,近期的研究热点是性别决定的分子机制。     

鱼类性别鉴定研究进展

简述了鱼类性别的决定,受遗传、环境因素共同影响;介绍了鱼类性别鉴定方法：表观观测法、组织切片、超声鉴定法、血液生化指标及激素判别法、染色体形态以及染色体带型差异判别法、分子标记法、单细胞测序技术等。分析了各种方法的优缺点及其实际应用范围。提出,今后对于鱼类性别鉴定方法,应着重研究性别特异位点,创新筛选技术,并加大性别分化机制和性别控制的研究力度,进一步开发单细胞测序技术在鱼类性别鉴定中的应用,对于鱼类,尤其是具有明显性别二态性的鱼类研究和渔业发展,具有重要意义。     

鱼类的性别决定和控制

鱼类性别在鱼类育种中非常重要，因为各种养殖对象的雌雄性别之间存在着生长速度、行为方式．生育时间、体色．外形和大小等方面的差异。鱼类育种者或养殖者力图按照生物性状或经济性状将雌雄分开，以期达到单性养殖的目的。本文将对鱼类的性别、性别控制以及未来的控制途径作一概述。     

动物（特别是鱼类）的性别决定

1891年，Henking(转自①)在一些半翅类中发现；有一对同源染色体在减数分裂中总是落在其它染色体之后。当时人们对这对染色体的作用还迷惑不解，因而他仿照数学家用“X”表示未知数的方法，把这对举动特殊的染色体称为X染色体。     

鱼类性别决定的研究进展

有关鱼类性别决定的研究主要集中在温度、性激素、芳香化酶以及随机重复序列、核受体基因等对性别分化的调控方面。由于鱼类所处分类地位较低 ,生活环境千差万别 ,鱼类性别决定没有一个普遍的模式 ,目前研究的鱼类又各不相同 ,因此象哺乳动物那样的性别决定级联模式还没能阐述。本综述旨在阐述近几年有关鱼类性别决定机制方面的研究动态和进展 ,为系统研究鱼类性别决定机制提供参考     

Sex steroids in intersexual fishes

Studies of thein vitro gonadal steroidogenesis in intersexual fishes, using labelled testosterone as precursor, showed large species variation. The protogynousMonopterus albus produced predominantly 5α-reduced metabolites while the protandrousRhabdosargus sarba produced mainly 5β-reduced products. Both fishes synthesized 11-oxotestosterone; the synthesis of which appeared to mediate mainly through adrenosterone inM. albus butvia 11β-hydroxytestosterone inR. sarba. When the plasma levels of androstenedione, testosterone, 11-oxotestosterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, estrone and 17β-estradiol among the male, intersexual and female phase of the same species were compared, available data showed that either there was no obvious difference among the different sexual phases or the differences could be accounted for by the seasonal reproductive activities of the animal. Except for androstenedione, there are no marked changes in plasma testosterone, 11-oxotestosterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, estrone and 17β-estradiol levels in the intersexual phase compared with the female and male, it is unlikely that these classical sex steroids act as a primary trigger of natural sex reversal in these fishes; the role of androstenedione awaits further elucidation. Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong     

Molecular mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation in fish

We have used various genetic and molecular approaches to investigate the mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation in fish. DMY was identified as the sex-determining gene of medaka. In tilapia, endogenous estrogens act as natural inducers of ovarian differentiation, while DMRT1 may be important for testicular differentiation. The roles of these regulators in sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation were ascertained using a gene or hormonal blockade strategy.     

几种淡水虾雌雄鉴别

<正> 在深入研究自然水域虾类的繁殖生物学时,必须对虾类的雌雄个体加以准确鉴别,人工繁殖虾类,也需合理搭配雌雄亲虾的比例,因此调查淡水虾类第二性征,鉴别雌雄,在生产上具有重要意义。作者近年来在调查安徽沿江湖泊的虾类资源时,曾对长江中下游地区几种重要的经济虾类雌雄性状进行观察与测定,现将结果报告于下,供有关生产部门参考。一、材料与方法样品系1985～1989年选自安徽的巢湖、龙窝湖等地。先进行活体观察,注意第二步是与体长之比例,第四、五对步足基部间距离的宽狭,以及其他外部形态的变化。如果在繁殖季节,可迅速检出抱卵雌虾和透过头     

鱼类性别相关基因及性别特异标记的研究进展

对动物性别的研究一直深受人们关注,以哺乳类为代表已经取得了许多可喜的成果。由于鱼类在脊椎动物系统进化中处于承前启后的地位,是脊椎动物中分布最广、种类最多的类群,具有多种多样的生物学特征和重大的经济价值,所以,对于鱼类性别决定机理的研究具有重大意义。本文主要介绍了鱼类性别决定相关基因和性别特异标记的研究进展。     

Morphology, endocrinology, and environmental modulation of gonadal sex differentiation in teleost fishes

Successful reproduction by an adult depends on the normal ontogenesis of the gonads, a complex process of cellular and histological differentiation that starts early in life. This process is theoretically predetermined by genetic factors and includes sensitisation of the bipotential gonads to endogenous endocrine factors prior to, during and even after commitment to maleness or femaleness. However, young fish are relatively vulnerable to a host of environmental (physical and chemical) factors that can affect this endogenous endocrine axis, disturbing or even overriding the putative developmental pathway. This sexually lability can be exploited to our advantage for the production of monosex fish populations of the most valuable sex for food production or aquarium fish trade. On the other hand, it represents also a potential path for undesirable influences from endocrine-disrupting chemicals and climatic factors, particularly environmental temperature. This paper provides a detailed account of the early histological process of gonadal sex differentiation, with special reference to gonochoristic species, and reviews the criteria employed to positively identify ovarian and testicular differentiation. It also reviews the development of endocrine competence and sensitivity of the differentiating gonads to exogenous influences in the context of the relative stability of genotypic sex determination in various fish species. Sex differentiation in some species seems to be under strong genetic control and may not require endogenous sex steroid production. Conversely, reliance on endogenous sex steroids for gonadal differentiation is observed in other species and this phenomenon is apparently associated with a higher incidence of environment (mainly temperature)-labile sex differentiation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A sex chromosome mosaic in male pseudohermaphroditism in a horse

In a 7 months old foal with a male pseudohermaphroditism the cytogenetic investigation revealed a XO/XYY-mosaic with a centric fusion of the Y-chromosomes.     

罗非鱼性别决定和分化机制的研究进展

罗非鱼染色体遗传型性别决定机制(Chromosomal genetic sex deterruination,GSD)的研究歼展较早,目前利用种间杂交的方法得到全雄罗非鱼在生产上已广泛应用,而对影响罗非鱼性别决定的环境因素研究开展较晚.研究证实罗非鱼确实存在温度依赖型性别决定机制(Temperature-dependent sex determination,TSD),而且这种温度依赖型性别决定机制只出现在性别发育的某一特定时期.近年来,研究者们开始尝试用分子生物学手段来研究罗非鱼性别决定及分化机制,寻找影响性别决定的基因位点、研究位点之间的相互关系及其相互作用,以及外界因素是如何通过调控性别决定位点来影响鱼类性别分化的等.目前研究的主要功能基因有DMRT基因家族、DAX1、SHP、AMH、oP450arom等.最新研究结果表明,tDMRT1,可作为尼罗罗非鱼精巢分化的分子标记.[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):139-145]     

Patterns of sex ratio response to water temperature during sex determination in honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens

ABSTRACT:   The sex ratios of the offspring of males from broods of honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens that displayed thermolabile sex determination (TSD), and those from eggs collected from the wild, strongly suggest that the combination of parents plays an important supplementary role in TSD in this species. The proportion of females in all broods from eight pairings of fish captured in the field decreased significantly at 30°C compared to 20°C, and one brood was entirely female at the lower temperature. These results suggest that phenotypic males (XX-males) exist in nature, probably as a result of sex change from genetic females caused by TSD. Sex ratios in relation to water temperature fall into five patterns, two of which seem to result from normal pairings of XX-females and XY-males, and from pairings of XX-males and XX-females with non-thermosensitivity. Two other patterns are thought to result from the same types of pairing, but with thermosensitivity. The last pattern, which shows male bias at both low and high temperature, is not explained only by the combination of genotypic sex determination (XX/XY) and TSD. Fluctuating temperatures close to natural conditions showed little potential to masculinize broods laid in the field between April and early June. However, the sex ratios of fish spawned in early June showed male bias at low and high temperatures. The sex determination mechanism in G. caerulescens may involve the interaction between temperature and sex-determining genetic factors, and the relative importance of each component differs with breeding season.     

Genetic, abiotic and social influences on sex differentiation in cichlid fishes and the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism

Genetic and environmental factors may interact to control sex determination in fishes. A common pattern of initial female differentiation and subsequent male transformation before maturation in non‐hermaphroditic fishes and after maturation in sequentially hermaphroditic fishes has suggested that changes in developmental timing may be responsible for the evolution of various expressions of sexual lability. Sequential hermaphroditism is rare in freshwater fishes, but investigators report degrees of sexual lability at four distinct life stages in cichlid fishes. Some cichlids undergo genetic sex determination and are not labile. Lability at the larval stage allows temperature or pH to determine sex. Social interactions apparently determine sex at the juvenile stage in the Midas cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus). Most reports of post‐maturational sex change in cichlids are anecdotal or unsubstantiated. The common occurrence of same‐sex spawning suggests that many species are incapable of sex change. Sequential hermaphroditism is concluded not to be typical, except for the checkerboard cichlid (Crenicara punctulata), which regularly undergoes functional female‐to‐male transformation. Expression of sexual lability at four life stages in one family of fishes corroborates a role for developmental timing in the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism as well as environmentally controlled sex determination. The broad phylogenetic distribution of sexual lability in cichlids indicates that processes capable of producing sex change are generally present. The rarity of sequential hermaphroditism in cichlids and possibly other freshwater fishes is likely due to unpredictability of food and therefore potential mate distributions compared with coral reef habitats.     

Gynogenesis and sex determination in large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage)

Gynogenesis was induced using heterologous sperms in large-scale loach, Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage), in which a ZW/ZZ sex determination was previously proposed. Three microsatellite loci were used to monitor exclusive maternal inheritance of gynogenetic progenies. The results showed that high percentages of meiogynogens were produced at 4 min post-fertilization and mitogynogens were produced at 18 min post-fertilization by heat shocks, while meiotic gynogenesis was induced by cold shocks within a wide period and high heterozygosity was even observed in gynogens produced at 24 min post-fertilization. The sex ratios of the F₁ progenies in three gynogenetic families were significantly deviated from 1:1 expectation with a female bias in two families and a male bias in one family (P < 0.05), and the other four gynogenetic families showed approximate 1:1 sex ratios. Moreover, the self-mating between gynogenetic F₁ progenies and mating between gynogenetic F₁ progenies and normal individuals produced all-female progenies or identical proportions of females and males. The data of sex ratios generally confirmed that the sex determination in large-scale loach was determined by the putative ZW/ZZ system, and the possible reasons causing the biased sex ratios are discussed.