鱼类性别决定机制及相关基因研究进展

鱼类性别决定机制是脊椎动物中最复杂的。同高等脊椎动物一样,鱼类性别决定的基础依然是遗传基因。鱼类的性别控制对于水产养殖有着十分重要的指导意义。目前用于生产实践的鱼类人工性别控制方法有很多,但大多数仍然处于探索与实验阶段,理论上的作用机理仍未研究透彻。文章旨在通过对鱼类性别决定机制、性别决定相关基因等方面国内外研究进展的阐述,为鱼类性别控制、调控养殖鱼类的经济性状如生长率和个体大小等,提供有益的参考资料。     

鱼类性别决定及性别特异分子标记的研究进展

在脊椎动物系统进化中,鱼类处于承前启后的关键地位.与高等脊椎动物相比,鱼类的性别决定机制具有原始性、多样性和易变性,并具有所有脊椎动物的性别决定方式,存在从雌雄同体到雌雄异体的各种性别类型,性逆转在鱼类也是较为常见的现象.     

鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究概况

动物从受精卵发育到具有不同性别特征的个体是一个奇妙而又严谨的过程,是人类长期以来试图揭示的自然现象。上世纪90年代初在人类Y染色体上发现了性别决定基因SRY[1],进而发现了一个新的Sox基因家族[2]。上述基因的发现,促进了以哺乳类为代表的动物性别决定和分化机制研究。由于鱼类在脊椎动物中的特殊进化地位、庞大的种类数量以及显著的社会经济价值,鱼类的性别决定研究一直受到遗传和发育学者的重视。尽管离最终阐明鱼类性别决定的机制还有距离,但近20多年来鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究已取得不少重要进展。本文试图根据现有文献资料,…     

温度对鱼类性别分化和性别决定的影响

哺乳类和鸟类的胚胎发育在恒温条件下进行的,受外界环境影响极小,因此其性别决定和分化主要由遗传因素决定。而低等脊椎动物的性别决定和分化除受遗传因素控制外,还受到温度、光照、pH值、食物供给、外源激素及动物群体行为等多方面因素的影响。     

鱼类的性别决定与人工控制

鱼类性别的人工控制是鱼类育种中一个十分重要的领域。本文概述了鱼类的性别决定机制及鱼类生理性别的表现方式,同时介绍了鱼类性别的多种人工控制方法,为育种单位的生产实践提供参考。     

鱼类性别决定机制的研究进展

鱼类的性别决定受多方面的调控，主要可分为基因型性别决定和环境型性别决定。文章阐述了鱼类性别决定机制方面的研究进展，近期的研究热点是性别决定的分子机制。     

鱼类性别鉴定研究进展

简述了鱼类性别的决定,受遗传、环境因素共同影响;介绍了鱼类性别鉴定方法：表观观测法、组织切片、超声鉴定法、血液生化指标及激素判别法、染色体形态以及染色体带型差异判别法、分子标记法、单细胞测序技术等。分析了各种方法的优缺点及其实际应用范围。提出,今后对于鱼类性别鉴定方法,应着重研究性别特异位点,创新筛选技术,并加大性别分化机制和性别控制的研究力度,进一步开发单细胞测序技术在鱼类性别鉴定中的应用,对于鱼类,尤其是具有明显性别二态性的鱼类研究和渔业发展,具有重要意义。     

鱼类的性别决定和控制

鱼类性别在鱼类育种中非常重要，因为各种养殖对象的雌雄性别之间存在着生长速度、行为方式．生育时间、体色．外形和大小等方面的差异。鱼类育种者或养殖者力图按照生物性状或经济性状将雌雄分开，以期达到单性养殖的目的。本文将对鱼类的性别、性别控制以及未来的控制途径作一概述。     

动物（特别是鱼类）的性别决定

1891年，Henking(转自①)在一些半翅类中发现；有一对同源染色体在减数分裂中总是落在其它染色体之后。当时人们对这对染色体的作用还迷惑不解，因而他仿照数学家用“X”表示未知数的方法，把这对举动特殊的染色体称为X染色体。     

鱼类性别决定的研究进展

有关鱼类性别决定的研究主要集中在温度、性激素、芳香化酶以及随机重复序列、核受体基因等对性别分化的调控方面。由于鱼类所处分类地位较低 ,生活环境千差万别 ,鱼类性别决定没有一个普遍的模式 ,目前研究的鱼类又各不相同 ,因此象哺乳动物那样的性别决定级联模式还没能阐述。本综述旨在阐述近几年有关鱼类性别决定机制方面的研究动态和进展 ,为系统研究鱼类性别决定机制提供参考     

Sex differentiation and sex determination in eels: consequences for management

The aim of this review is to present an overview of the sex differentiation and sex determination processes in eels in relation to the urgent need to provide scientific knowledge to better protect and manage the Anguilla genus. Indeed, the global decline of the three main temperate eel stocks, Anguilla anguilla, Anguillidae (Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2003, 10, 365); Anguilla japonica, Anguillidae (Casselman, Eel Biology, Springer Japan, 2003, 293) and Anguilla rostrata, Anguillidae (Tatsukawa, Eel Biology, Springer, Japan, 2003, 255), raises concerns about the necessity to better understand all stages of the life cycle of eels (Righton and Walker, Journal of Fish Biology, 2013, 83, 754). Little is known about the mechanisms involved in the production of males and females in this species with environmental sex determination. Previous reviews identifying the density of individuals as the major factor influencing sex determination were undertaken (Krueger and Oliveira, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 1999, 55, 381; Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2005, 15, 37). Here, we review the current advances on the subject, focusing on the roles of early growth rate and interindividual relationships, which are mechanisms underpinned by density, as well as the sex differentiation process, and we question how this knowledge might influence global conservation measures.     

Sex steroids in intersexual fishes

Studies of thein vitro gonadal steroidogenesis in intersexual fishes, using labelled testosterone as precursor, showed large species variation. The protogynousMonopterus albus produced predominantly 5α-reduced metabolites while the protandrousRhabdosargus sarba produced mainly 5β-reduced products. Both fishes synthesized 11-oxotestosterone; the synthesis of which appeared to mediate mainly through adrenosterone inM. albus butvia 11β-hydroxytestosterone inR. sarba. When the plasma levels of androstenedione, testosterone, 11-oxotestosterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, estrone and 17β-estradiol among the male, intersexual and female phase of the same species were compared, available data showed that either there was no obvious difference among the different sexual phases or the differences could be accounted for by the seasonal reproductive activities of the animal. Except for androstenedione, there are no marked changes in plasma testosterone, 11-oxotestosterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, estrone and 17β-estradiol levels in the intersexual phase compared with the female and male, it is unlikely that these classical sex steroids act as a primary trigger of natural sex reversal in these fishes; the role of androstenedione awaits further elucidation. Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong     

雌雄同体鱼类性别分化及性转变研究进展

在脊椎动物中,鱼类具有多样的性别分化方式,大致可分为雌雄异体、雌雄同体以及单性生殖3类.一般情况下,鱼类性别决定后,性腺可分化为卵巢或精巢,并且在整个生命周期内保持不变.而在雌雄同体鱼类,其性别可以从雌性转变为雄性、雄性转变为雌性或者在雌雄两种性别间进行多次转变.雌雄同体鱼类具有多种性别转变形式,是研究脊椎动物性别决定...     

池养黑鲷性逆转组织学观察

该研究测量和统计了人工养殖四指马鲅 (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) 的形态及性别比例,并观察其性腺的组织学和形态学特征。结果显示,当盐度为10.8~13.0、水温为28.0~30.7 ℃时,在228尾7月龄四指马鲅样本中检测到雄性、雌性和雌雄同体3种个体,其比例分别为85.53%、5.70%和8.77%;3种个体的体质量、全长、体长和体高等形态性状无明显差异。解剖学观察显示,雌雄同体性腺的两背内侧为精巢,呈白色,两腹外侧为卵巢,呈浅黄偏红色。组织学显示精巢侧已有成熟精子形成,为典型精巢的Ⅳ或Ⅴ期特征,卵巢侧具卵巢腔,主要为卵原细胞和早期Ⅱ时相卵母细胞,为典型卵巢的Ⅱ期特征,可判断四指马鲅为雄性先熟雌雄同体;其性逆转过程可分为早、中、晚3个阶段,主要组织结构变化特征为卵巢结构逐渐形成并发育成Ⅱ期卵巢,而精巢组织则逐渐退化消失,在整个性逆转过程均检测到精巢的细胞凋亡信号。

     

Molecular mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation in fish

We have used various genetic and molecular approaches to investigate the mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation in fish. DMY was identified as the sex-determining gene of medaka. In tilapia, endogenous estrogens act as natural inducers of ovarian differentiation, while DMRT1 may be important for testicular differentiation. The roles of these regulators in sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation were ascertained using a gene or hormonal blockade strategy.     

几种淡水虾雌雄鉴别

<正> 在深入研究自然水域虾类的繁殖生物学时,必须对虾类的雌雄个体加以准确鉴别,人工繁殖虾类,也需合理搭配雌雄亲虾的比例,因此调查淡水虾类第二性征,鉴别雌雄,在生产上具有重要意义。作者近年来在调查安徽沿江湖泊的虾类资源时,曾对长江中下游地区几种重要的经济虾类雌雄性状进行观察与测定,现将结果报告于下,供有关生产部门参考。一、材料与方法样品系1985～1989年选自安徽的巢湖、龙窝湖等地。先进行活体观察,注意第二步是与体长之比例,第四、五对步足基部间距离的宽狭,以及其他外部形态的变化。如果在繁殖季节,可迅速检出抱卵雌虾和透过头     

鱼类性别相关基因及性别特异标记的研究进展

对动物性别的研究一直深受人们关注,以哺乳类为代表已经取得了许多可喜的成果。由于鱼类在脊椎动物系统进化中处于承前启后的地位,是脊椎动物中分布最广、种类最多的类群,具有多种多样的生物学特征和重大的经济价值,所以,对于鱼类性别决定机理的研究具有重大意义。本文主要介绍了鱼类性别决定相关基因和性别特异标记的研究进展。     

A sex chromosome mosaic in male pseudohermaphroditism in a horse

In a 7 months old foal with a male pseudohermaphroditism the cytogenetic investigation revealed a XO/XYY-mosaic with a centric fusion of the Y-chromosomes.     

Morphology, endocrinology, and environmental modulation of gonadal sex differentiation in teleost fishes

Successful reproduction by an adult depends on the normal ontogenesis of the gonads, a complex process of cellular and histological differentiation that starts early in life. This process is theoretically predetermined by genetic factors and includes sensitisation of the bipotential gonads to endogenous endocrine factors prior to, during and even after commitment to maleness or femaleness. However, young fish are relatively vulnerable to a host of environmental (physical and chemical) factors that can affect this endogenous endocrine axis, disturbing or even overriding the putative developmental pathway. This sexually lability can be exploited to our advantage for the production of monosex fish populations of the most valuable sex for food production or aquarium fish trade. On the other hand, it represents also a potential path for undesirable influences from endocrine-disrupting chemicals and climatic factors, particularly environmental temperature. This paper provides a detailed account of the early histological process of gonadal sex differentiation, with special reference to gonochoristic species, and reviews the criteria employed to positively identify ovarian and testicular differentiation. It also reviews the development of endocrine competence and sensitivity of the differentiating gonads to exogenous influences in the context of the relative stability of genotypic sex determination in various fish species. Sex differentiation in some species seems to be under strong genetic control and may not require endogenous sex steroid production. Conversely, reliance on endogenous sex steroids for gonadal differentiation is observed in other species and this phenomenon is apparently associated with a higher incidence of environment (mainly temperature)-labile sex differentiation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.