低盐度水体中饲用磷酸二氢钙对南美白对虾生长的影响

在低盐度水体中 ,以添加不同含量磷酸二氢钙的试验饲料对南美白对虾幼虾 (1 37± 0 0 6 )cm进行饲养试验。结果表明 :饲料中添加磷酸二氢钙对南美白对虾的存活率、饲料系数、特定生长率均有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 )。当磷酸二氢钙添加量为 1%时 ,南美白对虾的特定生长率为最佳 ;当磷酸二氢钙添加量为3%时 ,南美白对虾的存活率为最高 ,饲料系数为最小。饲料中磷酸二氢钙对虾体组织钙磷含量 (除了肌肉中磷含量外 )有显著的影响 (P <0 0 5 )。特定生长率与肌肉Ca/P比呈显著负相关关系 (P <0 0 5 )。     

促生长剂二甲酸钾对南美白对虾生长指标的影响

研究饲料中添加不同水平二甲酸钾(Potassium Diformate)对南美白对虾(Penaeus Vannamei)饲料转化、生长及存活的影响。采用网箱(0.8m×0.8m×0.8m)养殖南美白对虾,实验设计三组二甲酸钾水平0%、0.8%及1.5%,养殖密度30尾/箱,限食投喂40天,每天投喂4次,结果显示,0.8%二甲酸钾水平组虾的存活率、饲料系数及日增重显著优于对照组与1.5%组虾(p<0.05)。实验结果表明,南美白对虾饲料中0.8%水平二甲酸钾能明显改善虾的生长、降低饲料系数及提高虾的存活率。     

南美白对虾幼虾饲料蛋白质的需要量

以酪蛋白和明胶为主要蛋白源,配制成蛋白质质量分数分别为28%、33%、38%、43%和48%的5种精饲料,分别在盐度2和28的水体中,对南美白对虾(Penaeusvannamei)幼虾进行49d的饲养试验。虾苗平均体重为(0 011±0 001)g,每天投喂4次。结果表明,饲料系数、蛋白质效率均随饲料蛋白质含量的增加而减小,饲料蛋白质水平对南美白对虾幼虾肌肉游离氨基酸和肝胰腺胰蛋白酶的活性有显著的影响。在盐度2的水体中,26.7%饲料蛋白质水平最适宜;在盐度28的水体中,33.0%饲料蛋白质水平最适宜。说明在一定范围内,低蛋白高能量饲料可以取得更高的蛋白质利用率以及更好的对虾养殖效果。     

关于南美白对虾的几个问题

正南美白对虾对三大营养物质及多维多矿的需求?通威股份有限公司特种水产研究所所长陈效儒博士:总体来看,南美白对虾仔虾阶段需要40%~55%的饲料蛋白质,而幼虾需要至少36%的蛋白质才能维持较快的生长速度。此外,饲料蛋白质需求可能受盐度影响很大,淡水条件下其蛋白质需求比最适盐度条件下高得多,同时高盐度水体中南美白对虾的蛋白质需求也比最适盐度条件下更高。总体来说在适宜条件     

饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对南美白对虾的生长、存活及饲料系数的影响

饲料中添加 0 1 %、0 2 %、0 4%的 β -葡聚糖A型 (简称 0 1 %A、0 2 %A、0 4%A ,下同 )和 0 2 %的β -葡聚糖B型 (简称 0 2 %B ,下同 ) ,投喂南美白对虾 30d。测定虾的体重、体长、存活率及饲料系数。结果表明 ,添加0 4%A极显著地提高南美白对虾的增重率以及降低饲料系数 (P <0 0 1 ) ,添加不同水平的 β -葡聚糖对南美白对虾的体长无显著影响 (P >0 0 5) ,添加 0 2 %A、0 2 %B和 0 4%A ,虾的存活率有显著提高 (P <0 0 5)。     

用膨化甘蔗渣制作虾饲料

美国夏威夷海洋生物研究所使用以膨化甘蔗渣制作的饲料养虾获得成功。这种饲料以榨糖后的废弃甘蔗渣为主要原料（占总量的88％）,经粉碎膨化后添加少量的蛋白质、脂肪及矿物质制成微囊饲料,最适合精细养虾。对墨西哥对虾、斑节对虾,南美白对虾为期6年的养殖试验表明,这种饲料入水后表面还可吸附藻类和浮游微生物,因此虾摄入的是一种新鲜的生物饵料,其生长速度和同期增重率比对照组一般高出28％-46％。     

A_(3α)肽聚糖投喂南美白对虾试验

A3α肽聚糖投喂南美白对虾生产中试 ,初步确定了A3α肽聚糖在南美白对虾生产中的使用方法 :从仔虾开始投喂添加了A3α肽聚糖的饲料 ,给药剂量以 10mg/kg为宜 ,每 7天为一个周期循环间隔投喂至收获成虾止 ;科学使用A3α肽聚糖可使南美白对虾成活率及产量提高 30 %左右。     

南美白对虾健康养殖的小技巧怎样观察料台

南美白对虾学名凡纳滨对虾,主要分布于美洲西部太平洋沿岸的热带水域,以厄瓜多尔沿岸分布较集中,与斑节对虾、中国对虾同为世界养殖产量最高的三大优良虾种。南美白对虾个体大,抗病能力和适应能力强,生长速度快,能在低盐度水和淡水中养殖,对饲料的蛋白质含量要求较低,肉味鲜美,能鲜活运输,所以南美白对虾养殖规模越来越大。南美白对虾日增重的高低,     

南美白对虾的营养需求及饲料配制

南美白对虾是迄今世界上养殖产量最高的对虾之一,文中概述了南美白对虾营养需求,阐明了蛋白质、脂肪、微量元素和维生素特别是必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸对南美白对虾的重要作用,并列举了部分营养素的需求量。通过对南美白对虾饲料原料配比及配置工艺的研究,进一步阐明了南美白对虾饲料的营养性和配方的科学性。通过对南美白对虾饲料的国内外现状的叙述,总结了存在的问题和研究的进展,为今后对南美白对虾的饲料和营养的进一步研究提供了参考。     

南美白对虾的营养需求与配合饲料的选用

南美白对虾是当今世界上公认的三大优良养殖虾种之一。其适盐范围广，既可在海水中养殖，也可在淡水中养殖。但养殖环境的差异会影响南美白对虾的营养需求和生长速度。一、南美白对虾的营养特点１．对蛋白质的需求：根据Ｃｏｌｖｉｎ等（１９９７）和Ｓｍｉｔｈ等（１９８５）的研究，南美白对虾的蛋白质需要量分别为３０％和３６％以上。在低盐度（半咸水、淡水）的养殖环境中，白对虾体内的能量来源倾向于以蛋白质而非脂肪分解。在高盐度（如海水）的养殖环境中，白对虾对饲料中蛋白质的消化率低，特别是豆饼中的蛋白质。因此，实际养殖中…     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.