泥鳅胚胎玻璃化液超低温冷冻保存研究

泥鳅胚胎（胚孔封闭期）用10＃玻璃化液作为低温保护剂，经低温（－196℃）冷冻保存17h后，38℃水浴解冻，解冻后的胚胎获得了成活。在稀释液B1、B2、B3中分别有26．7％，15．0％，3．0％成活的胚胎。解冻后的胚孔封闭期胚胎经过50h的培养，胚胎从胚孔封闭期发育至尾鳍出现期。     

中华绒螯蟹胚胎的玻璃化冷冻保存

研究了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)4个不同发育时期胚胎对A号玻璃化液的耐受性和玻璃化冷冻保存。结果表明,不同时期的胚胎对玻璃化液的耐受能力不同,其中卵裂期胚胎对玻璃化液的耐受能力较差(20~30 min),前无节幼体期和原溞状幼体期胚胎在玻璃化液中的适应时间较长(40~60 min);随着平衡时间的延长,中华绒螯蟹各个时期的胚胎成活率逐渐下降。中华绒螯蟹前无节幼体期胚胎在A号玻璃化液中平衡40 min,0.25mol/L的蔗糖分别洗脱5、10、15、20 min后,胚胎成活率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。前无节幼体期胚胎在A号玻璃化液中平衡40 min,在–196℃冷冻40 min,快速解冻后用0.25 mol/L的蔗糖洗脱10 min,有8个胚胎成活,成活率为(9.3±2.5)%,胚胎培养至第4天死亡;原溞状幼体期胚胎在A号玻璃化液中平衡40 min,在–196℃冷冻35 min,经相同浓度的蔗糖洗脱相同的时间,有7个胚胎成活,成活率(11.3±3.6)%,培养至第6天时,1个胚胎孵化出膜,出膜胚胎成活1d后死亡。     

玻璃化液对鲢鱼胚胎成活的影响

本文通过５种不同抗冻剂，５５组不同浓度组合，筛选出１１组冷冻时能形成玻璃化最低浓度的抗冻剂和１０组解冻时能形成玻璃化的抗冻剂。并对１１组玻璃化液在低温下的一些物理特性进行了测定。不同组合的玻璃化液其冰点和融点各不相同，最高冰点在－１９．５℃，最低达－３９℃。融点最高－４０℃，最低－９０℃。鳝鱼胚胎在５－ｅ中心跳时间最长达３０分钟，在１０－ｃ、５－ｅ中换１７号解冻液后存活最多，达８９．０％以上。     

不同抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎毒性研究以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻保存方法的应用

以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不同发育期胚胎为实验材料,研究了7种渗透性和5种非渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期和心跳期胚胎的毒性,同时对玻璃化液在不同胚胎发育期的毒性作用,以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻过程中,冷冻颗粒降温和解冻的时间进行了研究。结果表明,单一渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎的毒性随着抗冻剂浓度的升高、平衡时间的延长而提高,其毒性由大到小依次为乙二醇(EG)、酒精(EtOH)、甘油(Gly)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甲醇(MeOH)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)。非渗透性抗冻剂中聚乙烯吡咯酮(PVP)对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎的毒性最强,其次是蔗糖和D果糖,葡聚糖和葡萄糖毒性最弱。在总体积分数一定的情况下,PG、MeOH与DMSO体积比为9∶6∶5的混合抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎毒性最低;各发育期胚胎经过玻璃化液平衡后,尾芽期以前胚胎的成活率随胚胎发育期逐渐升高,心跳期以后逐渐降低,尾芽期和心跳期成活率最高。含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温时间最短为15.09 s,解冻时间最短为6.22 s;而不含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温和解冻时间分别为(13.83±1.86)s和(7.20±0.90)s。将PG、MeOH与DMSO按体积比9∶6∶5配成总体积分数为35%的混合溶液,再添加5%的蔗糖配制成玻璃化液,采用此玻璃化颗粒冷冻方法对173粒牙鲆尾芽期至心跳期胚胎进行超低温冷冻保存,解冻后共获得4粒成活胚胎。     

猪卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的研究

用2种不同的配方分别对猪GV期和MⅡ期卵母细胞进行玻璃化冷冻研究,并用孤雌激活的方法检测冷冻-解冻对卵母细胞再发育能力的影响。结果如下:(1)以PBS和TCM1992种配方为冷冻基础液,分别对猪GV期和MⅡ期卵母细胞进行玻璃化冷冻,解冻后对细胞进行体外成熟观察、形态学观察、染色观察,差异不显著;(2)经冷冻-解冻,猪GV期卵母细胞比MⅡ期卵母细胞成活率高、孤雌激活效果好;(3)经冷冻-解冻,猪卵母细胞再发育能力明显低于新鲜细胞,冷冻过程对卵母细胞的发育能力造成了明显的影响。     

玻璃化液对泥鳅胚胎成活率的影响

玻璃化液作为一种比较理想的低温保护剂 ,对鼠胚胎和牛胚胎保存已获成功 ,但对适合于鱼类胚胎保存的至今未看到报道。为了研究玻璃化液对鱼类胚胎的低温保存效果 ,使鱼类胚胎低温冷冻保存获得成功 ,作者开展了利用不同的低温保护剂 ,采用不同浓度的组合 ,经超低温冷冻筛选后找出了能形成玻璃化的最低浓度 ,并利用这些能形成玻璃化的抗冻剂对泥鳅胚胎进行了毒性实验 (1998) ,但还没有找出对胚胎保存效果好、毒性小、“高渗”损伤小的最佳玻璃化液。本文进一步利用这些玻璃化液对在不同条件下 ,对不同发育时期的泥鳅胚胎延长玻璃化对胚胎的作…     

大菱鲆胚胎玻璃化方法研究

用大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)神经期胚对6种抗冻剂的毒性进行检测,发现其毒性排列为1,2-丙二醇(PG)<甲醇(MeOH)<甘油(Gly)<二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)<乙二醇(EG)<二甲亚砜(DMSO).以DMF为主因子配制和筛选出11种玻璃化程度较好的玻璃化液,并用大菱鲆肌节期胚对其中5种玻璃化程度最好的玻璃化液进行检测,结果显示,A4(DMSO 20%+DMF 25%)、A7(DMSO 25%+DMF 20%)较适合于大菱鲆胚胎的平衡处理,利用A4和A7平衡处理神经期胚、肌节期胚、心跳期胚、出膜前期胚,结果显示大菱鲆神经胚和肌节胚对玻璃化液的适应能力较强.实验测试出不同时期胚胎在两种玻璃化液中的成活率,为大菱鲆各期胚胎在玻璃化液中的平衡处理提供了依据.利用大菱鲆肌节胚对不同的平衡步骤进行了筛选,发现五步法的平衡效果较好.     

玻璃化液对泥鳅胚胎的渗透及毒性作用

通过不同抗冻剂组成的玻璃化液在室温和低温下对泥鳅胚胎的平衡处理，证实了抗冻剂在室温下对胚胎的渗透比在低温下迅速。不同组合的抗冻剂渗透速度不同，但对胚胎的作用均表现为使胚胎从一开始的透明状态逐步变成乳白色不透明状态，从乳白色不透明状态逐步变成透明状态，再从透明状态逐步变成乳白色不透明状态。在一定的时间范围内，更换解冻液后，这种反应呈“可逆反应”，胚胎能够成活。证明了胚胎在抗冻剂中，当第一次变成不透明时并不是真正死亡，真正的死亡是胚胎达到完全透明以后，第二次变成乳白色不透明状态。     

玻璃化液对泥鳅胚胎成活率的影响

玻璃化液作为一种比较理想的低温保护剂,对鼠胚胎和牛胚胎保存已获成功,但对适合于鱼类胚胎保存的至今未看到报道.为了研究玻璃化液对鱼类胚胎的低温保存效果,使鱼类胚胎低温冷冻保存获得成功,作者开展了利用不同的低温保护剂,采用不同浓度的组合,经超低温冷冻筛选后找出了能形成玻璃化的最低浓度,并利用这些能形成玻璃化的抗冻剂对泥鳅胚胎进行了毒性实验(1998),但还没有找出对胚胎保存效果好、毒性小、"高渗”损伤小的最佳玻璃化液.本文进一步利用这些玻璃化液对在不同条件下,对不同发育时期的泥鳅胚胎延长玻璃化对胚胎的作用时间,进行了系统的研究,现将结果总结如下. 1 材料和方法     

卤虫胚胎和无节幼体超低温冷冻保存的研究↑（*）

用玻璃化液作为低温保护剂，对卤虫胚胎和无节幼体进行超低温冷冻保存实验。通过实验筛选出５种适宜卤虫胚胎保存的玻璃化液，找出了影响胚胎成活的降温温层和升温温层，使胚胎经－１９６℃保存后的成活率稳定在９０％。建立了较为完善的卤虫胚胎冷冻保存的程序。卤虫无节幼体经超低温冷冻保存后，获得３－５％的成活率。     

大菱鲆胚胎的玻璃化冷冻保存

Vitrification solutions were examined for their suitability of cryopreservation of turbot (Seophthulnms maximus) embryos. PMPI gave higher survival rate (75.68%) than other vitrification solutions and was considered to be suitable liar the cryopreservation of turbot embryos. The freezing point of the vitrification solutions consisted of PG and MeOH in the proportion of 3:2 was measured when the vitrification solutions were cryopreserved. It showed that the vitrification solutions with a cryoprotectant concentration of over 41% have no freezing point and the freezing points of vitrification solutions containing 33.33%-40% cryprotectants were between -32.4℃ and -65.4℃， The freezing point decreased with the increase of cryoprotectant concentration. The resistance of turbot embryos at different stages to the cryoprotectants was studied, It was found that the turbot embryos from 4-5 pairs somite to tail bud were more resistant to cryoprotectants and suitable to vitrify. A live embryo was obtained after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for 14h and was hatched out。     

3-D printed customizable vitrification devices for preservation of genetic resources of aquatic species

Sperm vitrification as an alternative approach to conventional cryopreservation (equilibrium freezing) allows quick and low-cost sample preservation and is suitable for small-bodied aquatic species with miniscule testis, fieldwork at remote locations, and small-scale freezing for research purposes. The goal of this present study was to develop operational prototypes of 3-dimensional (3-D) printed vitrification devices with innovative components that can provide comprehensive functionalities for practical repository development for aquatic species. The design featured an elongated loop to suspend a thin film of sperm sample in cryoprotectant, a retractable sleeve to protect the vitrified samples and allow permanent labeling, a handle to facilitate processing and storage, and a shaft with annular grooves to guide positioning of the protective retractable sleeve. To span a wide range of sample capacities and configurations, a total of 39 different configurations (3 loop lengths ×13 loop heights) were fabricated by 3-D printing with the thermoplastics polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). A total of 86 devices were fabricated with ABS filament with a print failure rate of 9%, and 97 devices were fabricated with PLA filament with a failure rate of 20 %. Major types of printing failures included disconnected loops, insufficient build surface adhesion, stringing, and inconsistent extrusion. The sample volume capacity ranged from 1 to 47 μL and had linear relationships to the loop lengths and layer numbers. Vitrified samples were observed in 10-mm and 15-mm loops fabricated with PLA and ABS but not in 20-mm loops. This study demonstrated the feasibility of development of standardized low-cost ($0.05 material cost) devices fabricated by 3-D printing with practical functions including vitrification, volume control, labeling, protection, and storage within conventional systems. These prototypes can be further developed, standardized, and used to assist development of germplasm repositories to protect the genetic resources of aquatic species by user groups such as breeders, hatcheries, aquariums, and researchers.     

Improved solution for vitrification of Prochilodus lineatus embryos based on the reduction in risk factors: Toxicity,osmotic responses and ice‐nucleation

The objective of our work was to describe a low toxicity cryoprotectant solution that allowed vitreous solid formation. Embryos of Prochilodus lineatus were submitted to sensitivity evaluations of six internal cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide – Me₂SO, dimethyl acetamide – DMA, dimethyl formamide – DMF, methanol – MET, glycerol – GLY and 1,2‐propanediol – PROP) at concentrations of 1–6 M; and two external cryoprotectants (sucrose – SUC and glucose – GLU) at concentrations of 0.1–1 M for 20 min. The capacity of the cryoprotectant solutions to exchange heat with the medium and to form glassy solids was evaluated by immersing 10 μl of cryoprotectant in liquid nitrogen. The PROP had a high survival rate at all concentrations evaluated, and was the only substance that allowed a vitreous solid formation. Thus, it is concluded that the PROP‐6 M was the most adequate solution for embryonic vitrification processes, because heat exchange between the system (PROP 6 M/embryos/liquid nitrogen) was faster than for other cryoprotectants and combinations thereof; has low toxicity, promote high rates of dehydration in short periods, and reach the vitreous state, being a good candidate to be used in the tests of embryonic vitrification.     

Cryopreservation of male and female gonial cells by vitrification in the critically endangered cyprinid honmoroko <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gnathopogon caerulescens</Emphasis>

We investigated the feasibility of cryopreservation of spermatogonia and oogonia in the critically endangered cyprinid honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens using slow-cooling (freezing) and rapid-cooling (vitrification) methods. Initially, we examined the testicular cell toxicities and glass-forming properties of the five cryoprotectants: ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), and 1,3-butylene glycol (BG), and we determined cryoprotectant concentrations that are suitable for freezing and vitrification solutions, respectively. Subsequently, we prepared the freezing solutions of EG, GC, DMSO, PG, and BG at 3, 2, 3, 2, and 2 M and vitrification solutions at 7, 6, 5, 5, and 4 M, respectively. Following the cryopreservation of the testicular cells mainly containing early-stage spermatogenic cells (e.g., spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes), cells were cultured for 7 days and immunochemically stained against germ cell marker protein Vasa. Areas occupied by Vasa-positive cells indicated that vitrification led to better survival of germ cells than the freezing method, and the best result was obtained with 5 M PG, about 50% recovery of germ cells following vitrification. In the case of ovarian cells containing oogonia and stage I, II, and IIIa oocytes, vitrification with 5 M DMSO resulted the best survival of oogonia, with equivalent cell numbers to those cultured without vitrification. The present data suggest that male and female gonial cells of the endangered species G. caerulescens can be efficiently cryopreserved using suitable cryoprotectants for spermatogonia and oogonia, respectively.     

Novel droplet vitrification combined with fish antifreeze protein type III enhances cryoprotection of semen in wild endangered Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1897)

In this study, the efficiency of a novel droplet vitrification technique along with different doses of fish antifreeze protein (AFP) type III on Persian sturgeon thawed spermatozoa quality (motility duration and motility percentage) was investigated. Semen of seven male individuals was pooled in equal volumes and diluted with 4°C Tris‐Hcl (100 mM), pH = 8 extenders containing 0, 5, 10, 15 μM of AFP type III in a ratio of 1:1 (semen/extenders). Treated semen was dropped into liquid nitrogen. Solidified droplets were stored for 2, 60 and 120 days and thawed by plunging them into a tube containing 5 mL Tris‐Hcl (100 mM), pH=8 with 1% BSA at 37°C. Motility duration in all treatments had no significant difference comparing to fresh sperm (P > 0.05), but their motility percentage was significantly lower. Treatment with 10 μM of AFP had significantly higher motility percentage (16.11 ± 0.5%) comparing to other treatments (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between 0, 5, 15 μM of antifreeze protein treatments (P > 0.05), suggesting that antifreeze protein effectiveness are highly dose dependent, and dose of 10 μM is appropriate in Persian sturgeon spermatozoa droplet vitrification. Besides, the present technique obtained higher quality of spermatozoa comparing to its analogue techniques.     

Sperm vitrification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>: effect of cryoprotectant solutions on sperm viability and spawning quality after artificial insemination

Vitrification is a fast freezing method with promising results for penaeids sperm cryopreservation. This study evaluated the efficiency of three cryoprotectant solutions for sperm vitrification and artificial insemination with cryopreserved spermatophores of Litopenaeus vannamei. The cryoprotectant solutions tested were 30% methanol, 2% soy lecithin, and 30% methanol?+?2% soy lecithin. Fully mature females were artificially inseminated with vitrified and fresh spermatophores as a control group. The vitrification method was efficient in maintaining high rates of sperm survival and membrane integrity. Although the egg fertilization was successfully attained by artificial insemination with cryopreserved spermatophores, low hatching rates suggested that possible DNA fragmentation of sperm cells should be further investigated. This is the first report of artificial insemination using vitrified sperm in penaeids.     

Development of sperm vitrification protocols for two endangered salmonid species: the Adriatic grayling, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus thymallus</Emphasis>, and the marble trout, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo marmoratus</Emphasis>

Vitrification was applied to the sperm of two endangered fish species of So?a River basin in Slovenia, the Adriatic grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) following testing different cooling devices and vitrifying media. Sperm was collected, diluted in species-specific non-activating media containing cryoprotectants, and vitrified by plunging directly into liquid nitrogen without pre-cooling. Progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, and straightness of fresh and vitrified-warmed sperm were evaluated with computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Fertilization trials were carried out to test the effectiveness of vitrification in the case of grayling. A protocol utilizing a glucose-based extender, 30% cryoprotectants (15% methanol + 15% propylene glycol), 1:1 dilution ratio, and droplets of 2 μl on a Cryotop as cooling device yielded the highest post-thaw motility values for both Adriatic grayling (7.5?±?6.5%) and marble trout (26.6?±?15.8%). Viable embryos were produced by fertilizing eggs with vitrified grayling sperm (hatching 13.1?±?11.7%, control hatching 73.9?±?10.4%). The vitrification protocol developed in this study can be utilized in the conservation efforts for the two species as an alternative to slow-rate freezing when working in field conditions or when specific equipment necessary for slow-rate freezing is not available.