玻璃化液对泥鳅胚胎成活率的影响

玻璃化液作为一种比较理想的低温保护剂 ,对鼠胚胎和牛胚胎保存已获成功 ,但对适合于鱼类胚胎保存的至今未看到报道。为了研究玻璃化液对鱼类胚胎的低温保存效果 ,使鱼类胚胎低温冷冻保存获得成功 ,作者开展了利用不同的低温保护剂 ,采用不同浓度的组合 ,经超低温冷冻筛选后找出了能形成玻璃化的最低浓度 ,并利用这些能形成玻璃化的抗冻剂对泥鳅胚胎进行了毒性实验 (1998) ,但还没有找出对胚胎保存效果好、毒性小、“高渗”损伤小的最佳玻璃化液。本文进一步利用这些玻璃化液对在不同条件下 ,对不同发育时期的泥鳅胚胎延长玻璃化对胚胎的作…     

大菱鲆胚胎的玻璃化冷冻保存

Vitrification solutions were examined for their suitability of cryopreservation of turbot (Seophthulnms maximus) embryos. PMPI gave higher survival rate (75.68%) than other vitrification solutions and was considered to be suitable liar the cryopreservation of turbot embryos. The freezing point of the vitrification solutions consisted of PG and MeOH in the proportion of 3:2 was measured when the vitrification solutions were cryopreserved. It showed that the vitrification solutions with a cryoprotectant concentration of over 41% have no freezing point and the freezing points of vitrification solutions containing 33.33%-40% cryprotectants were between -32.4℃ and -65.4℃, The freezing point decreased with the increase of cryoprotectant concentration. The resistance of turbot embryos at different stages to the cryoprotectants was studied, It was found that the turbot embryos from 4-5 pairs somite to tail bud were more resistant to cryoprotectants and suitable to vitrify. A live embryo was obtained after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for 14h and was hatched out。     

玻璃化液对泥鳅胚胎的渗透及毒性作用

通过不同抗冻剂组成的玻璃化液在室温和低温下对泥鳅胚胎的平衡处理,证实了抗冻剂在室温下对胚胎的渗透比在低温下迅速。不同组合的抗冻剂渗透速度不同,但对胚胎的作用均表现为使胚胎从一开始的透明状态逐步变成乳白色不透明状态,从乳白色不透明状态逐步变成透明状态,再从透明状态逐步变成乳白色不透明状态。在一定的时间范围内,更换解冻液后,这种反应呈“可逆反应”,胚胎能够成活。证明了胚胎在抗冻剂中,当第一次变成不透明时并不是真正死亡,真正的死亡是胚胎达到完全透明以后,第二次变成乳白色不透明状态。     

中华绒螯蟹胚胎的玻璃化冷冻保存

研究了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)4个不同发育时期胚胎对A号玻璃化液的耐受性和玻璃化冷冻保存。结果表明,不同时期的胚胎对玻璃化液的耐受能力不同,其中卵裂期胚胎对玻璃化液的耐受能力较差(20~30 min),前无节幼体期和原溞状幼体期胚胎在玻璃化液中的适应时间较长(40~60 min);随着平衡时间的延长,中华绒螯蟹各个时期的胚胎成活率逐渐下降。中华绒螯蟹前无节幼体期胚胎在A号玻璃化液中平衡40 min,0.25mol/L的蔗糖分别洗脱5、10、15、20 min后,胚胎成活率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。前无节幼体期胚胎在A号玻璃化液中平衡40 min,在–196℃冷冻40 min,快速解冻后用0.25 mol/L的蔗糖洗脱10 min,有8个胚胎成活,成活率为(9.3±2.5)%,胚胎培养至第4天死亡;原溞状幼体期胚胎在A号玻璃化液中平衡40 min,在–196℃冷冻35 min,经相同浓度的蔗糖洗脱相同的时间,有7个胚胎成活,成活率(11.3±3.6)%,培养至第6天时,1个胚胎孵化出膜,出膜胚胎成活1d后死亡。     

超低温冷冻保存卤虫胚胎的损伤机理↑（*）

通过扫描电镜观察超低温冷冻保存的卤虫胚胎膜结构,查明造成卤虫胚胎损伤的主要机理是：（１）玻璃化液使胚胎膜受到损伤,改变了膜的通透性,玻璃化液进入胚胎内部造成胚胎死亡;（２）在超低温冷冻保存过程中,冷冻物理损伤造成胚胎膜的破裂,导致胚胎死亡。     

卤虫胚胎和无节幼体超低温冷冻保存的研究↑（*）

用玻璃化液作为低温保护剂，对卤虫胚胎和无节幼体进行超低温冷冻保存实验。通过实验筛选出５种适宜卤虫胚胎保存的玻璃化液，找出了影响胚胎成活的降温温层和升温温层，使胚胎经－１９６℃保存后的成活率稳定在９０％。建立了较为完善的卤虫胚胎冷冻保存的程序。卤虫无节幼体经超低温冷冻保存后，获得３－５％的成活率。     

玻璃化液对鲢鱼胚胎成活的影响

本文通过５种不同抗冻剂，５５组不同浓度组合，筛选出１１组冷冻时能形成玻璃化最低浓度的抗冻剂和１０组解冻时能形成玻璃化的抗冻剂。并对１１组玻璃化液在低温下的一些物理特性进行了测定。不同组合的玻璃化液其冰点和融点各不相同，最高冰点在－１９．５℃，最低达－３９℃。融点最高－４０℃，最低－９０℃。鳝鱼胚胎在５－ｅ中心跳时间最长达３０分钟，在１０－ｃ、５－ｅ中换１７号解冻液后存活最多，达８９．０％以上。     

利用显微注射技术冷冻保存牙鲆胚胎

在鱼类胚胎的冷冻保存中,需要抗冻剂有效地渗入胚胎,才能对胚胎起到保护作用.本研究采用显微注射技术将抗冻剂直接注射到牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)胚胎内,以实现牙鲆胚胎的玻璃化低温冷冻保存.研究中,首先对抗冻剂种类进行了选择,将抗冻剂的毒性由大到小依次排列为:乙二醇(EG)、甘油(Gly)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甲醇(MeOH)、1,2丙二醇(PG)、PM21(PG:MeOH=2:1);对胚胎发育时期和注射剂量进行了筛选.实验结果显示,注射600pL(1 pL=10-6mL)抗冻剂PM21后,牙鲆的心跳期胚胎成活率显著高于尾芽期胚胎(P＜0.05),成活率为(64.04 2.05)%;对卵黄囊、卵膜与卵黄膜间隙作为注射部位进行了选择,发现采用卵黄囊内注射的胚胎成活率高于"五步平衡法",并显著高于通过卵黄膜间隙注射(P＜0.05),其成活率为(44.24±7.88)%.结果表明,注射600pL 35%PM21至牙鲆心跳期胚胎卵黄囊内,平衡10min,然后进行玻璃化冷冻保存,取得了68.2y.4%透明胚胎,能够对牙鲆胚胎提供很好的保护.说明显微注射方法可以成功地将抗冻剂注射入牙鲆胚胎,并在牙鲆胚胎的冷冻及胚胎的完整性方面发挥有效的保护作用.     

不同抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎毒性研究以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻保存方法的应用

以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不同发育期胚胎为实验材料,研究了7种渗透性和5种非渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期和心跳期胚胎的毒性,同时对玻璃化液在不同胚胎发育期的毒性作用,以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻过程中,冷冻颗粒降温和解冻的时间进行了研究。结果表明,单一渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎的毒性随着抗冻剂浓度的升高、平衡时间的延长而提高,其毒性由大到小依次为乙二醇(EG)、酒精(EtOH)、甘油(Gly)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甲醇(MeOH)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)。非渗透性抗冻剂中聚乙烯吡咯酮(PVP)对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎的毒性最强,其次是蔗糖和D果糖,葡聚糖和葡萄糖毒性最弱。在总体积分数一定的情况下,PG、MeOH与DMSO体积比为9∶6∶5的混合抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎毒性最低;各发育期胚胎经过玻璃化液平衡后,尾芽期以前胚胎的成活率随胚胎发育期逐渐升高,心跳期以后逐渐降低,尾芽期和心跳期成活率最高。含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温时间最短为15.09 s,解冻时间最短为6.22 s;而不含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温和解冻时间分别为(13.83±1.86)s和(7.20±0.90)s。将PG、MeOH与DMSO按体积比9∶6∶5配成总体积分数为35%的混合溶液,再添加5%的蔗糖配制成玻璃化液,采用此玻璃化颗粒冷冻方法对173粒牙鲆尾芽期至心跳期胚胎进行超低温冷冻保存,解冻后共获得4粒成活胚胎。     

棘皮动物精子超低温冷冻保存技术研究进展

棘皮动物(Echinodermata)是无脊椎动物中进化地位最高等的类群,其海参纲(Holothurioidea)和海胆纲(Echinoidea)的一些物种具有非常高的经济价值和营养价值.由于受到人类活动的影响,很多棘皮动物物种数量和生物多样性遭到了严重破坏,种质资源保存迫在眉睫.超低温冷冻保存是种质资源长期保存的重要...     

Effects of cell-cycle arrest agents on cleavage and development of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) embryos

The aim of this study was to determine the lowest concentration of nocodazole and colchicine to arrest blastomere division during the cleavage stage of loach embryos and to assess the reversibility and toxicity of the treatments in the treated embryos. Eight-cell loach embryos were incubated for 4, 8, 12, or 16 h in 1/10× Holtfreter supplemented with either nocodazole, an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization, or colchicine, an inhibitor of tubulin assembly. Complete arrest of cell cycle was observed, at a colchicine concentration of 0.996 mM and at a nocodazole concentration of 0.275 μM, respectively (the lowest effective concentration). No major morphological alteration in chromatin was observed. Reversibility and toxicity of both agents were dose and exposure period dependent. For both agents, prolonging cleavage arrest for more than 4 h (at the effective concentrations) is detrimental to development of embryos. Nocodazole treatment was less cytotoxic, whereas the concentrations of colchicine which induce cleavage arrest were detrimental to development beyond the blastula stage. Toxic effects beyond the blastula stage could be minimized for both agents by reducing the period of treatment and concentration. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein feed ingredients for loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, lipid and energy, and amino acids availability in white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal, fermented soybean meal, soybean meal and rapeseed meal were determined for loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (12.05 ± 0.21 g), using a reference diet with 5 g kg^?1 chromic oxide and test diets that contained 700 g kg^?1 reference diet, by weight, and 300 g kg^?1 of the test feed ingredients. The juvenile loach was held in 300‐l tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. White fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal had highest apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy among ingredients tested, ranged from 50.4% to 60.9% for dry matter, from 64.6% to 88.4% for crude protein and from 57.9% to 79.0% for gross energy. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter ranged from 61.0% to 66.9% for animal products and 50.4% to 60.7% for plant products. For crude protein, apparent digestibility coefficients of protein exceeding 80% were observed for white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal, and the apparent digestibility coefficients of protein in rapeseed meal were the lowest among all the treatments. Lipids from both animal and plant feedstuffs were poorly digested by loach, ranging from 64.0% to 77.6%. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy were similar to those of dry matter and protein, and the highest and lowest ADCs of energy were found in WFM and RM, respectively. The loach used dietary phosphorus from the animal feedstuffs more efficiently than from plant feedstuffs (soybean meal and rapeseed meal), with ADC‐values ranging from 42.3% to 53.1% and from 25.1% to 32.7%, respectively. For the animal products, the availabilities of amino acids in white fish meal and brown fish meal were higher than that in meat meal, expect for Met, Asp, Pro, Gly, and Cys. Among all the plant products, the availabilities of amino acids in fermented soybean meal were higher than in soybean meal and rapeseed meal, and thus had a greater potential to be used as a dietary replacement of fish meal in loach diets.     

Characterization of the pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the epidermal cells of loach,Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cyprinformes)

The pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the epidermal cells of loach was studied by immunotechniques and partial separation of the epidermal cells. Two monoclonal antibodies, namely 8F7 and 1C45, against the cytokeratin proteins of the loach epidermis were prepared. these two monoclonal antibodies exhibit distinctive results in immunohistochemical staining. The 8F7 monoclonal antibody stains mainly with the epithelial cells, while the 1C45 monoclonal antibody stains specifically with the club cells. The pattern of cytokeratin proteins in the club cells and the epithelial cells of various epidermal layers was further determined by partial separation of these cells. Immunoblotting analysis of the cell fractions confirms the cytokeratin proteins to be differentially expressed in the club cells and the epithelial cells. However, the cytokeratin proteins expressed in the epithelial cells of the basal, middle and outer layers are same. The results indicate that differentiation of the epithelial cells seems limited during their translocation from basal to upper layers, but in those cells that do differentiate into club cells, the cytokeratin pattern changes.     

泥鳅人工繁殖及苗种培育技术

泥鳅是一种经济价值较高的鱼类,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。现将泥鳅的人工育苗技术试验总结如下。     

乌克兰鳞鲤精子超低温冷冻保存方法研究

为研究适用于乌克兰鳞鲤精子的超低温冷冻保存方法,分析比较3种稀释液[Hank′s、Cortland、Freezefish冻精稀释液,精子与每种稀释液均设置3种比例(1∶1、1∶3、1∶5)]及3种体积分数为10%的抗冻剂(二甲基亚砜、1,2-丙二醇和丙三醇)对乌克兰鳞鲤精子低温(4 ℃)保存活力的影响;运用筛选出的冷冻保护液及稀释比例,分析比较3种“3步冷冻法”以及3种解冻温度(20、30、40 ℃)对乌克兰鳞鲤精子活力的影响。试验结果表明,采用Hank′s作为稀释液,10%二甲基亚砜为抗冻剂,精子与稀释液比例为1∶3,平均降温速率为12 ℃/min,解冻温度为30 ℃时,精子活力最高(>68%)。通过对稀释液、抗冻剂、稀释比例、降温速率和解冻温度的层层筛选,建立了适宜乌克兰鳞鲤精子超低温冷冻保存的方法,在其种质保护方面具有重要意义,为开展其他鱼类精子超低温冷冻保存提供参考。     

三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的营养分析

为探明三倍体泥鳅的营养组成,对实验室培育2个月的三倍体与二倍体泥鳅幼鱼的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了测定,发现三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸总量分别为:62.87%、26.23%、34%和61.5%,二倍体则分别为68.41%、29.16%、22.8%和69.7%;三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的4种主要鲜味氨基酸量及总量均低于二倍体,n-3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸C22:6(DHA)与C20:5(EPA)的总量则高于二倍体.与二倍体泥鳅相比较,三倍体泥鳅幼鱼在营养价值上并不具优势.研究结果为三倍体鱼类的营养评价提供了依据.     

台湾大泥鳅池塘养殖技术要点

2013年,在杭州萧山东海养殖有限责任公司进行了台湾大泥鳅养殖试验。结果发现,台湾大泥鳅最大特点是生长速度快,当年养殖个体体重可达100~200g。台湾大泥鳅最适水温为25~28℃,摄食范围广,耐低氧,适应性强,喜好偏酸性环境,既适合池塘高密度养殖,也适合循环水集约化养殖,是一种养殖前景乐观的新品种。