温度、盐度对大银鱼胚胎发育的影响

大银鱼胚胎发育的温度、盐度生态幅较宽，适温范围为０．９～１．５２℃．孵化过程中昼夜温差不宜超出１～３℃。胚胎发育的盐度上限为１８％，仔鱼在４．３％以下可正常生活。     

温度、盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育影响及初孵仔鱼饥饿耐受力

研究了盐度、温度对条石鲷胚胎发育的影响和初孵仔鱼对饥饿的耐受力。结果表明，胚胎发育的适宜盐度范围为20～35，最适盐度范围为25～30，孵化率都在89%以上，盐度低于20或高于35，孵化率都降低。盐度对孵化时间有一定影响，盐度高于35或者低于15条件下孵化时间都延长。胚胎发育的适宜温度范围为21～27℃，孵化率都在77%以上，最适温度范围为23～25℃，孵化率达89%以上，低于19℃或者高于27℃时孵化率降低且初孵仔鱼畸形率升高。胚胎孵化时间与温度成负相关关系，胚胎发育速率与温度成正相关关系。条石鲷胚胎发育的生物学零度（阈温度）为10.06℃，有效积温值为405.3℃·h。对胚胎发育的Q10值进行了计算。饥饿条件下，条石鲷初孵仔鱼8日龄全部死亡，半数死亡时间出现在第6天，饥饿对初孵仔鱼生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

温度和盐度对鞍带石斑鱼受精卵发育及仔鱼成活率的影响

研究了在8个盐度梯度(18.3‰、19.7‰、21.2‰、23.5‰、25.6‰、27.1‰、29.5‰和31.7‰)下鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceol受精卵和仔鱼在水中的分布状态、出膜率和仔鱼存活率;在9个温度梯度(18℃、20℃、22℃、24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、33℃和35℃)下,其受精卵孵化率、畸形率和仔鱼成活率。结果表明:(1)在水温为25~26℃,当盐度≤25.6‰时,受精卵表现为沉性;当盐度≥27.1‰时,受精卵表现为浮性。仔鱼的分布与受精卵有相似的特点,当盐度≤21.2‰时仔鱼分布在底层水体;当盐度≥27.1‰时,仔鱼集中分布在上层水体。(2)以孵化率和成活率为指标,鞍带石斑鱼孵化的适宜盐度范围为21.2‰~31.7‰,最适盐度范围为25.6‰~31.7‰。在盐度为31.7‰时仔鱼成活率最高达到75.9%。(3)鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育的适温范围是26~30℃。28℃时受精卵孵化率、仔鱼成活率均最高,畸形率最低。     

不同水质盐度对乌鳢(Ophiocephalus argus Cantor)胚胎发育及仔鱼生长的影响

本文通过不同水质盐度对乌鳢胚胎及仔鱼发育影响的试验,得出乌鳢的胚胎发育对水质盐度的适应范围为0～13.68‰,适宜范围为1.50～7.12‰;其仔鱼较胚胎发育期耐盐能力相对较弱,适应范围为0～5.62‰,适宜范围为0～2.9‰。     

不同水质盐度对乌鳢（Ophiocephalus argus Cantor）胚胎发育及仔鱼生长的影

本文通过不同水质盐度对乌鳢胚胎及仔鱼发育影响的试验，得出乌鳢的胚胎发育对水质盐度的适应范围为０－１３．６８‰，适宜范围为１．５０－７．１２‰；其仔鱼较胚胎发育期耐盐能力相对较弱，适应范围为０－５．６２‰，适宜范围为０．－２．９‰。     

温度和盐度同缢蛏稚贝存活及生长的关系

本文阐述在室内控制的温度和盐度条件下，采用单因子和结合的方法，研究温度和盐度同缢蛏稚贝存活及生长的关系。缢蛏稚贝的适盐范围为4．50‰至28．30‰，最适盐度为12．40‰至16．30‰。在25℃时，它对低盐(1.80‰以下)有较强的忍耐性，对高盐度(33．50‰至40．00‰)也有一定的忍耐性。缢蛏稚贝的适温范围为10℃至35℃。但最适温度随盐度的不同而异，若在最适盐度的生境中，它的最适水温为27℃至30℃；如果稚贝在最适盐度以外的适盐范围内，经方差分析表明，它的最适温度是22℃。稚贝对低温(5℃至2℃)有很强的忍耐性，致死温度上限是40℃。缢蛏稚贝对盐度的敏感性，比它对温度的敏感性来得强。在22℃以下的温度组中和最适盐度范围内，盐度与温度的相关性不太明显；而在27℃以上的较高温度和适盐范围的上下极限时，其相关性显著，它们相应的适盐或适温范围明显地变窄。     

温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

探讨了温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代（杂交F1）胚胎和初孵仔鱼发育的影响。结果表明，杂交F1受精卵孵化适宜温度范围和最适温度分别为15～21℃和18℃，在适宜温度范围内胚胎发育时间随温度的升高而缩短，二者符合乘幂函数关系式N=115．99T^-0.768.8（R^2=0．9769）。胚胎发育的生物学零度和有效积温分别是7．54℃和540．1℃·h，积算温度（A）与试验水温间呈乘幂函数相关，表达式：A=1328．1T^-0.3149。（R^2=0．9624）。胚胎发育的最低盐度界限为10，孵化的适宜盐度范围和最适盐度范围分别为10～45、25～35；初孵仔鱼生存发育的适宜盐度范围、最适盐唐范围分别为10～40和10～20。     

温度、盐度对条斑星鲽胚胎发育的影响

就温度、盐度对条斑星鲽胚胎发育的影响作了初步探讨。实验表明,胚胎发育的适宜温度为6～12℃,最适水温为8～10℃,在适温范围内胚胎孵化速度与温度呈正相关关系（N=65.925T^-0.9672）。盐度低于27,受精卵下沉,27～30之间悬浮于水体中,盐度高于35,受精卵浮于水面。胚胎孵化的适宜盐度范围、最适盐度范围分别为25～40和28～36;盐度低于25或高于40,孵化率都降低。研究表明,条斑星鲽胚胎发育的生物学零度（阈温度）为-0.1℃,有效积温值为1726.48℃.h。另外,根据其Q10值推算的胚胎发育的适宜水温与实验结果相似。     

温度、盐度对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交子一代胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

探讨了温度、盐度对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交子一代(杂交F1)胚胎和初孵仔鱼发育的影响。结果表明,杂交F1受精卵孵化适宜温度范围和最适温度分别为15～21℃和18℃,在适宜温度范围内胚胎发育时间随温度的升高而缩短,二者符合乘幂函数关系式N=115.99T-0.7668(R2=0.9769)。胚胎发育的生物学零度和有效积温分别是7.54℃和540.1℃.h,积算温度(A)与试验水温间呈乘幂函数相关,表达式:A=1328.1T-0.3149(R2=0.9624)。胚胎发育的最低盐度界限为10,孵化的适宜盐度范围和最适盐度范围分别为10～45、25～35;初孵仔鱼生存发育的适宜盐度范围、最适盐度范围分别为10～40和10～20。     

温度与盐度对方斑东风螺胚胎发育及幼虫生长的影响

在水温14～33℃（盐度34）、盐度18-40（水温25．5-26℃）范围内各设12个梯度，采用突变法进行温、盐度对方斑东风螺[Babylonia areolata（Link）]卵囊孵化及幼虫生长实验。结果显示：（1）方斑东风螺胚胎发育适宜水温为23～31℃，最适水温为25-30℃；适宜盐度为28-38，最适盐度为30～38。在适宜水温和盐度范围内，孵化速度随水温和盐度升高而加快，但以水温的影响效应最明显；温度或盐度超过其适宜范围时，孵化率明显下降或幼虫畸形率明显增大。（2）幼虫适宜水温及最适水温与胚胎发育的基本一致；适宜盐度和最适盐度存在向高盐度延伸的现象，其适宜和最适盐度下限分别为30和32。温盐度超过适宜范围时，死亡率明显增大，生长受到抑制。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin in goldfish and masu salmon

Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified.