广西西江干流9个卷口鱼群体的形态差异研究

对采自广西西江干流上游(天峨、东兰、大化、都安和合山)、中游(武宣、桂平和平南)以及下游(梧州)的333尾卷口鱼进行传统形态学测量,以主成分分析、单因子方差分析(One-way ANOVA)、判别分析和聚类分析等多种统计方法系统研究卷口鱼9个地理群体间的形态差异。其中,主成分分析共获取4个主成分(PC1～PC4),能解释81.429%的形态差异,PC1和PC2的贡献率分别为61.830%和7.863%,主要反映鱼体背腹轴和尾部的形态变化。PC1和PC2散点图显示,各地理群体间的形态差异在PC1轴上较在PC2轴上更易区分,其中桂平、平南和梧州群体已与其他群体产生明显偏离。进一步的单因子方差分析显示此三个群体的背腹轴性状(D3-6和D5-8)与多数群体存在显著性差异(P0.05)。判别分析中,各地理群体的综合判别率高达96.36%,交互验证后为91.30%,能较好地区分各群体。聚类分析发现,武宣群体与上游5个群体形态最为相似性,先聚为一支,而后依次与形态距离较远的梧州、桂平和平南群体聚类。综上,广西西江干流9个卷口鱼群体间存在较为明显的形态差异,本研究将为卷口鱼种质资源保护管理及合理利用提供参考依据。     

珠江卷口鱼年龄生长、食性和繁殖的研究

本文报道了珠江卷口鱼的年龄生长、食住和繁殖方面的研究结果。通过分析确定:卷口鱼的年龄级由I—IV龄鱼组成,各龄鱼分别占渔获物总量的42.21％、38.21％、19.21％和0.38％。用统计学方法,计算出卷口鱼体长与鳞长的相关式为:L=8 43.30R(r=0.9956);体长与体重的相关式为:W=8.226×10~(-3)L~(3.374)(Γ=0.9654)。对卷口鱼各种食物的组成、季节变化及出现率作了分析探讨。卷口鱼个体绝对怀卵量波动于7878—48880粒之间,平均22250.7粒。绝对怀卵量与体长和体重的相关式为:R=4.5419L~(3.6208)和R=40.88W 1209. 文中对卷口鱼的资源繁殖保护,网具使用和合理捕捞规格等问题进行了讨论。     

齐口裂腹鱼染色体核型和同工酶初步研究

对齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothoraxprenanti)的形态特征、染色体核型和同工酶组织特异性进行了观察和分析。结果显示:齐口裂腹鱼形态学可数性状为背鳍Ⅲ-8,腹鳍Ⅰ-9～10,臀鳍Ⅱ～Ⅲ-5,侧线鳞90～109,侧线上鳞17～24,侧线下鳞14～19,鳃耙数为外侧:14～23,内侧:19～31;其染色体数为2n=132,核型为34m+30sm+24st+44t,臂数NF=196。乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)、醇脱氢酶(ADH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)6种同工酶谱在齐口裂腹鱼中有明显的组织特异性。     

五种海洋生物葡萄糖磷酸变位酶和磷酸葡萄糖异构酶的同工酶分析

应用RAPD技术对珠江水系西江段广西桂平至广东肇庆之间的野生卷口鱼遗传多样性进行分析。利用20个随机引物对卷口鱼30个个体的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增,一共扩增出3840条DNA片段,平均每个个体扩增出128条带。在检测到的128个位点中,多态位点数为85个,占66.4%,标记的分子量在0.2~3 kb之间。个体间最大的遗传距离为0.291 3,个体间最小的遗传距离为0.029 1。30个个体间的平均遗传距离为0.150 1±0.034 3。与野生草鱼、鲫鱼、黄颡鱼、胭脂鱼等相比,卷口鱼的遗传多样性水平较高,表明野生卷口鱼可能存在较大的群体。采用临近聚类法(NJTREE)构建了30个个体相互关系的分支图。30个个体被分为两个群体,显示野生卷口鱼在广西桂平至广东肇庆之间的江段中可能至少存在两个种群。本研究为卷口鱼的种质保护、合理开发利用以及选择育种提供了一些基础数据。     

基于线粒体Cytb基因序列的西江流域广西境内卷口鱼遗传多样性分析

为了解西江流域广西境内卷口鱼(Ptychidio jordani)种群遗传结构及分化程度,采用线粒体Cytb基因序列对西江流域广西境内6个江段的139尾野生卷口鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,线粒体Cytb基因长度为1 053 bp,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为29.1%、27.7%、29.3%、13.9%,其中A+T (58.4%)高于C+G(41.6%)。共定义20个单倍型,并聚为2个分支,未观察到明显的地理聚群。6个卷口鱼群体的平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性分别为0.768 2、0.002 3,其中红水河群体(单倍型多样性h=0.748 7,核苷酸多样性π=0.003 3)遗传多样性最高,柳江群体(h=0.274 4,π=0.000 4)和左江群体(h=0.374 7,π=0.000 3)的遗传多样性相对较低。卷口鱼总体的遗传分化指数(F_(ST))为0.461 4 (P0.01),表现出较大的遗传分化。两两群体间遗传分化结果显示,左江和柳江种群之间的遗传分化程度最大,而柳江和西江之间最小。AMOVA分析表明西江流域的卷口鱼群体遗传变异一半来自群体内(53.86%),一半来自群体间(46.14%)。中性检验(Tajima's D=-1.082 8,P0.05;Fu's Fs=-6.572 5, 0.01P0.05)与碱基错配分布分析表明西江流域卷口鱼种群大约在0.07～0.187 Ma经历了种群扩张。综上,西江流域广西境内的卷口鱼柳江群体和左江群体遗传多样性较低,总群体分化程度较大,但仍属于一个种群,其中空间距离与地理阻隔对卷口鱼的遗传分化具有一定的促进作用。     

珠江斑鱯人工诱导产卵试验

斑鱯属鲇形目，俗称han鱼、芝麻yan、白须鱼佥，是珠江名贵的野生经济鱼类，与鲈鱼、卷口鱼、鳜鱼一起被誉为西江四大名产。该鱼体型较大，个体重可达10公斤以上，常见的为4～5公斤。在珠江水系中主要分布于西江和北江，西江以成鱼为主，北江以幼鱼为主。     

多鳞白甲鱼的生态习性与开发利用

多鳞白甲鱼Onychostoma macrolepis,隶属鲤形目、鲤科,俗称钱鱼、螭霖鱼,梢白甲、斑纹鱼、石纹鱼、泰山赤鳞鱼。温水性淡水鱼类,分布于我国嘉陵江水系和汉水水系的中上游、淮河上游、渭河水系、伊河、洛河、海河上游的滹沱和山东泰山的溪涧。1形态特征体长,略侧扁,腹部圆形；头短,吻钝,口下位,新月形；具须2对,上颌须极细小,口角须很短；胸部鳞片较小,埋于皮下；背鳍无硬棘,外缘稍内凹,尾鳍叉型；体侧各鳞片的基部具新月形黑斑,背鳍和臀鳍各有     

星洲红鱼形态、染色体组型及细胞核DNA含量的分析

对星洲红鱼(Red Tilapia)形态特征、染色体组型及细胞核DNA含量的研究结果表明:星洲红鱼体型侧扁,体色鲜红；星洲红鱼鳍式:背鳍XⅥ～XⅦ,12 ～ 14;胸鳍13 ～ 14；腹鳍1,5；臀鳍Ⅲ,9～11星洲红鱼体被硬圆鳞,侧线鳞数28～30,上侧线鳞数21～23,下侧线鳞数14 ～16；采用PHA、秋水仙碱腹...     

嘉陵江不同江段蛇(鱼句)耳石形态特征及差异

为研究蛇（鱼句）耳石的形态特征以及不同环境下的耳石形态差异,以蛇（鱼句）左侧微耳石和星耳石作为研究材料,利用传统形态法测量耳石的14个参数且将其转化为11个形状指标,并利用地标点法在星耳石上选取12个地标点,对2016年6—7月间采自嘉陵江上游、中游、下游的195尾蛇（鱼句）的耳石样本进行形态研究。结果显示,蛇（鱼句）微耳石呈肾形,3个江段微耳石形态无显著差异;蛇（鱼句）星耳石呈圆形、椭圆形,表面粗糙,脊突数少于20,翼叶较基叶发达,中央突不明显,主凹槽轮廓似水滴状。相对扭曲主成分分析将3个江段的蛇（鱼句）星耳石分为两种形态类型：Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,其中Ⅰ型主要为嘉陵江上游江段蛇（鱼句）的耳石样本,Ⅱ型则包括嘉陵江中游和下游的蛇（鱼句）耳石样本。传统形态法和地标点法的综合结果表明,两种类型耳石形态差异主要表现在整体轮廓、脊突数,以及基叶、主凹槽和背侧距离等特征上,逐步判别分析对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型星耳石的正判率达95.5%,区分效果较好。研究表明,嘉陵江不同江段蛇（鱼句）星耳石分为两种类型,且存在显著的形态差异;蛇（鱼句）星耳石的形态差异可能是对水温、流速等环境因子主动适应的结果,如在上游生活的蛇（鱼句）,其较细长且脊突较多的Ⅰ型星耳石能够较好地适应上游低温、多变的急流环境。     

珠江卷口鱼食性的初步研究

<正> 卷口鱼Ptychidio jordani Myers俗名老鼠鱼、嘉鱼,隶属于鲤形目Cypriniformes、鲤科Cyprinidae、鲃亚科Barinae,分布于珠江水系和台湾省,是珠江水系名贵鱼类之一。常见个体体重250～600克,1,000克以上的个体亦不鲜见,历史上曾有每尾体重达2公斤以上的报道。卷口鱼以肉质细嫩、含脂丰富、肉味甘美而驰名,经济价值甚高。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.