转基因鱼的研究进展及食品安全性

随着转基因技术的发展，各种转基因动物及转基因植物相继出现并应用于生产实践，给人们带来了巨大的利益。自1985年，世界上第一批转基因鱼诞生后，鱼类基因转移技术很快应用到鱼类育种中。20年来国内外主要进行了快速生长、抗寒（耐寒）、抗病等方面的转基因鱼的研究。本文主要介绍了几种常用的鱼类的基因转移技术和检测方法，转基因鱼的研究现状，并对其的食用安全性进行了讨论。     

转基因鱼研究及商品化展望

目前,转基因技术是农业和医药行业的研究热门。自1985年,世界上第一批转基因鱼诞生后,鱼类基因转移技术很快应用到培育高产、优质和抗逆的经济鱼类新品种,并在解决分子生物学、发育生物学和基因转移等方面的难题中发挥着重要作用。近几年,“全鱼”生长激素（GH）基因的克隆与应用,使快速生长转GH基因鱼的研究取得了突破性进展,但仍需要解决转移基因的定位整合、稳定表达和遗传,以及转基因鱼释放的生态和食品安全性等问题。     

转基因鱼所引发的思考

转基因鱼是借助生物技术的手段，将外源基因转入鱼体，通过外源基因的定点整合，使其优良性状在鱼体上得以表达，并经过人工选育而培育出的一类性状优良、遗传稳定且具有较高经济价值的鱼类。鱼类基因转移技术最先在我国建立。1985年我国科学家朱作言等人成功获得了转基因鲫，它证实了外源基因在受体鱼内的整合、     

转“全鱼”GH基因黄河鲤胚胎发育观察研究

正转基因鱼是借助生物技术手段,将外源基因导入受体鱼内,通过外源基因的定点整合,使其优良性状在鱼体上得以表达,并经过人工选育而培育出的一类性状优良、遗传稳定而且具有较高经济价值的鱼类。中国科学院院士朱作言等于1985年率先在世界上成功研制出了转基因鱼,并建立了转基因鱼模型,此后鱼类基因转移技术在世界范围内迅速发展,     

转基因技术在鱼类育种中的应用前景

<正> 近10年来,随着转基因技术的日趋完善,转基因动物的研究得到迅速发展,为动物定向育种开辟了新的途径,在鱼类育种中也已获得了迅速发展。1 转基因鱼的产生及育种意义 由于鱼类属于低等脊椎动物,具有怀卵量大,容易进行胚胎体外操作等特点,用鱼类进行基因转移较之用其他动物既经济又有世代繁殖快等优     

鱼类转基因研究中存在的问题及对策

随着生物技术日新月异的变化 ,人类的技术思想有了质的飞跃。基因转移技术就是这种技术思想酝酿的创新点之一。鱼类是人类食物中主要的蛋白质来源之一。青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼、鲤鱼、广东鲮等是我国主要的淡水养殖鱼类。同农业一样 ,发展淡水养殖业也存在品种改良问题 ,发展和完善基因转移技术 ,将优良性状的基因 ,如生长激素、干扰素、抗冻蛋白、抗病等基因导入鱼受精卵内以达到遗传改良 ,为培育高产、优质及抗逆的养殖鱼类新品系提供新途径[1] [2 ] 。由于鱼类是低等脊椎动物 ,自身优势明显而使得转基因在鱼类研究中取得了重大的胜利。…     

转基因技术在鱼类育种上的应用

<正>随着转基因技术进入实用化阶段,其负面影响也逐渐显露出来,包括转基因品种对人类健康、生态环境等的安全性问题。但作为一种先进的育种手段,尽管人们对转基因技术有各种怀疑,其仍将在鱼类育种中发挥重要作用。一、转基因技术概述转基因技术是一种物种间的基因改良技术。转基因鱼是指将外源基因导入受体鱼的基因组内,并使其稳定整合并能遗传给后代的鱼类。目前,显微注射法是比较常用和有效的基因导入方法。近年来,作为分子生物学领域当     

转基因鱼研究中存在的问题

针对转基因鱼技术中关于启动子和结构基因的选配、外源基因的定点整合、外源基因的可控表达、转基因鱼鉴定、建立转基因鱼纯系个体以及转基因鱼应用安全问题几个方面进行了论述.     

浅谈转基因鱼

转基因鱼的研究,是广大水产工作者感兴趣的研究课题,随着有关技术的不断进步和完善,它必将造福人类社会。本文从转基因鱼的生物基础、转基因鱼的研究进展等方面,对其作一简介。1 什么是转基因鱼 所谓转基因鱼,就是接受了人们导入的体外基因的鱼。由于人们导入的基因一般都是对人类有利的基因,且经过大量实践证明这些基     

转基因鱼研究中存在的问题

针对转基因鱼技术中关于启动子和结构基因的选配、外源基因的定点整合、外源基因的可控表达、转 基因鱼鉴定、建立转基因鱼纯系个体以及转基因鱼应用安全问题几个方面进行了论述。     

Utilization of Transgenic Fish in Developing Countries: Potential Benefits and Risks

Recombinant DNA and gene transfer technology now allow the transfer, inheritance and expression of specific DNA or gene sequences into fish. Preliminary results on the performance of the resulting transgenic fish have been quite dramatic in some cases, especially when growth hormone genes are transferred. Utilization of high performance transgenic fish has the potential to greatly increase aquaculture production in developing countries and increase the income of poor farmers. Growth of some transgenic fish has been increased more than 10-fold in laboratory conditions. Response appears to be greatest in unimproved fish, which in most cases would benefit developing countries the most. The potential increase in production and production efficiency from successful transgenic fish application could relieve pressure on habitat destruction for food production, relieve pressure on overfished natural stocks and discourage introduction of exotic species. Application of transgenic fish in aquaculture has just begun and could expand within a few years. However, prior to commercialization of transgenic fish, public education, environmental risks and food safety issues should be addressed. Genetically improved fish generated by recombinant DNA technology probably do not pose any greater risk to the environment than fish genetically improved through traditional selective breeding, but environmental risk data is lacking to verify this hypothesis. Environmental risk data will be needed in a case-by-case basis until more is known concerning the aquaculture potential and ecological risk of transgenic fish. Research institutions need to address the lack of environmental risk data to help ensure that any future application of transgenic fish in developing (and developed) countries be done in an environmentally and socioeconomically sound manner. Socioeconomic study is lacking for detailed cost-benefit analysis, and policy research is needed for proper application or regulation of transgenic fish in these countries.     

Transgenic fish: present status and future directions

Successful production of transgenic fish by gene transfer technology is a very important breakthrough in the techniques of genetic manipulation in animals. This will have an impact of an unprecedented scale in fish biology, aquaculture and mariculture. This is a summary of the workshop on the Transgenic Fish presented at this Symposium. The Workshop discussed the current knowledge, experimental difficulties and related topics of the transgenic fish. It recommended further research on better gene constructs, methods development, safety containment and the closer collaboration of researchers of different disciplines.     

显微注射技术在制备鱼类嵌合体和转基因海水鱼上的应用

以鱼类胚胎细胞和胚胎干细胞为核供体进行细胞移植构建鱼类嵌合体研究方面,现有的成功报道均采用显微注射方法;在转基因海水鱼类研究中,显微注射也是最为常用的技术,本实验室在花鲈胚胎干细胞嵌合体构建和外源基因向花鲈胚胎的转移研究中取得的结果也充分证实,显微注射技术是开展海水鱼类细胞移植和转基因研究的首选技术。     

转生长激素基因鲤的快速生长效应及传代

报道了转生长激素基因鲤阳性群体的建立科“超级鲤”的获得。给出了“超级鲤”和对照组连续4年的生长实验结果及“超级鲤”子代连续3年的生长对照的体重数据。结果显示,外源生长激素基因对受体鲤具有快速生长效应,但具有这种超速生长作用的个体在转基因鲤群体中占极少数。此效应能传递给子代,子代中快速生长个体的比例大大高于转基因实验群体。     

Lipid-based transfection as a method for gene delivery in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

A major challenge to the widespread production of transgenic, knockout and knockdown zebrafish has been the absence of a simple and effective procedure for introducing macromolecules into the fertilized egg. None of the existing techniques for gene transfer in fish embryos has proven to be a major advance over cytoplasm microinjection, which is a technically demanding and time‐consuming procedure. This report addresses this need, considering that the development of protocols for lipid‐based transfection with fish embryos would considerably simplify gene transfer in this complex biological model. In this study, lipid‐based transfection with two different reporter vectors was carried out in zebrafish embryos at different developmental stages. The parameters tested included different plasmid/transfection reagent ratios as well as the influence of an added transfection enhancer reagent. When embryos were transfected in the blastula stage with a pEGFP‐N1 vector, more than 35% successfully incorporated the plasmid and expressed the fluorescent protein 24 h after transfection. The transfection enhancer did not show any significant effect in our experiments. This work presents an approach to implement this technique as a faster, cheaper and more practical alternative than microinjection.     

Transgenic fish: an evaluation of benefits and risks

Transgenic fish have many potential applications in aquaculture, but also raise concerns regarding the possible deleterious effects of escaped or released transgenic fish on natural ecosystems. In this review the potential applications of transgenic fish are considered, the probable benefits reviewed, the possible risks to the environment identified and the measures which might be taken to minimize these risks are evaluated. Growth trials of transgenic fish have already been carried out in outdoor facilities and some of these are discussed in the light of possible risks and benefits. Regarding the hazards associated with release or escape, whilst there is some evidence to suggest that transgenic fish may be less fit compared to their wild counterparts, there is insufficient evidence to say that this will be true in all cases. Using mathematical models, we have attempted to predict the magnitude of the genetic effects in a range of different scenarios. A number of possible containment techniques are considered, amongst which containment by sterility is probably the most promising. This can be engineered either by triploidy or by transgenic methods. The conclusions include a tabulated balance sheet of likely benefits and risks, with appropriate weighting.     

转生长激素基因中华倒刺鲃的构建及其检测

用从斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)cDNA文库克隆到的生长激素基因,与鲤β肌蛋白启动子、大麻哈鱼生长激素基因的poly(A)终止信号序列等调控元件共同构建了表达重组质粒pFV2 cfGH。提取重组质粒,用精子载体法导入中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)的受精卵中,经孵化培养成转基因成鱼。抽提423尾转基因实验鱼血总DNA,经PCR检测表明:斑点叉尾鮰生长激素基因已导入中华倒刺鲃基因组中,导入率为17.26%。同时通过RT-PCR技术检测阳性中华倒刺鲃中生长激素基因的表达情况。     

The future of genetic engineering to provide essential dietary nutrients and improve growth performance in aquaculture: Advantages and challenges

Advancements in gene technology in recent years have been driving the aquaculture industry forward. Improvements in growth performance, feed efficiency, and omega‐3 content are goals of the industry that could capitalize on applications of genetic engineering. One of the major challenges in the industry is to reduce the use of fish meal and oil, to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture. The recent development of genetically engineered feed ingredients is one potential solution to the looming problem of fish meal and oil dependency. Furthermore, the development of transgenic fish has potential to improve production efficiency and other future desirable characteristics that relate to feed utilization and product quality. New gene technologies are beginning to revolutionize how we produce our food, and in aquaculture, will ultimately reduce pressure on wild fish stocks, help to preserve natural aquatic ecosystems, and improve nutritional profiles of farmed fish for human consumption. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current applications of genetic engineering technology to improve aquaculture through nutrition, including the development and use of transgenic feed ingredients, transgenic fish, and ultimately their impacts on nutrition, product quality, and consumers.