黄鳝精子生物学特性研究

雄性黄鳝平均每尾产精液量为78.29μL,精子密度为14.77亿/L;黄鳝精子的激活活率在NaCl质量分数为0.9%溶液中为0(即精子原地颤动),当NaCl质量分数为0.12%时,精子活率最大(77.50%)。从激活精子到仍保持精子活率在60%的平均时间,最短为14 min,最长为27 min,差异显著(P<0.05);黄鳝精子对pH的适应性强,在pH7~9的范围,精子活率都在60%以上,在pH为8.0时最高。精子寿命在蒸馏水中最长,达59.33 min,在0.9%NaCl溶液中最短。     

低渗溶液浓度对黄颡鱼精子活力和受精率的影响

为提高黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)人工授精的稳定性,分别用卵子和精子同步激活法以及预激活精子法,在6个梯度浓度(0%～0.5%)范围的低渗溶液中进行人工授精试验,比较精子活力、受精率和孵化率。结果显示:低渗溶液浓度与精子活力、精子激活率和受精率密切相关,在相同浓度的低渗溶液组中采用预激活精子法的受精率显著高于卵子和精子同步激活法(P<0.05),受精率相对应提高了7.7%～14.5%;低渗溶液的浓度和人工授精方式对孵化率无显著影响。结果表明在浓度0.3%的低渗溶液中采用预激活精子法的效果最好。     

大菱鲆成熟精子、卵子及精子入卵早期过程的电镜观察

通过人工授精和电镜技术,观察和描述了大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus成熟精卵的形态、精子入卵的早期过程及精子入卵过程发生的一系列形态结构变化。大菱鲆卵子表面均匀地布满纵横交错的网纹,并整齐地分布许多微小孔,在动物极有一个受精孔。大菱鲆精子为无顶体类精子,由头部、中片和尾部三部分组成,中片有9～14个圆形线粒体。大菱鲆精子入卵速度非常快,授精后0～5s已经有精子通过受精孔(Micropyle)进入卵子。精子入卵过程还伴随着其他一些结构的变化,如精孔管管壁边缘由锯齿状变为平滑的环状等。     

黄姑鱼精子的超低温冻存及细胞结构损伤的检测

以HBSS溶液为稀释液,DMSO为抗冻剂,0.25 mL麦细管为冻存管,两步降温法超低温冻存黄姑鱼精子,并用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术检测了冻精的DNA损伤,荧光双染色流式细胞仪技术(FCM)检测了冻精的细胞膜性结构损伤。结果表明,DMSO质量分数在5%~20%时,冻精的活力与鲜精相比无显著差异;其中DMSO质量分数在10%时,冻精的激活率、运动时间及寿命分别为85.25%±3.95%、(3.23±0.27) min及(3.83±0.33) min。DMSO质量分数在25%、30%时,冻精的活力显著下降。SCGE检测显示,DMSO质量分数在5%~15%时、冻精的DNA损伤与鲜精相比差异不显著,DMSO质量分数为20%、25%、30%时,冻精的DNA损伤明显加重,冻精的DNA损伤与抗冻剂DMSO的质量分数成正相关。FCM检测显示,DMSO质量分数在5%~20%时,冻精中线粒体及细胞膜结构保持完整性的精子比例与鲜精相比无显著差异,DMSO质量分数在25%、30%时,冻精中的线粒体及细胞膜结构保持完整性的精子比例明显下降。分析认为,较高质量分数的DMSO是引起冻精活力下降,DNA、线粒体及细胞膜结构损伤加重的主要原因。     

鸭绿沙塘鳢精子生理学特征

为探究鸭绿沙塘鳢(Odontobutis yaluensis)精子生理学特征, 提高精子活力, 测定了其精液浓度、精子密度、 pH 和精子活力, 以精子激活率(activation rate, AR)、快速运动时间(fast movement time, FT)以及精子寿命(life time, LT)作为评价精子活力的指标, 检测了水温、pH、离子(NaCl、KCl、CaCl₂、MgCl₂)、非离子(葡萄糖、Tris、甘油)、 碱度(NaHCO₃)共 10 种单因子条件下的精子活力, 并在此基础上进行 17 组复合因子精子激活液的筛选。结果表明, 鸭绿沙塘鳢精巢前段精子活力、精子密度、精液浓度均高于中后段, 精巢整体精子密度(1.83±0.03)×10⁹ 个/mL, 精液浓度 23.10%, pH 6.9±0.1。单因子精子激活液中, 鸭绿沙塘鳢在水温 20 ℃、pH 6.0、NaCl 68 mmo/L、 KCl 54 mmol/L、CaCl₂ 27 mmol/L、葡萄糖 28 mmol/L、甘油 65 mmol/L 条件下精子 AR, FT 和 LT 均最高, 在 MgCl₂ 11 mmol/L、Tris 4 mmol/L 激活液中精子激活率最高。复合因子精子激活液中, 精子在 KCl 40 mmol/L、甘油 33 mmol/L、Tris 4 mmol/L 条件下 AR, FT 和 LT 均最高, 精子活力最高。综上所述, 在进行鸭绿沙塘鳢人工授精时, 可直接使用精巢前段(生精部), 同时应用复合因子精子激活液(KCl 40 mmol/L、甘油 33 mmol/L、Tris 4 mmol/L)提高精子活力。     

人工养殖西伯利亚鲟精子超低温冷冻保存研究

研究了人工养殖西伯利亚鲟精子的生物学特征及超低温冷冻保存方法。西伯利亚鲟的产精量为113.67±39.86 ml,精子密度为(6.49±3.10)×108/ml,精子活力为(85.4±9.5)%,精子寿命为353±23 s。精子密度与精子快速运动时间、精子寿命之间均存在线性相关,用方程分别表示为:y=1.0384x+1.5089(R2=0.7325);y=2.9069x+74.289(R2=0.6967)。结果表明精子密度可作为一项精子质量评价的标准。通过比较西伯利亚鲟精子在不同稀释液、不同抗冻剂和抗冻剂浓度、降温速率、解冻温度下的保存效果,结果表明:配方2作为稀释液,18%甲醇作为抗冻剂,二步法超低温(-196℃)冷冻保存精子,40℃水浴解冻取得最好的冻后活力,解冻后活力为(51.8±5.8)%。西伯利亚鲟授精的最佳精卵比为106∶1。在此精卵比下用冻精授精分别得到了(72.3±3)%的受精率和(52.9±4.1)%的孵化率,其中受精率与鲜精没有显著性差异,孵化率与鲜精有显著差异(P<0.05)。     

大口鲇精子生理特性的研究

对大口鲇鲜精在不同水体中、不同浓度的氯化钠溶液中、不同酸碱度溶液中以及离体条件下的生理特性进行了探讨。结果表明 :精子强烈运动时间 ,在江河水体中为最高 (41 1s) ,其次为养鱼池水 (39 s) ,曝气井水中最低 (31 9s) ;精子寿命以养鱼池水为最高 (131 5s) ,其余水体差别不大 (为 96～ 98s)。在低浓度氯化钠溶液 (0 3%～ 0 6 %NaCl)中能够延长精子的寿命 ;高浓度氯化钠溶液 (0 85 %～ 1 2 %NaCl)中精子活动被抑制 ,且能在低温 (0～ 4℃ )下得到保存而不影响其活力。pH影响大口鲇精子的活力与寿命 ,其适宜范围为 6～ 8。在pH 5 5以下酸性溶液中精子扩散性差 ,易发生凝聚现象 ;pH 9以上碱性溶液中精子活力与寿命明显缩短。精子头部为椭圆形 ,长径 2 13± 0 36 μ ,短径 1 14± 0 12 μ ;颈部极短 ;尾部细长 ,鞭毛状 ,长度 4 7 775± 3 32 5 μ。精子密度约 1 34× 10 9尾 /ml,精液pH 7 3～ 7 5 ,精子浓度为 9 1%。     

氯化钠浓度对鲈鲤精子活力的影响

为了解鲈鲤精子的生理特性,研究了不同氯化钠浓度试验条件下鲈鲤精子的活力情况,结果表明:在0%～0.65%氯化钠溶液中鲈鲤精子均能被激活;当氯化钠溶液浓度为0.35%时,鲈鲤精子激烈运动时间和寿命最长,分别为(66.33±7.99)s、(635.66±95.78)s,而且该组的鲈鲤精子的寿命极显著高于其他处理组(P0.01),激烈运动时间除显著高于0.60%组和0.65%组(P0.05)外,与其他处理组的差异不显著(P0.05);当氯化钠浓度超过0.35%时,鲈鲤精子活动强度减弱,寿命缩短;当氯化钠溶液浓度超过0.70%后,精子无法被激活。本研究可为鲈鲤精子的保存提供参考依据。     

栉孔扇贝（♀）×虾夷扇贝（♂）精子入卵过程的电镜观察

采用扫描电镜和透射电镜技术对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri,)×虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis,)的精子入卵过程进行观察。结果表明,这2种扇贝杂交与亲本自交的精子入卵过程没有本质的区别。成熟的精卵相遇时,相互激活,产生一系列胞间反应,卵子的激活集中表现为皮层反应、受精膜举起、成熟分裂重新启动;精子激活集中表现为顶体反应和受精锥形成。在16～18℃条件下,精子入卵的时间集中在精卵混合后的第6 min。8 min后,精子的线粒体随精核一起进入卵子中。精子入卵后精核略微膨胀,卵细胞中的线粒体在精核附近出现聚集现象。杂交中有多精入卵现象。本研究目的旨为优化扇贝种间杂交技术及探讨种间受精生物学过程提供基础依据。     

环境因子对大黄鱼精子活力的影响

通过观测精子的激活率、活动时间和寿命研究了几种环境因子的变化对养殖大黄鱼精子活力的影响。试验结果表明:精子平均密度为(1.17±0.09)×1010.ml-1,盐度对大黄鱼精子活力影响较大。当海水盐度适宜(19.61~24.87)时,精子的激活率≥90%,活动时间≥9.65 min,寿命≥13.50 min;在pH=4.0~10.0的海水中,精子都能被正常激活(≥70%),适宜的pH值为7.5~8.0;不同浓度的葡萄糖、NaCl和KCl溶液对精子活力的影响不同,不同浓度的EDTA-2Na溶液均不能激活精子;无Ca2 、Mg2 或HCO3-的人工海水对精子的激活率均高达90%,但精子的活动时间却有较大幅度的缩减。     

Evaluation of fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved rainbow trout sperm

ABSTRACT:   Experimental insemination was performed using artificially produced low-motility sperm. A mathematical model was applied to the results of the insemination in order to clarify the relationship between sperm motility, the density of sperm and the fertilization rate of eggs. In the model, the probability of fertilization by individual spermatozoa was a function of sperm density in the insemination solution. The results showed that the probability of fertilization clearly decreased with increased sperm density, and the maximum possible fertilizing rate by increasing the sperm density was constrained by the proportion of motile sperm (% motility). The model was also applied to the results of insemination tests of cryopreserved sperm in order to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved sperm. It was proven that cryopreserved sperm needed a higher density to obtain the maximum fertilization rate compared with fresh sperm, and it was anticipated that the ratio of the motile inseminated cryopreserved sperm should be more than 5.0% to achieve an egg fertilization rate greater than 90%.     

中国对虾卵水的特性和精子的应答

研究了中国对虾卵水的采集、保存方法、紫外吸收特性和有效期等方面的内容，并应用卵水研究了交尾期虾、雌虾及产卵期雌虾精荚或纳精囊中精子对卵水的应答开始时间、必要的反应时间等响应卵水的时间特性以及精子的存活期等。结果表明，卵水经液氮保存或先经液氮后转入普通冰柜保持冻结状态７个月后诱导精子激活效力无显著差异。精子在自然温度（１０℃）普通海水中可在１０ｈ内保持对卵水的响应能力。交尾期精子最初响应卵水有５￣１     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

低分子量海带岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的清除活性氧自由基和体内抗氧化作用

用化学发光分析法研究了3种低分子量涨带岩藻聚糖硫酸酯（LMWF－M，LMWF－I，LMWF－IV）体外清除超氧阴离子自基基（O2^-)及羟基自同基（．OH）的作用，并观察了LMWF－M对高脂血症大鼠的抗氧化作用，结果表明阴离子分量海带岩藻聚糖硫酸酯组分均有清除活性氧自由基的能力，随体系中LMWF浓度的增加，其清除活氧自由基的能力增强，LMWF－I清除自同基的能力最强，它对O2^-的IC50为0.044mg.mL^-1,对.OH的IC50为0.062mg.mL^-1,，LWMF－M能显著降低高脂血症大鼠箅清和组织中LPO含量（P＜0．01），增强SOD活力（P＜0．01）.     

黑尾近红鲌精子低温保存方法研究与应用

在4℃条件下,以精子活力为指标,研究了不同浓度的Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、葡萄糖、氨基酸等组成的5种(A、B、C、D、E)精子保存液及其适量添加青霉素对黑尾近红鲌(Ancherythroculter nigrocauda)精子活力的影响。结果显示:1)温度为4℃时,精子活力达80%的保存液A、B、C、D、E的保存时间分别为48、24、60、48、48 h,保存液C的保存时间明显高于其它各组;2)在各保存液中分别添加浓度为2.0×104IU/m L的青霉素,精子活力达80%的保存液A、B、C、D、E的保存时间分别为60、36、156、48、144 h,保存时间延长了12~96 h,保存液C和E的延长时间最长,均为96 h;3)人工授精试验证明,经保存的黑尾近红鲌精子能正常用于人工繁殖,受精率达(90.6±0.8)%~(91.8±0.9)%,与对照组精子受精率(92.4±0.8)%无显著差异。添加青霉素,保存液C的保存效果最好,其次是保存液E。     

稀有(鱼句)鲫精子主要生物学特性及活力的观察

研究了不同水体、盐度(NaCl溶液)和pH对稀有(鱼句)鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)精子活力的影响,并测定了精子的大小、密度.结果显示:稀有(鱼句)鲫精子头部长(1.246±0.083)μm,宽(1.053±0.172)μm,尾长约(37.21±2.536)μm;精子密度为(4.623±0.170)×10 ...     

Spermatozoon ultrastructure and sperm cryopreservation of the Brazilian dry season spawner fish pirapitinga,Brycon nattereri

The aims of this study were to describe the fresh spermatozoon ultrastructure using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and to improve the sperm cryopreservation methodology for the freshwater fish pirapitinga Brycon nattereri. Extenders (BTS^? and NaCl), straw volumes (0.5 and 4.0 mL), thawing temperatures (30 and 60 °C) and activating agents (0.29% NaCl and 1% NaHCO₃) were tested. Methylglycol was used as a cryoprotectant agent and sperm was frozen in nitrogen vapour (dry‐shipper). Post‐thawed sperm motility rate, motility quality (score 0=no movement; 5=rapidly swimming spermatozoa), duration of motility and spermatozoon morphology were evaluated. Fresh spermatozoon was 35.06 μm long, the head was ovoid (2.00 × 1.22 μm) with no acrosome, the midpiece was 2.15 μm long and the flagellum was 30.90 μm long with the typical 9+2 axoneme arrangement. Post‐thawed sperm motility rate (70–79% motile sperm), motility quality (score 3.1–3.7) and morphology (9.3–11.6% abnormal spermatozoa) were not affected by any of the parameters tested. The duration of sperm motility was longer when triggered in 1% NaHCO₃ (392–1031 s) compared with 0.29% NaCl (144–338 s). Brycon nattereri sperm cryopreserved under the conditions described above yields over 70% motility and should last long enough to fertilize oocytes, even after 2 years of freezing.     

Sperm fertility of the subtropical freshwater streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes) improved after dilution and cold storage

The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of simple and complex extenders in prolonging the cold storage of sperm (Experiments 1 and 2) and to test the diluted‐cooled sperm in the best extender with regard to sperm quality parameters (Experiment 3) in the streaked prochilod, Prochilodus lineatus. In all the experiments, aliquots of 0.3 mL of sperm were diluted 1:10 in extenders and stored at 4–6 °C. Sperm diluted in simple extenders (NaCl and glucose solutions) yielded 0–26% sperm motility, whereas sperm diluted in complex extenders (BTS^?, M III^? and Androstar^?) yielded 62–81% sperm motility on day 4 after cold storage. When Androstar^? was further investigated, the following was observed on day 4: 53% motility with 94 s of duration; 47% live spermatozoa; 26–61% fertility rate; and 22–60% hatching rate. The use of Androstar^? improves the sperm fertility of the streaked prochilod during a 4‐day storage period and can therefore be used to facilitate artificial reproduction.     

鲐鱼鱼精中5_脱氧核苷酸的分离工艺

论述了用桔青霉PenicilliumcitrinumM71菌株,经液体培养制得的5＇-磷酸二酯酶降解鲐鱼鱼精DNA成5＇-脱氧核苷酸的分离工艺.分离采用201×8阴离子交换树脂,具体条件为柱床高l05mm,柱床直径45mm,样品浓度213mg@mL-1,洗脱流速0.5mL@cm-2@min-1.分离结果表明,采用0.005MHCl+0.04MNaCl作洗脱刺,流速为0.7mL@cm-2@min-1时,四种5'-脱氧核苷酸组分能完全被洗脱下来,且呈一个大峰,同其它成分分开,再先后采用0.0018MHCl、0.0028MHCl、0.036MNaCl(pH6.0)、0.005MHCl+0.02MNaCl作洗脱剂时,则能分别将dCMP、dAMP、TMP、dGMP完全分离.     

Cryopreservation of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) sperm: effects of cryoprotectants,antioxidant, membrane stabilizer,equilibration time and dilution ratio on sperm motility and fertility

Three experiments were performed to develop protocols for cryopreservation of Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus, sperm. In the first experiment, sperm from six males was individually split in three subsamples and cryopreserved using Modified Tsvetkova's extender (mT) supplemented with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH), glycerol (Gly) and ethylene glycol (EG) at concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In the second set of experiments, the effects of six equilibration times (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 min) and dilution ratios (volume sperm: volume extender 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10) and the additive advantage of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg mL^?1) and ascorbic acid (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 U mL^?1), on the post‐thaw survival of sperm (triplicate set of six fish) were evaluated. Then, sperm was diluted in 1:1 mT extender with 10 mg mL^?1 BSA with selected cryoprotectants (15% MeOH and 10% DMSO) for 5 min. After a month of storage in liquid nitrogen, post‐thawed sperm motility; fertilization and hatching rate and viability of derived larvae were measured (Exp.3). Evaluation of cryoprotectants efficiency showed that MeOH 15% and DMSO 10% were suitable for cryopreservation of Persian sturgeon sperm. Gly and EG resulted in very low post‐thaw motility rates even at lowest concentration. No significant difference was observed among the four different equilibration times (0, 5, 10, 20 min) (P > 0.05) although higher equilibration times than 20 min resulted low post‐thaw motility (P < 0.05). The motility of frozen–thawed sperm did not significantly change when dilution ratio was increased from 1:0.5 to 1:3 (P > 0.05). However, higher dilution ratios (1:5 and 1:10) reduced the percentage of motile sperm. Supplementation of the cryoprotectant solution with 10 mg mL^?1 BSA significantly improved post‐thaw motility (P < 0.05), but ascorbic acid did not improve post‐thaw motility (P > 0.05). The results of experiment 3 showed that the highest fertilization (30.2 ± 5.75) and hatching rates (28.2 ± 5.25) were observed when samples were frozen with 15% MeOH (P > 0.05). Our study indicates that the use of mT extender consisting of 10 mg mL^?1 BSA in 15% MeOH diluted with sperm at 1:1 ratio for 5 min can be recommended cryopreservation method for Persian sturgeon sperm.