珠江广州河段微生物和浮游植物群落与水质特征

2008年5至2010年4月对珠江广州段中大码头和鱼珠码头的环境理化因子、可培养细菌总数、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群以及浮游植物进行了为期2年的逐月调查。调查期间,2站点总氮平均浓度分别为(7.02±4.18)mg/L和(8.03±5.02)mg/L,总磷平均浓度分别为(0.47±0.29)mg/L和(0.50±0.27)mg/L;可培养细菌总数丰度为103～105个/mL,大肠菌群及粪大肠菌群丰度均在102～103个/mL范围内;浮游植物细胞密度为(1.50～13.17)×106个/L,硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主要优势类群。浮游植物最高细胞密度出现在秋季,最低出现在夏季。2站点粪大肠菌群丰度超过地表水Ⅴ类标准,有机污染严重。以浮游植物作为评价指标,珠江广州段为富营养化水体,需加大对生活污水的治理力度。     

四种稻田农药对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性研究

采用半静态方式水生生物急性毒性实验法,研究了在实验室常温条件下敌百虫、稻瘟灵、毒死蜱、阿维菌素四种稻田杀虫剂对克氏原螯虾（ Procambarus clarkii）的急性毒性。结果显示,敌百虫、稻瘟灵、毒死蜱、阿维菌素对体重为（34.43±7.04）g克氏原螯虾的24 h半致死浓度（24 h LC50）分别为65.07、42.16、0.71、1.23 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度（48 h LC50）分别为35.75、33.49、0.59、0.84 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度（96h LC50）分别为12.54、18.83、0.45、0.37 mg/L。其安全浓度分别为3.24、6.34、0.122、0.117 mg/L。根据国家标准和本实验数据可以看出,敌百虫和稻瘟灵对克氏原螯虾中毒,毒死蜱和阿维菌素对其高毒。     

K↑（+）对中国明对虾幼虾生存及耗氧率、窒息点的影响

采用单因子静态急性毒性实验方法,研究盐度为6的海水中不同K 浓度对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeue chinensis)幼虾存活率的影响,并测定中国明对虾幼虾在不同K 浓度水质中的耗氧率及窒息点。结果表明:(1)K 含量过低或过高,均会成为影响中国明对虾幼虾生存的限制因子,中国明对虾幼虾对K 的生存适宜范围为16.00-165.80 mg/L,K 质量浓度低于16 mg/L时,中国明对虾幼虾的存活率随K 浓度的增加而上升;而当K 质量浓度高于165.80 mg/L时,中国明对虾的存活率随K 浓度的增加而下降。(2)水中不同K 浓度会对中国明对虾幼虾的耗氧率产生影响,在K 质量浓度分别为20 mg/L6、0 mg/L和120 mg/L,水温为(18.5±0.5)℃条件下,中国明对虾幼虾5 h平均耗氧率分别为(0.801±0.059)mg/g.h、(0.719±0.057)mg/g.h、(0.828±0.047)mg/g.h。(3)不论是低K 浓度组还是高K 浓度组,中国明对虾幼虾窒息点均明显高于正常海水K 浓度组,当水温为(19.4±0.1)℃,中国明对虾幼虾在K 质量浓度为20 mg/L、60 mg/L和120 mg/L时的窒息点分别为(1.469±0.006)mg(O2)/g、(1.350±0.005)mg(O2)/g、(1.496±0.006)mg(O2)/g。     

重金属Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性

在水温(18±0.5)℃、盐度27‰的环境下,研究了重金属Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性效应。结果表明,Hg~(2+)对渤海卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为201.01mg/L和0.05mg/L,安全浓度分别为2.01mg/L和0.000 5mg/L;Cu~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为197.17mg/L和7.50mg/L,安全浓度分别为1.97mg/L和0.08 mg/L;Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为331.30mg/L和8.13mg/L,安全浓度分别为3.31mg/L和0.08mg/L。毒性由强至弱依次为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+),但Cu~(2+)与Cd~(2+)的毒性差异不明显。     

三种常用水产药物对卡拉白鱼的急性毒性

在水温(23±1)℃和pH6.9~7.3下,采用半静态法研究敌百虫、二氧化氯和聚维酮碘三种常用药物对平均体质量(6.1±0.23)g的卡拉白鱼Chalcalburnus chalcoides的急性毒性。结果表明:敌百虫对卡拉白鱼的24h、48h、72h、96h半致死质量浓度分别为0.40mg/L、0.34mg/L、0.31mg/L和0.29mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.07mg/L;二氧化氯对卡拉白鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为28.18mg/L、27.16mg/L和24.93mg/L、23.00mg/L,安全质量浓度为7.57mg/L;聚维酮碘对卡拉白鱼24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为119.91mg/L、83.87mg/L、72.78mg/L和64.61mg/L,安全质量浓度为14.13mg/L。三种药物对卡拉白鱼的毒性由高至低依次为:敌百虫二氧化氯聚维酮碘。敌百虫对卡拉白鱼毒性较强,在生产中需谨慎使用;二氧化氯和聚维酮碘的安全质量浓度高于生产中常用的泼洒浓度,可安全使用。     

莱州湾和四十里湾贝类养殖海域水质调查

于2020年5—11月，对莱州湾和四十里湾贝类养殖海域营养盐含量以及相关环境因子进行调查，采用营养指数法、有机污染指数法、单因子评价指数法以及内梅罗环境质量综合评价指数法，对2处水质状况进行分析与评价。结果表明，莱州湾和四十里湾贝类养殖海域中ρ（无机氮）分别为0.056～0.277 mg/L、0.047～0.143 mg/L，ρ（活性磷）分别为0.007～0.012 mg/L、0.002～0.019 mg/L，ρ（总磷）分别为0.010～0.057 mg/L、0.008～0.032 mg/L，个别点位的无机氮和总磷超标，其余点位均符合《海水水质标准》（GB 3097—1997）二类水质标准；温度分别为13.4～28.3℃、13.6～24.8℃，盐度分别为2.72%～3.14%、2.92%～3.22%,p H值分别为8.0～8.4、7.9～8.3，ρ（溶解氧）分别为5.51～9.34 mg/L、5.65～8.78 mg/L，ρ（化学需氧量）分别为0.44～1.92 mg/L、0.32～2.04 mg/L，均符合《海水水质标准》（GB 3097—1997）二类水质标准；2处海域以贫营养水平...     

浙江乐清湾海域冬季颗粒有机碳的分布特征及影响因素

依据2014年2月浙江乐清湾海域调查的资料,研究了浙江乐清湾海域颗粒有机碳(POC)的分布特征及其与主要环境因子的相关性分析。结果表明,表层POC的质量浓度范围为0.1 596~3.4 117 mg/L,平均质量浓度为(0.9 540±0.7 012)mg/L;底层POC的质量浓度范围为0.759~6.2 107 mg/L,平均质量浓度为(2.1 556±1.4 668)mg/L。相关性分析表明,POC与化学需氧量极显著正相关,与硝酸盐氮极显著负相关,与亚硝酸盐氮显著负相关。     

纯氧充气对大菱鲆生长及水质指标的影响

主要研究了纯氧增氧技术对大菱鲆的生长及养殖水体中几项重要水质因子的影响。本实验中,实验池中的溶氧最低能维持在8.96±0.16mg/L,最高时可达到12.2±0.71mg/L。经过282d的培养,大菱鲆体重由30.43±0.42g达到1103.73±19.00g,日增重率平均为1.24±0.14%,整个实验期间大菱鲆均处于快速生长状态。至实验结束时,养殖密度最终达到33.99±0.59kg/m3。养殖水体中,pH变化范围在7.62～8.03之间,平均pH为7.76±0.05。COD变化范围在0.75～1.85mg/L,平均COD为1.04±0.16mg/L。亚硝酸盐浓度1.27～7.23μg/L之间,平均浓度在3.23±0.21μg/L。氨氮浓度一般维持在0.07～0.28mg/L,平均浓度为0.14±0.02mg/L。硝酸盐浓度在0.39～0.69mg/L之间,平均浓度为0.51±0.02mg/L。COD、pH、亚硝酸盐浓度很低,均在渔业水质标准所规定的范围以内。     

“克虫王”对大口鲶的急性毒性试验

在平均水温为 2 1℃的静水条件下 ,用C型和B2型“克虫王”鱼用杀虫剂对大口鲶 (平均全长 4 9cm)进行了急性毒性试验。结果表明 :C型“克虫王”对大口鲶的 2 4h、4 8h、72h、96h半致死浓度 (TLm)分别为 4 7mg/L、3 3mg/L、1 85mg/L和 1 2mg/L ,安全浓度为 0 12mg/L。B2 型“克虫王”对大口鲶的 2 4h、4 8h、72h、96h半致死浓度 (TLm)分别为 1 2 0mg/L、0 84mg/L、0 64mg/L和 0 58mg/L ,安全浓度为 0 0 58mg/L。     

南水北调东线南四湖渔业水域水质状况分析

为掌握南水北调东线南四湖的水质现状，于2021年对4个湖区7个站位进行了周年调查，并采用单因子分析和综合营养状态指数法对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明：南四湖水体氨氮和亚硝氮浓度分别为0.166±0.015mg/L和0.050±0.009mg/L,总氮、总磷和CODMn浓度分别为1.767±0.191mg/L、0.053±0.005mg/L和10.58±0.46mg/L并分别超地表水III类水质标准76.69%、6.76%和76.41%;综合营养状态指数介于46.78～66.16,南四湖总体为轻度富营养状态，但部分水域仍存在较重的富营养化问题。伴随南水北调东线的常态化调水及多种水质涵养措施的实施，南四湖水体的富营养状况有所转好，但在部分季节的部分区域仍存在富营养化风险。     

氨基酸微量元素螯合物的生产与应用

研究了以动物蛋白质废弃物（毛发、蹄角、皮革下脚料等）为主要原料，工业化生产复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物和生产工艺、产品在工业生产中的质量控制方法以及产品在鲤、非鲫养殖中的应用效果。研究表明，按本工艺，蛋白原料水解近基酸的转化率高，且氨基酸的种类齐全。由于生产过程中采用了控制氨基酸配体与金属离子摩尔比的中间控制方法，确保了微量元素与氨基酸的螯合效果。养鲤试验表明，添加螯合盐的三个试验组分别比添加无机盐的     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.     

国内外口蹄疫的流行情况及防制

口蹄疫是一种高度传染性疾病,以传播迅速和发病率高而被国际兽医局列为法定报告动物疫病之首。该病不但严重危害畜牧业和经济,还对国家声誉、国际关系也有很大影响。本文在查阅近几年国内外有关口蹄疫文献的基础上,对其流行情况、防制策略等方面进行了总结,为该病的预防和控制提供参考和依据。     

饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼、鲫生长和体成分的影响

用分别含20%（低）、40%（高）葡萄糖和糊精的等氮（粗蛋白为35%干物质）,等能（16.4 kJ/g）饲料分别饲养青鱼（Mylopharyngodn piceus）和鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）8周,研究饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼和鲫的生长、体成分的影响.青鱼和鲫鱼平均体质量分别为2.14 g和6.75 g.结果表明,两种鱼都是糊精组增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著高于葡萄糖组,提示两种鱼对糊精利用效率比葡萄糖高.饲料糖含量低时增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率相对高,提示两种鱼对脂肪作为能源的利用效率高于糖.两种鱼糊精组脂肪蓄积率显著高于葡萄糖组,体脂、肝脂、肌脂含量也高于葡萄糖组,提示糊精比葡萄糖更容易以脂肪形式积累在体内.青鱼对实验饲料的利用效率高于鲫鱼,推测这与能量代谢有关.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：452-459]     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

渔业管理理论与中国实践的回顾与展望

渔业管理一直是世界各渔业国家所面临的难题。本文首先分析了中国渔业的特点,指出中国的渔业管理比世界上任何国家都更为复杂、更为困难,描述了中国渔业管理的历史沿革和中国渔业政策的发展脉络,指出在中国的渔业发展中渔业政策对渔业生产始终起着指导和推动的作用,认为中国初步形成了以《中华人民共和国渔业法》为基本框架,层次结构完备,措施有力,不断完善和强化的渔业管理制度。然后,介绍了渔业管理的主要理论,梳理了中国学者对渔业管理研究的主要文献,指出中国通过水产养殖支撑不断增长的水产品消费需求,成功解决了水产品需求与资源环境约束之间的矛盾,对减少捕捞野生渔业资源发挥了重大作用。文章归纳了中国渔业管理的主要制度和措施,并对其效果进行综合评述,认为几十年来,特别是改革开放以来,中国不断引进先进的渔业管理理念,促进养殖业、捕捞业、加工流通业、增殖渔业、休闲渔业等五大产业蓬勃发展,渔业生态环境修复力度不断加大,依法治渔能力显著提升;但是由于中国渔业的特点和渔业的复杂性和不确定性,中国渔业仍存在着一些明显的问题。最后,本文根据相关的渔业发展规划,展望了中国的渔业管理将朝着渔业资源总量控制、强化资源保护及生态修复的方向发展。     

皱纹盘鲍4个养殖群体杂交子代生长与存活状况比较

为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)优良新品种,本研究以4个不同养殖群体[黄岛(HD)、荣成(RC)、日本(JP)、大连(DL)]的皱纹盘鲍为亲本,设计4×4完全双列杂交,建立了4个自交家系和12个正反杂交家系,在利用微卫星标记进行亲子鉴定的基础上,对各家系的F1在1、5、13、17月龄时的生长性状、杂种优势率、生长速度和存活情况进行比较,分析杂交效应。结果表明,在各个生长阶段均有部分杂交家系与自交家系相比表现出显著的生长优势;HDRC、HDDL和JPDL家系的生长速度较高;HDDL、HDJP、RCDL、JPRC及RCHD家系有着较高的存活率;在杂种优势方面,HDRC、HDDL与DLHD家系在各生长参数与生长速度上有明显的杂种优势,HDDL、RCDL、DLHD家系在存活率上表现出明显的杂种优势。本研究筛选出的具有优势的交配组合,可作为皱纹盘鲍生产上种苗来源的参考,也为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍新品种提供了基础资料。     

Interspecific comparison of experimental and natural routes of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus challenge and consequences for distribution of chalimus on salmonids and therapeutant screening

Although the gills have been reported as a site for settlement by sea lice attached stages in experimental challenges, the prevalence and abundance of infection on gills have not been reported in farmed fish and have been reported only rarely in wild salmonids. Disproportionate attachment to the gills may be significant in evaluation of new therapeutants and this study asks whether the efficacy data from studies of therapeutants based on experimental challenge can be extrapolated to the fish farm arena. The distribution of chalimus on gills, body and fins of farmed first sea year Atlantic salmon were examined in two Scottish sea lochs, each on two occasions (30 fish on each sampling date), fish from one farm with infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis only and the other farm with exclusively Caligus elongatus. The dorsal fin was the primary attachment site of L. salmonis (50% and 33% in two samples respectively) with 29% and 32% on other fins and 20% and 29% on the body and head. Only one of 56 chalimus (1.8%) and four of 75 chalimus (5.3%) were attached to the gills. In contrast, the chalimus distribution of C. elongatus was predominantly on fins other than the dorsal, including the tail, 74% and 71%, on two sampling occasions, respectively, with only 4.2% and 3.6% of chalimus located on the dorsal fin. The pectoral fins were the most common location with 32%, followed by the tail 23%, pelvic fins 14% and only 3% on the anal fin. None of 287 and 111 chalimus in two samples, respectively, of C. elongatus was attached to the gills. The low abundance of lice on the gills indicated that non‐destructive sampling methods adequately represented lice infection. In three experimental challenges with L. salmonis, the gills were a major attachment location with 19.9–36.3% of chalimus, 9.9–26.9% on the body, 22–27% on the dorsal fin and 19–23% on the other fins. These differences with natural challenge in L. salmonis reported here and also in the literature suggest that the importance of the gills for chalimus location in the experimental model is atypical and an artefact of reduced host swimming speed in tanks that permits copepodids to attach to the gills. In natural infection, the flow over the gills is high and reduced flow is required for copepodid settlement. Greatest reductions (96%) in chalimus bath treated with cypermethrin occurred on the gills with no significant reductions in those located on the dorsal and other fins. It is possible that the efficacy of therapeutants may be higher in chalimus attached to the gills because of the higher concentration encountered of bath therapeutant and extrapolation of efficacy to farms may be misleading and progression to field testing is essential.     

Survival and growth of hatchery-produced postlarvae and spat of the Caribbean scallops Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus

A study was made of the growth and survival of postlarvae and spat of Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus produced in the laboratory and exposed to different conditions of settlement and culture. An evaluation was made of the different types of collection substrates (onion-bags, artificial-grass, fibreglass-plates), two types of settlement inducers (epinephrine, low temperature), and two culture environments (sea, laboratory). The results showed that larger numbers of postlarvae were obtained in artificial-grass collectors than on fibreglass-plates or in the onion-bags. The growth of the A. nucleus postlarvae was not affected by the collector type, while that of N. nodosus was higher on fibreglass-plates, and lesser in the onion-bags. Both thermal and chemical stimulation of the competent larvae resulted in recovery of a greater percentage of postlarvae. The growth of postlarvae of A. nucleus was better in groups exposed to the two methods of settlement induction, while those of N. nodosus remained unaffected by this treatment. The survival of the postlarvae and spat was greater in the laboratory than at sea except in the case of A. nucleus postlarvae attached to collectors, whose survival was similar in both environments. The growth of postlarvae and spat was greater in the sea than in the laboratory.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。