饲料中添加晶体或包膜氨基酸对异育银鲫生长和血清游离氨基酸水平的影响

进行了二个试验考察饲料中添加晶体或包膜氨基酸对异育银鲫生长和血清游离氨基酸水平的影响。试验Ⅰ设计了鱼粉含量为18%和9%的两种基础饲料(分别为高鱼粉对照组、低鱼粉对照组),在低鱼粉对照组中分别添加晶体形式、环糊精包膜、淀粉包膜的赖氨酸0.23%、蛋氯酸0.09%,饲养平均体重2.48 g的异育银鲫鱼种6周。结果表明,高鱼粉对照组、低鱼粉对照组、晶体氨基酸组、环糊精包膜氨基酸组、淀粉包膜氨基酸组的鱼体增重率分别为214.3%、169.8%、173.3%、204.7%、203.2%,与低鱼粉对照组相比,添加晶体氨基酸对异育银鲫的生长无改善(P>0.10),但添加环糊精包膜或淀粉包膜氨基酸提高了鱼体增重率20.5%、19.7%(P<0.05),饲料系数下降0.40、0.39(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ在鱼粉含量为6%的基础饲料分别添加晶体形式、环糊精包膜、淀粉包膜的赖氨酸0.20%、蛋氨酸0.08%,在异育银鲫成鱼(平均体重220 g)摄食上述4种饲料后1、3、5、12h,尾静脉采血测定血清游离氨基酸浓度,结果表明,添加晶体氨基酸使血清游离氨基酸的吸收峰值提前,相对于晶体氨基酸而言,环糊精包膜或淀粉包膜氨基酸则使血清游离氨基酸的吸收峰值出现不同程度的延迟。上述研究表明,晶体氨基酸经环糊精、淀粉包膜处理后,其在消化道的吸收速度减缓,可利用性显著提高。     

柞蚕蛹替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能影响研究

为探讨用柞蚕蛹替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能的影响,以初始体重为(70&#177;1.0)g的鲤鱼为试验对象,以1%柞蚕蛹替代1%鱼粉,配制成2种等氮的饲料,在水泥池中进行为期62d的生长试验.结果表明:当1%柞蚕蛹替代1%鱼粉时,在试验前期其增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)比对照组降低,饵料系数(FCR)升高,在试验后期,其增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)比对照组升高,饵料系数(FCR)降低.     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾鮰消化酶活性的影响

以发酵豆粕替代基础日粮中25%、50%、75%和100%的鱼粉,饲养平均体重为1.1g的斑点叉尾鮰42d后,研究了发酵豆粕对斑点叉尾鮰生长和消化酶活性的影响.结果显示:发酵豆粕替代25%、50%、75%鱼粉组斑点叉尾鮰增重率、特定生长率比对照组稍高(P>0.05),饲料系数与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);替代100%的鱼粉时,这些指标与对照组也没有显著性差异;试验组斑点叉尾鮰胃蛋白酶活性与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);肝胰脏和肠道的蛋白酶活性随着替代比例的提高而呈不明显的上升趋势(P>0.05);各试验组鱼淀粉酶活性均高于对照组,其中以替代50%鱼粉组最高,但差异不显著(P>0.05).     

糖萜素对异育银鲫生长性能及其消化酶活力的影响

选取相同生长阶段、体重均匀的异育银鲫160尾,随机分为5组,每组2个平行,每个平行 16尾。糖萜素的添加水平每千克饲料为0、 0． 5、 0． 9、 1． 2、 1． 5g。结果表明：试验2组异育银鲫日增重最 大,饲料系数最小,对照组异育银鲫日增重最小,饲料系数最大。试验1组和试验2组的日增重与对照组相 比差异显著(p＜0． 05) ,其他组与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0． 05) ,试验2组异育银鲫的日增重比对照组 提高71． 14%。试验组异育银鲫的饲料系数与对照组相比显著下降(P＜0． 05) 。在适宜的温度范围内,试验 2组异育银鲫的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力最高,对照组最低。由此可见,在一定范围内,糖萜素能够显 著提高异育银鲫的日增重,降低饲料系数,促进其生长。同时糖萜素对异育银鲫消化酶活性具有正向促进作 用,在不同水平上,消化酶活性增强的程度不同,其在饲料中适宜添加量为0． 5～0． 9g/kg。     

混合植物蛋白添加晶体氨基酸替代鱼粉的饲料对花鱼种生长和免疫指标的影响

在水温25.0±3.0℃下,在以不同比例的玉米蛋白、棉籽粕和豆粕为蛋白源、部分替代鱼粉的饲料中,按鱼粉的必需基酸组成添加晶体赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸,配制成5种等蛋白(37.0%)和等脂类(11.0%)的饲料,在60cm×60cm×120cm的微流水网箱中饲养平均体质量14.84g,平均体长12.06cm的花鱼种。实验饲料分别含鱼粉28.0%(F0,对照)、21.0%(F1)、14.0%(F2)、7.0%(F3)和0%(F4)。100d的饲养中,花成活率变化在98.67%-100%之间,各组之间差异不显著(P0.05),但对生长和饲料利用率却有显著影响。花特殊增重率随饲料中鱼粉替代比例的增加而降低,用植物蛋白替代25%(F1)的鱼粉,添加晶体氨基酸,鱼特殊增重率、免疫力和消化率最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),用植物蛋白替代50%(F2)和75%(F3)的鱼粉组鱼的特殊增重率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),但用植物蛋白全部替代(F4,100%)鱼粉,鱼的特殊增重率显著低于F2和F3组(P0.05)。根据Excel趋势预测曲线的二次曲线计算,当最大特殊增重率为0.585%时,相对应的鱼粉含量为22.77%,可以替代18.69%的鱼粉。植物蛋白替代鱼粉对鱼肌肉中水分和灰份含量无显著影响(P0.05),但蛋白质、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和脂肪的含量高于对照鱼。     

不同大豆产品替代鱼粉饲养南美白对虾的试验

分别采用脱皮豆粕、大豆蛋白、发酵豆粕等大豆产品,等氮替代饲料中10%的鱼粉(对照组鱼粉35%,替代组鱼粉25%),饲养体重为0.06 g南美白对虾(Penaeus vannam eiBoone)一个月,结果表明,对照组(35%鱼粉)幼虾的增重率、成活率均最大,为1316%、97.5%;脱皮豆粕组幼虾的增重率为最低,仅783%;哈姆雷特大豆蛋白、比多福大豆蛋白、富肽蛋白(发酵豆粕)组幼虾增重率为1033%、983%、1050%,均显著高于脱皮豆粕组(P<0.05),但低于对照组(P<0.05);对虾体肌肉成分的分析显示,各组幼虾肌肉在水分、蛋白质含量方面没有显著差异。上述结果表明,大豆蛋白和发酵豆粕均为优于脱皮豆粕的鱼粉替代品。     

饲料中豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白对花(鱼骨)生长的影响

配制豆粕蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代量分别为:0、12.5%、25%、37.5%、50%、62.5%和75%的7种等氮等能的半精制饲料,饲养初始体重为(2.25±0.01)g的7组(三重复)花(鱼骨)6周,以评估花(鱼骨)饲料中豆粕的适宜用量.试验结果表明:豆粕蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量为75%饲料组的鱼体末体重和增重率均显著低于其它6组饲料组(P＜0.05),而其它6组饲料组间的鱼体末体重和增重率无显著差异(P＞0.05),各饲料组间花(鱼骨)的存活率、饲料系数、肥满度、脏体比、肝体比及蛋白质积累没有显著差异(P＞0.05),花(鱼骨)全鱼粗脂肪含量随着饲料中豆粕蛋白含量的增加而降低,而豆粕蛋白对鱼粉的替代对全鱼水分、粗蛋白、灰分无显著影响(P＞0.05),本实验花(鱼骨)配合饲料中豆粕蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为625%.     

肉骨粉替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成、消化和非特异性免疫能力的影响

为研究肉骨粉替代鱼粉对罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、体组成、消化酶活性和免疫能力的影响,设计通过调节油脂以及补充包膜赖氨酸、蛋氨酸,分别形成等氮、等脂、等赖氨酸、等蛋氨酸的日粮,进行饲养比较试验。试验分4组,对照组(D1)饲料鱼粉含量为12%,试验组(D2~D4)饲料肉骨粉分别替代鱼粉33.33%(D2)、66.67%(D3)、100%(D4)。试验选取体重(24.91±0.06)g的罗非鱼360尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾,试验期为56 d。结果显示:试验组(D2~D4)增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数、内脏比、肥满度、全鱼水分、粗蛋白质与对照组差异不显著,全鱼粗脂肪含量逐渐下降。肉骨粉替代鱼粉33.33%、66.67%和100%后,胃蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组,肠蛋白酶活性与对照组差异不显著;替代组肠淀粉酶活性显著低于对照组,替代组之间差异不显著;肠脂肪酶活性差异不显著。罗非鱼对肉骨粉的干物质、蛋白及脂肪的表观消化率都显著低于鱼粉。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(LYZ)在66.67%替代组最高,显著高于对照组和33.33%、100%替代组;丙二醛(MDA)含量66.67%替代组最低。肉骨粉替代鱼粉66.67%可以显著提高罗非鱼抗氧化能力和免疫能力。结果表明:罗非鱼日粮中肉骨粉替代鱼粉不影响罗非鱼的生长性能、体组成,不会降低胃、肠蛋白酶活性及机体免疫能力,可以全部替代鱼粉。     

黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对加州鲈生长性能的影响

试验以不同水平的黑水虻幼虫粉等量替代加州鲈基础饵料中的鱼粉，研究其对加州鲈生长性能的影响。选择体重约为5.0g健康无病的加州鲈按照单因子随机试验原则，将其均分为5个处理组，分别投喂含有0(对照组)、10%(10%组)、20%(15%组)、30%(20%组)、40%(30%组)的黑水虻幼虫粉的基础饵料。结果显示，在加州鲈生产中使用适量的黑水虻幼虫粉替代部分鱼粉对加州鲈的试验末体质量、增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数及成活率未产生显著性的负面影响，但黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉的最佳比例应低于30%。     

花生粕替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长及饲料表观消化率的影响

试验旨在探讨花生粕替代鱼粉对全雄黄颡鱼生长及饲料表观消化率的影响。选择初始体质量为(9.12±0.05)g全雄黄颡鱼240尾,随机分成2组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)和16.98%花生粕替代11.5%鱼粉的等氮等脂饲料(替代组),进行55 d生长及消化试验。结果表明:(1)替代组体增重、增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率及饲料系数与对照组差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)饲料干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、能量、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸表观消化率两组间无统计学意义差异(P0.05);替代组饲料苏氨酸和缬氨酸表观消化率显著低于对照组(P0.05),精氨酸表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:用花生粕部分替代鱼粉应用于全雄黄颡鱼饲料是可行的。     

中草药添加剂对异育银鲫生长和蛋白质消化吸收的影响

设计中草药配方Ⅰ和Ⅱ,分别以0.5%、1%、2%剂量添加到基础饲料中,连续投喂异育银鲫2个月后,测定鱼体的相对增重率、肠道和肝胰脏的蛋白酶活性及消化吸收率。结果表明,中草药添加剂能够极显著地影响异育银鲫的生长、肠道和肝胰脏的蛋白酶活性及蛋白质的消化吸收率(P<0.01)。配方Ⅰ以1%组和2%组、配方Ⅱ以2%组的生长最佳,相对增重率分别比对照组提高23.47%、32.74%和47.06%。中草药添加剂对肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶活性及消化吸收率的影响与生长相似,对照组肠道蛋白酶活性为10.54,配方Ⅰ中1%组为20.33、2%组为22.79,配方Ⅱ中2%组为25.68;肝胰脏蛋白酶活性,对照组为8.54,配方Ⅰ中1%组为14.13、2%配方Ⅰ组为16.59,2%配方Ⅱ组为20.36。对照组的蛋白质消化吸收率为78.15%,1%配方Ⅰ组为84.38%,2%配方Ⅰ组为86.98%,2%配方Ⅱ组为88.19%。因此中草药添加剂提高蛋白酶活力、促进蛋白质的消化吸收,是促进鱼体生长的重要因素。     

一种贝类作为水产动物诱食剂的研究

一种贝类（ＡＳＬ）不仅蛋白质含量高,氨基酸组成也比较全面,高不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,甜菜碱含量高达２８９ｍｇ／ｇ。向饲料中添加１％的ＡＳＬ粉,发现其对金鱼的诱食活性不仅显著高于空白对照组,而且显著高于化十香组;饲料中添加０３％的ＡＳＬ粉,异育银鲫摄食量显著高于对照组,六周增重率比对照组提高３３％,这些结果表明ＡＳＬ作为水产动物诱食剂具有很高的开发利用价值。     

The effects of less-expensive plant protein sources replaced with soybean meal in the juvenile diet of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): growth, nutrient utilization and body composition

In this study, the effects of less-expensive protein sources replaced with soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient utilization and body composition of juvenile grass carp were investigated. For this purpose, a control diet containing 42% soybean meal was prepared. Cotton seed meal (CSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and corn meal (CM) were added to the experimental diets by replacing 100% of the soybean meal protein used in the control diet. All diets were iso-nitrogenous (40% crude protein) and iso-caloric (19.5?MJ?kg^?1 gross energy). Each treatment had three replicates, and 20 juvenile grass carps (3.5?±?0.1?g, initial weight) were located in per replicate. The fish were fed to satiety three times in a day during 3?months at 26°C of water temperature in glass aquarium (45 l). The results of the study showed that the weight gain (308.6?C448.6%), specific growth rate (1.56?C1.89%/day), feed conversion rate (1.2?C1.9), protein efficiency ratio (1.32?C2.08), and apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (80.5?C89%) or sum of amino acids (80.5?C88.9%) were not significantly affected by the experimental diets, except diet CM. All of these values obtained for the diet CM were significantly lower than those of fish fed on the control, CSM and SFM diets. However, there were no significant differences between the lipid digestibility of the diets, and crude protein, lipid, and gross energy contents in the whole body of fish in experiments. In conclusion, CSM and SFM diets were highly utilized by juvenile grass carp, but not CM diet. These results combined with the remarkable acceptability of diets containing high levels of plant protein ingredients with identical growth performances of juvenile grass carp show clearly that dietary soybean meal level can be considerably reduced without any adverse consequence in terms of somatic growth and nitrogen utilization.     

Effect of temperature on digestibility,growth performance and nutrient utilization of corn distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS) in Common carp juveniles

The aim of this trial was to study the digestibility of corn distiller's dried grains with soluble (DDGS) in Common carp juveniles at two water temperatures 20°C and 30°C. DDGS digestibility was determined based on the substitution of 30% of a reference diet by test DDGS. Three hundred and sixty Common carp juveniles (average weight, 40 ± 7 g) were distributed in thermo‐regulated recirculation water system equipped with twelve 1m³ fibreglass tanks (30 fish per tank), which were allotted to four experimental group in triplicates. Half of the experimental groups were maintained at 20°C, whereas the other half were exposed to 30°C. Juveniles reared under different temperature regimes were fed either of the two diets, with or without DDGS (DDGS diet or reference diet), to evaluate the interaction effect between water temperature and nutrient digestibility of corn DDGS in Common carp. Diet and water temperature interaction was effective in modulating the response of dry matter digestibility of DDGS ingredient, and digestibility was found higher in juveniles reared at 20°C compared with 30°C. Growth, feed efficiency and protein efficiency were higher at 20°C compared with 30°C. Whole body csomposition of Common carp juveniles was found unaffected due to diet and water temperature interaction. Overall, it is concluded that digestibility and growth performance of Common carp is better at 20°C compared with 30°C, and DDGS has high potential for inclusion in diets of Common carp.     

牛磺酸对鲫鱼蛋白质消化吸收的影响

选用牛磺酸作为饲料添加剂,以0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的剂量将牛磺酸添加到基础饲料中,以基础饲料为对照饲喂鲫鱼(45￣52g)15d后,测定蛋白质消化吸收率。结果表明:牛磺酸可以显著提高鲫鱼对蛋白质的消化吸收率(P<0.05),其中,添加0.60%组效果最佳,比对照组提高6.65%。蛋白质消化率的提高,是牛磺酸促进鱼体生长速度加快的主要原因之一。     

Preliminary evaluation of pea seed meal in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

Juvenile gilthead sea bream with a mean initial body weight of 5 g were fed for 12 weeks with experimental diets containing 10% and 20% fishmeal protein (sole protein source in the control diet) replaced by processed pea seed meals. The processed pea seed meals were dehulled, defibred, extruded and microground pea seed meal (PSM1) or whole pea treated by infrared radiation and ground (PSM2). Apparent digestibility coefficients of the experimental diets were determined in a separate trial. At the end of the growth trial there were no significant differences in growth performance, feed utilization or whole-body composition among experimental groups. There were no differences in apparent protein digestibility among experimental groups (except for fish fed PSM1 at the lowest inclusion level). Both dry matter and energy digestibility of the diets, including PSM2 and with the highest inclusion level of PSM1, were significantly lower than those of the control diet. The results of this study suggest that pea seed meal may replace up to 20% fishmeal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles without affecting fish performance. Further studies should focus on technological treatments to increase utilization of pea seed meal carbohydrate, as both apparent dry matter and energy digestibility were affected by dietary inclusion level and by pea seed meal processing method.     

The use of locally produced fish meal and other dietary manipulations in practical diets for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The aim of this trial was to compare the performance of rainbow trout fed diets including local or imported fish meal as the main protein sources, and to test the effect of reducing the fish meal content or including a fish protein hydrolysate in the diets. Two experimental diets were formulated to include 35% (diet 2) or 20% (diet 3) of a local processed whole fish meal; two other diets were formulated similar to diets 2 and 3 but with 5% fish protein hydrolysate replacing the same amount of fish meal (diets 4 and 5 respectively); a diet similar to diet 2, but including Norwegian fish meal, was used as a control (diet 1). The growth trial lasted 14 weeks and was carried out in floating net cages (325‐L capacity), with duplicate groups of 20 rainbow trout of an initial average weight of 58 g. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets were evaluated in a separate laboratory trial. At the end of the growth trial, there were no significant differences in growth rate and protein efficiency ratio among groups. Feed conversion ratios were significantly better in groups fed diets 3, 4 and 5 than in the other groups. Nitrogen retention (% of N intake) was significantly higher in fish fed diets 4 and 5 than in those fed diet 2. There were no significant differences in energy retention (% of energy intake) among groups. At the end of the trial, there were no significant differences among groups in proximate composition of whole fish. The ADC of protein, energy and phosphorus of diets 1 and 2 were significantly lower than those of diets 3 and 5. It was concluded that, under the experimental conditions tested, performance of rainbow trout fed practical diets including good quality local processed fish meal is similar to that of fish fed diets including Norwegian fish meal. A reduction in the fish meal from 35% to 20% of the diet or the inclusion of a fish protein hydrolysate had no negative effects on growth performance and improved feed utilization.     

Fishmeal can be totally replaced by a mixture of rapeseed meal and Chlorella meal in diets for crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fishmeal (FM) replacement by a mixture of rapeseed meal and Chlorella meal (RCM) on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities and intestinal histology of crucian carp Carassius auratus gibelioi. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to replace 0% (RCM0), 25% (RCM25), 50% (RCM50), 75% (RCM75), and 100% (RCM100) of protein from fishmeal with RCM respectively. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups with 25 juvenile fish (initial body weight: 1.77 ± 0.04 g) per fibreglass tank for 6 weeks. With increasing substitution levels, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed intake and protein efficiency ratio increased, but feed conversion rate decreased. Dietary RCM substitution improved lipid content of muscle, but had no significant effect on other proximate composition of muscle and liver. ADCs of dry matter, protein, lipid, energy and the majority of amino acids increased with increasing substitution level, and digestive enzyme activities (amylase, trypsin and lipase) in intestine showed the similar trend with ADCs. Dietary RCM substitution had no significant adverse effect on intestinal histology. This study indicated that FM protein could be completely replaced by mixed protein sources (RCM) in crucian carp diets.     

饲用血粉的新生产工艺及采用膨化血粉喂养试验的效果

饲用血粉的生产从采用干燥工艺，发酵工艺，到采用喷雾干燥工艺，都存在产品的可消化率偏低的问题，并涉及诸如生产环境和耗能过大等问题，本校采用专门研制的连续膨化设备对含有一定水分的碎血块进行连续瞬时加工，经进一步粉碎后，制成了新型饲用血粉－膨化血粉，其体外消化率达９７．６％。用含有膨胀化血粉的配合饲料喂养淡水鱼类的平均饲料系数为１．７９。利用膨化血粉和喷雾血粉对ＡＡ肉鸡进行对比喂养试验表明，两组的平均饲