三苯基锡对褐菖鮋精巢发育的影响及其作用机制

三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)和三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)广泛应用于海洋船只防污涂料。但相对于TBT,对TPT的毒性研究还很少。本实验以海洋经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为对象,研究环境水平TPT对精巢发育的影响。研究发现,TPT降低精巢的精子数目和密度,增加精小叶间隙脂滴数量和精巢总脂质水平。另外,TPT降低精巢睾酮酯化水平,增加游离睾酮水平,降低游离17β-雌二醇水平。TPT对精巢发育的抑制可能与精小叶间隙脂质水平的增加及精巢17β-雌二醇水平的降低有关。实验结果为全面了解TPT产生鱼类生殖毒性效应、途径和机制提供了新的重要资料。环境水平的TPT能够抑制精巢的发育,而且毒性要高于TBT。这些结果为海洋环境政策的制定和评估有机锡污染对海洋鱼类资源的影响提供了重要的依据。     

三苯基锡对褐菖触精巢发育的影响及其作用机制

三丁基锡( tributyltin,TBT)和三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)广泛应用于海洋船只防污涂料.但相对于TBT,对TPT的毒性研究还很少.本实验以海洋经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为对象,研究环境水平TPT对精巢发育的影响.研究发现,TPT降低精巢的精子数目和密度,...     

环境激素对鱼类生殖毒性的研究进展

文章综述了水环境激素的种类及其对鱼类生殖毒性的常用的研究方法,并以三丁基锡(TBT)和三苯基锡(TPT)等有机锡污染物为例,详述了环境激素对鱼类生殖毒性的研究进展。研究表明,有机锡化合物会导致鱼类性腺结构和功能受损,生殖行为异常,引起雌鱼雄性化,并产生隔代毒性效应。其毒性机理主要是抑制雌激素合成途径关键酶,干扰雌激素核受体基因表达,此外还可能涉及脂毒性、氧化应激反应等其他复杂机制。建议在今后的研究中,加强学科融合,发展新的研究技术手段,开展复杂条件下的生殖毒理研究,结合地区特点和养殖模式开展养殖鱼类生殖毒理研究,不断开展各种新型化合物环境行为和毒理效应研究。     

三丁基锡对褐菖鲉胚胎卵黄囊吸收的影响

鱼类胚胎期的营养对各种器官的发育至关重要,环境条件对营养吸收的影响会增加畸形率和死亡率。研究三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)对鱼类胚胎期营养吸收的影响有助于深入认识TBT对鱼类胚胎发育的毒性。本实验以海洋经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为对象,研究环境水平TBT(0.01、0.1、1、10 ng.L-1)对胚胎卵黄囊吸收的影响。通过油红O染色,发现TBT暴露引起褐菖鲉胚胎血管系统中脂类染色信号减少,而卵黄中的脂类染色正常,说明TBT可能影响了胚胎正常血液循环,从而影响了正常的营养运输。另外,TBT对Na+,K+-ATP酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的抑制以及对甲状腺激素受体α和糖皮质激素受体基因表达的影响可能和其对卵黄囊的吸收抑制有关。TBT对鱼类胚胎卵黄吸收的抑制将影响鱼类的生长和发育,增加畸形率和死亡率,最终导致鱼类种群数量减少。     

三苯基锡对褐菖鲉脑雌激素受体和视黄酸X受体表达的影响(英文)

尽管三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)能够影响鱼类生殖功能以及性腺的发育,但其作用机制并不十分清楚。由于鱼脑在生殖调控中具有重要作用,本研究以海洋鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为研究对象,研究TPT对脑中芳香化酶(Cyp19b)、雌激素受体(ERα和ERβ)、视黄酸X受体α(RXRα)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARγ)基因表达的影响。暴露48 d后,TPT对雌性和雄性褐菖鲉脑中Cyp19b和PPARγ的表达均未产生显著性影响。TPT诱导了雄性褐菖鲉脑中ERα的表达并抑制了ERβ的表达;尽管TPT也抑制雌性褐菖鲉脑中ERβ的表达,但对ERα的表达却未产生显著性影响。另外,TPT诱导了雄性褐菖鲉脑中RXRα的表达,而在雌鱼脑中却产生了相反的作用,抑制了RXRα的表达。因此,TPT对褐菖鲉脑中ER和RXR表达的影响可能具有性别差异性,表明TPT具有复杂的内分泌干扰效应。另外,结果表明,TPT可能通过干扰鱼脑ER和RXR产生生殖毒性。     

三苯基锡对鲫稚鱼肌肉组织学的影响

三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)和三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)在环境中经常同时存在.以淡水常见经济鱼类鲫(Carassius auratus)稚鱼为试验对象,研究不同水平TPT(10、100、1 000 ng/L)对其肌肉组织学的影响.结果表明,TPT暴露16d后引起鲫稚鱼肌肉组织损伤,主要表现为肌纤维间隙变宽、肌丝断裂与紊乱以及糖原代谢变化;100 ng/L TPT暴露组中,鲫的肌肉损伤最为严重,肌纤维直径较对照组显著降低,肌糖原出现显著累积现象;而1 000 ng/L TPT暴露组中,鲫的肌纤维直径较对照组则显著增加,糖原水平显著降低.     

三苯基锡和三丁基锡对海胆的急性毒性研究

采用发育生物学和生态毒理学的模式生物海胆检测两种典型的有机锡化合物三苯基锡(TPT)和三丁基锡(TBT)对水生生物的急性毒性,同时对上述物质对海胆的安全性进行初步评估,以期为有机锡的防控提供基础数据。半静水条件下,通过概率单位法(Bliss)得到TPT和TBT对黄海胆24h,48h,72h,96h的LC50,分别为:25.007、18.743、9.514、6.662μg·L-1和19.850、15.986、7.888、4.916μg·L-1,并计算TPT和TBT对海胆的安全浓度分别为0.666和0.492μg·L-1。结果发现,TPT和TBT对黄海胆均表现为剧毒作用,TBT毒性大于TPT。海胆对上述毒物具有很高的敏感性,结果稳定,重现性好,建议将海胆作为海洋环境中有机锡污染的监测生物。     

微囊藻毒素急性暴露对斑马鱼卵巢的损伤效应

为了探究蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)大量爆发产生的微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)对鱼类的生殖毒性,以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为实验对象,采取腹腔注射毒性最强的microcystin-LR(MC-LR)方式,研究MC-LR对斑马鱼卵巢的损伤效应及其作用机制。对性成熟雌性斑马鱼腹腔注射50μg/kg和200μg/kg MC-LR,在注射3、9、24、48 h后取卵巢分析其生理活性指标的变化。结果显示,染毒24 h后,200μg/kg剂量组斑马鱼性腺指数(gonad somatic index,GSI)14.14与对照组性腺指数16.98相比显著降低(P<0.05),其他组别无显著变化;卵巢发生卵母细胞空泡化、卵母细胞膜与滤泡细胞层连接组织缺失等病理现象;MC-LR显著抑制了斑马鱼卵巢蛋白磷酸酶(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)活性,并激活促成熟因子(maturation promoting factor,MPF)活性;MC-LR处理后,斑马鱼卵巢内丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)家族中的p 38MAPK、ERK1/2的转录水平显著上调,JNK未发生显著变化。研究表明,MC-LR抑制斑马鱼卵巢PP2A活性,并激活MPF活性与MAPK信号通路中ERK1/2与p 38MAPK的转录水平,进而干扰其卵母细胞的发育进程并产生生殖毒性。     

三丁基锡对罗氏沼虾卵黄蛋白原（VTG）表达和性腺发育的影响

将罗氏沼虾成虾浸浴于含三丁基锡（Tributyltin, TBT） (0.1、0.2、0.4mg/L）的水体中,研究TBT对其肝胰脏和性腺中卵黄蛋白原(VTG)表达和性腺发育的影响。结果表明,罗氏沼虾在TBT中浸浴10d,TBT能够诱导雌虾的肝胰腺VTG基因表达,而对卵巢VTG基因的表达则表现为抑制作用;TBT对雄虾的肝胰腺VTG基因表达有抑制作用,而对精巢VTG基因的表达无明显影响。性腺组织切片显示,TBT浸浴能够促进罗氏沼虾精巢的发育,且随浸浴剂量的增加对精巢发育的促进作用逐步增强,但TBT对罗氏沼虾卵巢发育无明显影响。     

重金属对鱼类早期发育的生态毒理效应

鱼类早期生活阶段对外界环境极为敏感,即使低浓度的污染物暴露也可能对其胚胎发育、仔鱼生长存活造成损害,导致种群数量和质量的降低。研究污染物对鱼类早期生活阶段的毒理效应和机制是揭示污染物对生物种群和水生生态系统潜在风险的有效途径。重金属对鱼类的影响在精、卵发生时即可显现。例如,抑制卵(精)母细胞成熟和精子活力降低,使受精率降低;影响受精卵吸水膨胀过程,改变胚胎发育速率、引起胚胎畸形、影响胚胎心率、改变孵化时间、降低孵化率;影响初孵仔鱼体长、造成仔鱼畸形、影响卵黄囊吸收和胚后仔鱼发育生长、摄食行为等。重金属对鱼类早期发育阶段的毒性效应主要取决于金属种类、暴露浓度和受试鱼种及其发育阶段。此外,外界环境条件等因素也会对重金属的毒性产生显著影响。本研究综合分析国内外关于重金属污染物对鱼类精卵、胚胎、仔鱼等早期发育过程生态毒理效应的研究进展,并结合相关报道阐述了其毒性机制。     

GH/IGF-Ⅰ轴对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)卵巢发育的调控作用

为深入认识半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)生殖调控机制,研究了生长轴(GH/IGF-Ⅰ axis)对半滑舌鳎卵巢发育调控的作用及可能机制;分析了卵巢不同发育时期垂体中的生长激素(GH),脑、性腺和肝脏中的类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ)mRNA的表达水平变化;检测了卵巢不同发育期,血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ、雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)的表达水平变化,并分析了生长因子与性腺指数(GSI)、E2和T表达变化的关系.结果显示,垂体GH mRNA表达水平在Ⅳ期卵巢时显著升高,至Ⅴ期时达峰值,随后(Ⅵ期)显著降低,垂体GH mRNA表达水平与GSI、血清GH与IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著正相关.血清GH与垂体GHmRNA表达水平表现出相似的变化趋势.肝脏IGF-ⅠmRNA表达水平在Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期卵巢时较低,但Ⅵ期时又显著升高,其与脑IGF-Ⅰ mRNA及血清IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著正相关,而与血清E2和T表达水平呈显著负相关.脑IGF-Ⅰ mRNA表达水平自Ⅱ期卵巢开始显著升高,至Ⅳ期时达峰值,并与血清IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著负相关.卵巢IGF-ⅠmRNA表达水平自Ⅱ期开始显著升高,并在Ⅳ期时达峰值,但在Ⅴ期时明显下降,并保持至Ⅵ期,与血清E2表达水平呈显著正相关,而与血清IGF-Ⅰ表达水平呈显著负相关.血清IGF-Ⅰ变化趋势与肝脏IGF-ⅠmRNA相似.结果揭示了GH、IGF-Ⅰ在转录和血清水平上以协同或者拮抗的方式共同参与了半滑舌鳎卵巢发育的过程,其作用途径可能与性类固醇激素的合成与分泌有关,表明GH/IGF-Ⅰ轴对卵巢发育具有重要的调控作用,为深入认识半滑舌鳎卵巢发育的调控机制提供了新的思路和素材.     

Effects of 17β-estradiol injection on the reproductive efficiency of freshwater crayfish,Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823)

The effects of 17β-estradiol injection (10^?7mol/crayfish) in adult female Astacus leptodactylus on the reproductive efficiency (i.e., pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile numbers) were investigated. In addition, hepatosomatic index, gonodosomatic index, and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels of crayfish ovary, hepatopancreas, and heamolymph before and after injections were also determined. Results showed that E2 injection to females enhances the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus. E2 injection significantly increased pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile numbers, GSI, HSI, and concentrations of E2 in heamolymph, ovary, and hepatopancreas. However, E2 injection did not accelerate time of mating and proportion of pleopodal egg-berried females at the first week of reproduction season in this species. This study highlights that to improve the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus by using hormones to regulate the ovarian cycle, E2 should be used at least 1.5 months before the commencement of the breeding season.     

半滑舌鳎卵巢发育的组织学和形态数量特征研究

采用组织学方法系统研究了人工养殖条件下半滑舌鳎亲鱼卵巢的组织发育周年变化特征.结果表明,卵母细胞发育可分为6个时相,卵巢发育分为6期.卵巢不同发育时期都由不同类型的卵母细胞组成,半滑舌鳎为非同步分批多次产卵类型.周年发育过程中,6月龄前的鱼卵巢发育处于第Ⅰ期;9～12月龄卵巢可发育至第Ⅱ期;12月龄半滑舌鳎性腺可发育达到Ⅲ期,并一直保持至24月龄.3龄雌鱼达到性成熟,卵巢可发育至第Ⅳ期;随着水温和光周期的调控,卵巢发育进入成熟期(Ⅴ期),发生水合现象是卵母细胞成熟并准备排卵的信号;产卵结束后卵巢退化至第Ⅵ期,排出的卵母细胞退化吸收,以Ⅲ期卵巢越冬后,卵巢退化至Ⅱ期并持续至下一个繁殖周期.人工养殖条件下,卵巢内存在卵母细胞闭锁现象.性腺周年发育过程中,性腺指数(GSI)在性腺达到成熟期时达到峰值,产卵结束后性腺快速退化,GSI值各月份差异显著(P<0.05),亲鱼性腺重量在卵巢发育成熟过程中一直处于生长状态.亲鱼肝脏指数(HSI)在产卵前7～8月份(性腺达到成熟期前30 d左右)达到最大,表明7～8月份是性腺进行卵子发育、卵黄能量储备的重要时期,亲鱼在产卵前通过积极摄食储备体内能量,肝脏在卵母细胞卵黄积累方面具有重要的生理作用.肥满度(CF)值在繁殖盛期10～11月份达到最大,表现出与GSI类似的变化趋势.     

海水鱼类亲体必需脂肪酸营养的研究进展

脂肪酸营养特别是其中的必需脂肪酸在海水鱼类生殖调控方面具有重要的生理作用。饲料中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)含量在调控海水鱼类性腺发育、排卵、孵化率及仔鱼质量等方面作用显著。本文主要从必需脂肪酸需求量、对繁殖性能影响、对机体脂肪酸存储影响及对内分泌调控作用4个方面归纳总结了海水鱼类亲体脂肪酸营养的研究概况,并重点分析探讨了在内分泌调控方面的研究进展,同时对后续的研究重点提出了一些建议。     

Histological observations of seasonal reproductive and lunar-related spawning cycles in the female honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra in Okinawan waters

Seasonal reproductive and lunar-related spawning cycles of the female honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra inhabiting Okinawan waters were examined by histological observation of ovaries. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased beginning in May and peaked in June. Histological observations revealed that many oocytes laden with yolk were present in the ovaries from May to August. From September to October, ovaries were occupied by immature oocytes. These results suggest that the reproductive season of E.   merra lasts for 4 months from May through August in Okinawan waters. When the fish were collected according to the lunar cycle, GSI increased with the approach of the full moon. Oocytes at various development stages were observed from the first quarter to the full moon. Fresh ovulatory follicles were present in the ovaries around the last quarter moon. These results suggest that E.   merra has a lunar spawning cycle and spawns between the full moon and the last quarter moon. Ovarian features of the fish collected around the last quarter moon were different among individuals; some fish had many oocytes at the tertiary yolk stage in the ovaries, while the ovaries of the others were occupied by the oocytes at the peri-nucleolus and the oil droplet stages. This observation suggests that a minor release of eggs occurs in this species before or after a major spawning lunar day. Oocytes at the migratory nucleus and the maturation stages were not observed in any ovarian samples. This may mean that maturation of oocytes is related to the spawning behavior of this species and makes rapid progress in the process of aggregation at the spawning sites.     

Evidences for involvement of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor in ovarian development of starry flounder (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Platichthys stellatus</Emphasis>)

Although gonadotrophins are major regulators of ovarian function in teleosts and other vertebrates, accumulating evidence indicates that the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis also plays an important role in fish reproduction. As a first step to understand the physiological role of the GH-IGF system in the ovarian development of starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), the expression profiles of GH and IGF messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and plasma GH, IGF-I, estradiol-17β (E2), and testosterone (T) levels during the ovarian development were investigated. The developmental stages of ovaries were divided into five stages (II, III, IV, V, and VI) by histological analysis. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) values increased and peaked at stage IV and stage V, respectively, and then declined at stage VI. Pituitary GH mRNA levels decreased sharply at stage III and raised to top level at stage VI. The hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels ascended to maximum value at stage V and then declined significantly at stage VI. However, the hepatic IGF-II mRNA levels remained stable and increased significantly at stage VI. In contrast, the ovarian IGF-I mRNA levels increased gradually and peaked at stage VI. The ovarian IGF-II mRNA levels were initially stable and increased significantly at stage V until the top level at stage VI. Consistent with the pituitary GH mRNA levels, plasma GH levels reduced sharply at stage III and remained depressed until stage V and then raised remarkably at stage VI. Plasma IGF-I level peaked at stage V and then declined to initial level. Plasma E2 level peaked at stage IV and then dramatically descended to the basal level. Plasma T level peaked at stage V and then declined significantly back to the basal level. Based on statistical analysis, significant positive correlations between hepatic IGF-I mRNA and GSI, ovarian IGF-II mRNA and hepatic IGF-II mRNA, ovarian IGF-I mRNA and ovarian IGF-II mRNA, and plasma IGF-I and plasma T were observed, respectively. These results suggest that the GH-IGF system may be involved in the ovarian development of starry flounder; GH and IGFs appear to play distinct roles in the regulation of the ovarian development in paracrine/autocrine manners. These findings extend our knowledge of the roles of the GH-IGF axis on reproduction regulation in fish.     

Seasonal changes in hepatosomatic index,gonadosomatic index and plasma estradiol‐17β level in captively reared female rabbit fish (Siganus guttatus)

The seasonal changes in hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and plasma estradiol‐17β (E₂) level in female rabbit fish (Siganus guttatus) were investigated. The relationship between plasma E₂ levels with these indices and ovarian growth was also evaluated. Each month, at least 10 female broodfish were sacrificed to collect liver, ovary and blood for HSI, GSI and plasma E₂, respectively. GSI and HSI were calculated as percentage (%) of relative weight of gonad and liver to total body weight, respectively. Plasma E₂ level was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA). Ovaries were cut and stained for histological observation. The results included seasonal changes in plasma E₂ levels, stages of ovarian development, GSI and HSI. The highest level of E₂ was observed in June (1,445.62 pg/ml) and during vitellogenesis (2,305 pg/ml). GSI and HSI values significant fluctuated monthly. The highest HSI and GSI were 1.72% in May and 3.58% in June, respectively. The pattern of plasma E₂ levels showed a relationship with GSI and different stages of ovarian development. HSI was associated with ovarian stages. During vitellogenesis, the highest value (1.9%) of HSI was observed. Histological sections showed that rabbit fish is a multiple spawner. These results contribute to further understanding of female rabbit fish reproductive biology in captivity. Important reproductive parameters such as HSI, GSI and E₂ can be used to indicate maturation status of this fish species.