不同水平双低菜粕替代蛋白对鱼类生长的影响

异育银鲫(Carassiusauratusgibelio)和团头鲂(Megalobramaamblycephola)鱼种随机分成6组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ-Ⅴ组分别用不同比例"华双3号"双低菜粕等氮替代对照组中的25%、50%、75%、100%的豆粕蛋白,Ⅵ组以83.66%的菜粕等氮替代对照组中100%的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白,在小型网箱中进行了生长实验。结果表明,当饲料中双低菜粕蛋白替代豆粕蛋白比例分别为25%、50%和75%时,异育银鲫和团头鲂的特定生长率、饲料转化率和平均摄食率等指标各实验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);当替代比例为100%或替代饲料中全部的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白时,两种鱼类的各项指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长性能、体成分、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响,以30%鱼粉组为对照组(A0),大豆小肽蛋白分别替代17%、33%和50%的鱼粉作为实验组(A17、A33和A50),配制4种等氮配合饲料。每组设置4个重复,每个重复饲喂30尾平均体重为(3.7±0.6) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼,进行为期80 d的饲养实验。结果显示,A17组生长性能与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),A33组除增重率(WGR)显著高于对照组外(P<0.05),其余指标均与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。A50组饵料系数(FCR)显著高于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05),增重率、特定生长率(SGR)及蛋白质效率(PER)显著低于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05)。各实验组肥满度(CF)和脏体比(VSI)与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼全鱼水分、灰分和粗蛋白含量无显著影响(P<0.05);然而,当大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉水平从33%升高至50%时,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05)。各实验组肠脂肪酶和肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),A33和A50组胃淀粉酶显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)活性无影响。综上所述,黄颡鱼配合饲料中鱼粉替代量小于33%时,黄颡鱼生长性能最佳,且对鱼体肝脏抗氧化功能无不利影响。本研究首次探究大豆小肽蛋白替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长等的影响,以期为黄颡鱼饲料配制和大豆小肽蛋白的使用等提供参考。     

干啤酒糟替代饲料中豆粕对奥尼罗非鱼生长与生化指标的影响

以干啤酒糟分别替代饲料中0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的豆粕,配制成6种等氮等能的试验饲料,研究干啤酒糟对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响。将540尾初始体重为(3.00±0.08)g的奥尼罗非鱼随机分为6个试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行为期60 d的生长试验。结果表明:当干啤酒糟替代豆粕的比例在0~40%时,各试验组间增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均无显著差异(P0.05),且显著高于60%、80%和100%替代组(P0.05)。以增重率和饲料效率为依据,通过折线模型分析得到,奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中干啤酒糟替代豆粕的最适比例分别为27.0%和28.9%。试验鱼全鱼和肌肉组织蛋白和脂肪含量随着饲料干啤酒糟替代比例的增加而逐渐下降,当替代比例为100%时,试验鱼体蛋白和体脂肪含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。试验鱼脏体比随着替代比例的增加而升高,而肥满度则显著降低(P0.05)。随着干啤酒糟替代豆粕比例的增加,试验鱼血清谷丙转氨酶的活性逐渐升高,当替代比例超过60%时,显著高于对照组(P0.05);血清谷草转氨酶则随替代比例的增加而显著升高(P0.05),而血糖含量则呈相反的趋势,当替代比例超过40%时,显著低于对照组(P0.05)。试验鱼血清总抗氧化能力随着替代比例的增加而逐渐降低,当替代比例超过20%时,显著低于对照组(P0.05);血清超氧化物歧化酶则随替代比例的增加而显著降低(P0.05)。综合分析,奥尼罗非鱼饲料中干啤酒糟替代豆粕的最适比例为27.0%~28.9%。     

饲料蛋白对翘嘴红鲌蛋白质周转代谢的影响

选择健康的翘嘴红(体重12.84±0.60g)为试验鱼,以红鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个蛋白水平(31.04%、35.51%、40.89%4、6.62%、50.33%)的等能、等必需氨基酸(EAA)平衡关联度的半精制饲料;又以豆粕替代鱼粉,大豆蛋白分别替代0、13.5%、27%、40.5%、54%的鱼粉蛋白,配制5个EAA关联度的等蛋白(40%)、等能(20MJ.kg-1)的半精制饲料,探讨饲料蛋白水平和大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代对翘嘴红肌肉和肝胰脏蛋白质周转代谢的影响。8周饲养结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对翘嘴红的特定增重率(SGR)具有显著性影响(P<0.05),40.89%饲料蛋白组的SGR显著高于31.04%、35.51%饲料蛋白组(P<0.05),但与46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);饲料蛋白水平对白肌、肝胰脏蛋白质生长率具有相似的影响,40.89%饲料蛋白组的白肌、肝胰脏蛋白质生长率分别达到2.13%.d-1,显著高于31.04%和35.51%两组(P<0.05),但与46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲料蛋白水平的增加促进了翘嘴红的生长和蛋白质的合成。肌肉蛋白质合成率(Ks)、蛋白质降解率(Kd)随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加(P<0.05),肌肉蛋白质的增加归因于蛋白质合成的增加较降解的增加更占优势,蛋白质的沉积率在适宜蛋白水平时最高。当大豆蛋白分别替代13.5%2、7.0%4、0.5%的鱼粉蛋白时,翘嘴红的SGR与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而且都显著高于54.0%替代组(P<0.05)。白肌蛋白质生长率(Kg)也显著受到大豆蛋白替代的影响(P<0.01),当饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量为40.5%时,与对照组相比,Kg极显著下降(P<0.01)。随着饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量的增加,白肌Ks随之降低,当饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量达54%时,与对照组相比,肌肉Ks显著下降(P<0.05)。白肌Kd与白肌Ks的变化趋势相似(P<0.1),而PDE没有受到饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代的影响(P>0.05)。可见随着大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量的提高,氨基酸平衡关联度逐渐降低,蛋白质合成逐渐降低(P<0.05),生长下降,饲料必须氨基酸平衡程度的变化没有改变蛋白质的沉积效率。     

紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响

研究了紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代0%(S0)、10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)的鱼粉蛋白对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响。实验幼鱼体质量(83.0±0.20)g。结果显示:1)当替代比例≤20%时,各组间星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、日摄食率(DFI)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)均无显著变化,高于此值时呈显著下降(P<0.05)。随饲料中紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的升高,鱼体肥满度(CF)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而消化道指数(DTI)则呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05);各实验组干物质、蛋白质及脂肪表观消化率均呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。以星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)为参考指标,采用折线回归分析得出,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。2)紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼肌肉水分、蛋白及粗灰分含量未产生显著性影响,肌肉脂肪含量仅S40组显著低于S0和S20组,其他各组间无显著差异;当替代比例小于20%时,肝脏水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),之后趋于平稳(P>0.05)。肝脏粗脂肪变化趋势与此相反。肝脏粗蛋白含量仅表现为S30、S50组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏粗灰分含量不受饲料鱼粉替代比例的影响(P>0.05);全鱼水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量呈显著下降(P<0.05)。S30组全鱼粗蛋白最高,S40组最低(P>0.05),除S30组外,其他各组均与S0组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间全鱼粗灰分含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。3)当替代比例>20%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量呈显著降低。各组间胆固醇(CHO)含量随紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白的添加呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例≥20%时,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性有下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例分别大于20%和40%时,谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著升高但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验鱼血浆溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随鱼粉替代比例的升高呈显著上升(P<0.05)。各实验组间血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异,但均低于S0组(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的影响(P>0.05)。结论认为,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾生长和饲料表观消化率的影响

以发酵豆粕25%、50%、75%和100%的比例分别等量替代基础日粮中的鱼粉,研究了发酵豆粕对斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)生长和饲料表观消化率的影响。结果显示:以25%～75%的发酵豆粕替代鱼粉时,斑点叉尾增重率、特定生长率、饲料干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率比对照组稍高(P>0.05),饲料系数与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);而以发酵豆粕100%的比例替代鱼粉时,上述5种指标与对照组无显著性差异。结果表明,斑点叉尾日粮中发酵豆粕可以100%替代鱼粉,其中以25%的比例替代效果更佳。     

复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响

以初始体质量为(3.01±0.04)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。共配制5种等氮等能饲料,其中以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白)配制出基础饲料,分别在基础饲料中添加0.0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复合诱食剂配制成4种豆粕取代饲料,同时以全鱼粉饲料为对照饲料,研究复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响。结果表明,当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂添加量为1.0%时,牙鲆的摄食率(P<0.05)、饲料效率(P<0.05)、鱼体脂肪含量(P<0.01)以及肝脏、肠胰蛋白酶活力和肠氨肽酶活力(P<0.01)显著高于不添加诱食剂组;当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂的添加量为0.0%和0.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05);而当添加量为1.0%和1.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率与全鱼粉组比较没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。结论认为,当以豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白时,添加1.0%的复合诱食剂能够显著提高牙鲆幼鱼对饲料的摄食率和生长率。     

酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、饲料利用和消化酶的影响

试验旨在研究酶解豆粕蛋白替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、饲料利用及消化酶的影响。选用初始体质量为(1.10±0.02)g的健康对虾,随机分成5组,饲养在0.5 m~3的玻璃纤维钢桶中,分别投喂酶解豆粕蛋白(0、7.40%、14.80%、22.20%和30.20%)替代基础配方中鱼粉(0、25%、50%、75%和100%)制成5组等氮等脂的饲料,试验时间为56 d。试验结果显示投喂25%和50%的酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉的凡纳滨对虾增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率等无差异统计学意义(P0.05),替代25%组和替代50%组凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究结果表明,凡纳滨对虾饲料中酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉的比例不宜超过50%。     

三种蛋白源部分替代鱼粉对军曹鱼幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

配制5种等氮、等能的饲料,D1组以全鱼粉作为蛋白源,D2、D3组分别用脱脂豆粕替代10%和20%鱼粉,D4组以啤酒酵母粉替代10%鱼粉,D5组以玉米蛋白粉替代10%鱼粉,投喂体质量30～38g的幼鱼5周,研究3种蛋白源替代饲料中的鱼粉蛋白对大规格军曹鱼幼鱼生长和体成分的影响。试验结果表明,各组存活率差异不显著(P0.05);D3组体质量、质量增加率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率和特定生长率均显著低于D1组(P0.05),而其他各组无显著差异(P0.05)。D3组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于D1、D5组(P0.05),肌肉灰分含量则显著高于其他组(P0.05);其他各组全鱼和肌肉常规营养成分无显著差异(P0.05)。D3组肝体指数显著低于其他组(P0.05),各组的脏体指数、肝脏脂肪含量和肥满度均无显著差异(P0.05)。试验结果提示,3种蛋白均可替代饲料中10%的鱼粉蛋白而不产生显著影响,但替代比例达到20%,就可能对大规格幼鱼的生长、饲料利用、体成分和健康产生不良影响。     

饲料中豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白对花(鱼骨)生长的影响

配制豆粕蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代量分别为:0、12.5%、25%、37.5%、50%、62.5%和75%的7种等氮等能的半精制饲料,饲养初始体重为(2.25±0.01)g的7组(三重复)花(鱼骨)6周,以评估花(鱼骨)饲料中豆粕的适宜用量.试验结果表明:豆粕蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量为75%饲料组的鱼体末体重和增重率均显著低于其它6组饲料组(P＜0.05),而其它6组饲料组间的鱼体末体重和增重率无显著差异(P＞0.05),各饲料组间花(鱼骨)的存活率、饲料系数、肥满度、脏体比、肝体比及蛋白质积累没有显著差异(P＞0.05),花(鱼骨)全鱼粗脂肪含量随着饲料中豆粕蛋白含量的增加而降低,而豆粕蛋白对鱼粉的替代对全鱼水分、粗蛋白、灰分无显著影响(P＞0.05),本实验花(鱼骨)配合饲料中豆粕蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为625%.     

Substituting fish meal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted with cobia to determine the amount of soybean meal that could replace fish meal in formulated diets without reducing growth. Juvenile cobia (initial mean weight, 32 g) were fed 48% crude protein diets in which dietary protein was supplied by brown fish meal or a mixture of hexane extracted soybean meal and the fish meal, resulting in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% of fish meal protein being replaced by soybean protein. The fish readily accepted all seven experimental diets and no fish died during the trial. Detrimental effects on growth performance were obvious when half of the fish meal protein was replaced by soybean protein. There existed a significant difference in fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) when the replacement level for fish meal protein was increased from 40% to 50%, indicating that up to 40% of fish meal protein can be replaced by soybean meal protein without causing reduction in growth and protein utilization. On the other hand, quadratic regression analysis shows a growth optimum at 16.9% replacement of fish meal protein by soybean meal protein. Lipid concentrations in the cobia muscle increased significantly as dietary soybean meal increased. Muscle concentrations of free threonine and histidine decreased as use of the soybean meal increased in the diets. Since methionine concentration in the test diets decreased from 2.52 to 1.36 g 16 g⁻¹ N as the soybean meal protein replacement level was increased from 0% to 60% while all other essential amino acids remained relatively constant, dietary requirement of methionine was calculated assuming it was equally available between the two proteins. The broken-line model analysis based on fish weight gain shows a breakpoint when dietary methionine+cystine concentration was 2.66 g 16 g⁻¹ N or 1.28 g 100 g⁻¹ diet.     

豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙生长、体组成、消化酶活力及肝脏生化指标的影响

为减少牛蛙饲料鱼粉使用量以降低养殖成本,研究了豆粕替代饲料中不同比例的鱼粉对牛蛙的生长性能、体组成、肠道消化酶活力和肝脏生化指标的影响。用豆粕分别替代0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉配制出6种等氮等能的实验饲料,每组饲料设3重复,养殖牛蛙60 d。结果显示,豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙摄食率、成活率、肝体指数、脏体指数、蛙体水分和灰分含量、蛙腿肌肉组成以及肝脏丙二醛含量的影响不显著;豆粕100%替代鱼粉显著降低牛蛙增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率、蛋白质累积率;随豆粕替代鱼粉比例的提高,牛蛙的肥满度和后腿指数呈下降趋势,替代100%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙肥满度,替代60%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙后腿指数;替代80%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙全体粗蛋白的含量;牛蛙全体粗脂肪含量随替代鱼粉比例的提高呈上升的趋势,替代100%鱼粉组粗脂肪含量最高;随着替代比例的提高,牛蛙肠道蛋白酶的活力显著降低,而肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力显著提高。豆粕替代鱼粉显著影响肝脏超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力,其中超氧化物歧化酶活力最低值出现在替代80%鱼粉组,过氧化氢酶活力最低值出现在替代100%鱼粉组。基于以上实验结果,建议牛蛙饲料中豆粕可替代鱼粉的比例为60%~80%。     

家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

设计6种等氮等能的试验饲料,以评价不同比例的家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、抗氧化以及非特异性免疫指标的影响。选用960尾体质量为(0.56±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为6组,分别投喂用家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的6种饲料,替代比例(等蛋白替代)分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。45 d的养殖试验结果显示,G20~G60组凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80、G100组WGR显著降低(P<0.05)。除G40组外,各替代组凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。G100组摄食量(FI)显著低于其它各组(P<0.05)。当替代水平不超过60%时,家蝇蛆粉对凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数(FCR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)和肝胰指数(HSI)影响不显著(P>0.05);随替代水平的继续增加,FCR和HSI显著升高,PER和PPV显著降低(P<0.05)。替代组对虾肥满度(CF)和存活率(SR)均不同程度的高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随家蝇蛆粉替代水平的增加,全虾粗蛋白、钙(Ca)和总磷(P)含量显著升高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),干物质和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各替代组对虾血清和肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、血清丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80和G100组肝胰腺MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。血清酚氧化酶(PO)活性随家蝇蛆粉替代量的增加而显著降低,其中G20组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性随添加量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的血细胞总数(THC)、血清一氧化氮(NO)含量、AKP活性和肝胰腺PO活性、NO含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸对利用豆粕替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉的影响

通过8周生长实验检验了添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸对利用豆粕替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉的影响,以确定添加DL-蛋氨酸对提高饲料鱼粉替代水平的作用。对照饲料鱼粉水平为40%。采用2×4实验设计,按等蛋白替代原则分别用豆粕替代对照组饲料中鱼粉的40%（L）和80%（H）;在每个鱼粉替代水平上,分别添加晶体DL-蛋氨酸（A）、包膜DL-蛋氨酸（B）、晶体DL-蛋氨酸和包膜材料（C）以及按1:1比例配制的B和C的混合物（D）。配成8种等氮、等脂肪的实验饲料（LA、LB、LC、LD、HA、HB、HC和HD）。饲料LA、LB、LC和LD含24%鱼粉,并分别添加0.5% A、1.3%B、1.3%C或1.3%D;饲料HA、HB、HC和HD含8%鱼粉,并分别添加0.7% A、1.8% B、1.8% C或1.8% D。实验鱼初始体质量为（6.0 ± 0.1）g。实验结果表明,饲料鱼粉替代水平显著影响花鲈增重（WG）、摄食率（FI）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料氮沉积效率（NRE）、饲料氮废物排放量（TNW）、肝体比（HSI）以及全鱼水分和粗脂肪含量;DL-蛋氨酸剂型可显著影响饲料磷废物排放量（TPW）。当添加的DL-蛋氨酸剂型相同时,WG和NRE随饲料鱼粉替代水平增加而下降,而FCR和TNW增加;在相同饲料鱼粉替代水平下,添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸未导致花鲈WG、FCR、NRE、CF、HSI、鱼体组成、TNW和TPW出现显著差异。上述结果显示,通过添加豆粕可将花鲈饲料中鱼粉含量降低至24%,而添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸不能进一步提高利用豆粕替代饲料鱼粉的水平。     

Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

Six isonitrogenous diets (420 g kg^?1 crude protein on dry matter basis) with six levels of soybean meal (SBM) inclusion (0, 112, 225, 336, 449 and 560 g kg^?1) in substitution of fish meal (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were evaluated in Chinese sucker of 1.81 ± 0.01 g initial weight for 8 weeks. There existed a significant difference (P < 0.001) in fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate when the replacement level for fish meal protein was increased from 40% to 60%, indicating that up to 40% of fish meal protein could be replaced with SBM protein without causing reduction in growth and protein utilization. Lipid contents in the Chinese sucker body decreased significantly (P < 0.001) as dietary SBM increased. Digestive enzyme activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of the fish were significantly different (P < 0.001) as the SBM protein replacement level was increased. Results of the present study appear to indicate that 40% FM can be replaced by SBM in practical feeds of Chinese sucker.     

Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth,feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion on rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>)

The effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal (SBM) pretreated with phytase on feeds of juvenile rainbow trout was evaluated in a 90-day feeding trial. The rainbow trout (initial body weight, 4.01 ± 0.02 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (crude protein, 44.97%) and isolipidic (crude lipid, 13.42%) feeds. Diets were formulated to contain phytase-pretreated SBM replacing 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% of fish meal protein, respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG) among fish fed S0, S20, S40 and S60 diets; however, a significant reduction of this variable occurred when 80% of fish meal protein was replaced by phytase-treated SBM (P < 0.05). Similarly, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio had a similar trend with WG. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and lipid in the S80 diet was significantly lower than that of the other diets, and the ADC of phosphorus significantly increased with the increase of dietary phytase-treated SBM level. No significant differences among treatments were detected for moisture, protein, lipid and ash content in whole body and muscle samples. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion indicated that fish meal replacement by phytase-treated SBM led to an increase in nitrogen excretion, but led to a reduction in total phosphorus excretion. The results of the present study show that 60% of fish meal could be replaced by phytase-treated SBM in diets of juvenile rainbow trout without compromising weight gain or feed efficiency. A quadratic equation according to regression analysis of weight gain against dietary phytase-treated SBM level indicated that the optimal level of dietary phytase-treated SBM replacement for maximum growth was 26.90%.     

黑水虻幼虫培养基替代豆粕对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

在实用饲料(含豆粕35.0%,豆粕粗蛋白质含量为47.7%)的基础上,用黑水虻幼虫培养基分别替代0(G0)、15%(G15)、30%(G30)、45%(G45)的豆粕,配制成4种等氮(31%),等脂(6%)的实验饲料,以研究罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)饲料中黑水虻幼虫培养基替代豆粕的可行性。将400尾初始体重为(2.30±0.02)g的罗非鱼随机分成4组(每组设4个重复,每个重复25尾),其中以饲喂G0实验饲料的组为对照组,实验期为8周。结果显示:黑水虻幼虫培养基替代豆粕对罗非鱼增重率、饵料系数、存活率影响不显著。与G0组相比,各替代组罗非鱼全鱼粗蛋白、灰分、水分含量差异不显著,但随着替代量的增加,全鱼粗脂肪含量显著降低,G45组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组。黑水虻幼虫培养基替代豆粕对罗非鱼肥满度影响不显著,但肝体比随着替代量的增加显著降低,在30%的替代量时差异达到显著水平。与G0组相比,各替代组罗非鱼血清白蛋白、球蛋白、血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶以及尿素含量差异不显著。由以上研究结果得出,在豆粕用量为35%的基础饲料中,黑水虻幼虫培养基可替代豆粕用量的45%而不影响罗非鱼生长,黑水虻幼虫培养基在基础饲料中的添加量为34.6%,占饲料总蛋白质含量的23.69%;黑水虻幼虫培养基可显著降低罗非鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量以及肝体比。     

Effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed meal on growth, hematology, antioxidant enzymes activity and expression for juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth and health of grass carp. Four isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 16.64, 32.73 and 48.94% of CSM, respectively, as replacements of 0, 35, 68 and 100% of SBM were fed to fish (initial body weight 7.14 ± 0.75 g/fish) in triplicate aquaria twice daily. The results indicated that fish fed diet containing 16.64% CSM as a replacement of 35% of SBM was not affected in weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P>0.05), while fish fed diets containing higher level of dietary CSM (32.73 and 48.94%) significantly decreased WGand PER and significantly increased FCR (P<0.05). Fish fed diets containing 16.64% of CSM had significantly increased hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) values compared with fish fed with other diets (P<0.05). The activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), gene expression levels of GSH-Px and CAT, and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower for fish fed diets containing 16.64% CSM compared with fish fed other diets (P<0.05). These results showed 16.64% CSM could be used to replace 35% SBM in the diets of juvenile grass carp and without health impact.     

Evaluation of potential of lupin meal as an alternative to fish meal in juvenile Penaeus monodon diets

An indoor feeding trial in a flow-through marine water system was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using dehulled lupin Lupinus albus seed meal as a protein source to replace fish meal in diets for the juvenile Penaeus monodon. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets formulated by replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal protein by lupin meal protein were fed to shrimp (mean initial weight of 4.32 ± 0.23 g) three times daily at a feeding allowance of 5% body weight per day for 42 days. Shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, 50 and 75% replacement had similar (P > 0.05) weight gain, dry matter feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU). Shrimp fed the highest dietary inclusion level of lupin meal (100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower responses for all the above parameters than shrimp fed all other diets. Survival was high (87–100%) and similar for all diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) of diets with 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of fish meal with lupin meal was similar (75.6–76.6%) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of diet with 0% replacement (73.9%). Diets containing the two highest lupin inclusion levels (75 and 100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) better apparent protein digestibility (APD) than those containing the two lowest lupin meal inclusion levels (0 and 25% replacement). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in whole-body composition (dry matter, protein, lipid and ash) of shrimp fed on the various diets. Pellet water stability was inversely related to level of lupin meal inclusion. It was found, in this study, that up to 75% protein of fish meal can be replaced with the protein of dehulled lupin seed meal in diets for juvenile P. monodon. The diet with total replacement of fish meal containing 40% lupin meal was utilized very poorly by the shrimp.     

Effects of fishmeal replacement with soybean meal as protein source, and protein replacement with carbohydrates as an alternative energy source on sharpsnout sea bream, Diplodus puntazzo, fatty acid profile

The effect of replacing fishmeal with soybean meal in the diet and also partial dietary protein replacement with carbohydrates, on sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) total lipid fatty acid profile was studied. A group of sharpsnout sea bream of 200 g were fed a diet containing either 0%, 20%, 40% or 60% of protein from soybean meal. In a second experiment, fish (126 g) were fed diets with reduced protein and increased carbohydrate percentages. Fishmeal replacement with soybean meal increases the fish polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content, mainly due to linoleic acid, which is present in high quantities in soya. But as a consequence, the inclusion of soybean meal produces a significant decrease of the n‐3/n‐6 relationship (from 2.21±0.07 to 1.66±0.05). Replacement of protein with carbohydrate hardly modifies the diet fatty acid profile. As the fishmeal content decreases, there is a slight reduction of saturated fatty acids, the diet with lowest protein percentage having the highest monounsaturated fatty acids and lowest PUFA proportions. Fat quality indices are similar to those reported in previous studies, and in the case of fish under soy‐containing diets, they are favourables. However, fishmeal replacement causes a loss of n‐3 fatty acids that is important to compensate using other sources rich in this type of fatty acids.