南美白对虾幼虾饲料蛋白质的需要量

以酪蛋白和明胶为主要蛋白源,配制成蛋白质质量分数分别为28%、33%、38%、43%和48%的5种精饲料,分别在盐度2和28的水体中,对南美白对虾(Penaeusvannamei)幼虾进行49d的饲养试验。虾苗平均体重为(0 011±0 001)g,每天投喂4次。结果表明,饲料系数、蛋白质效率均随饲料蛋白质含量的增加而减小,饲料蛋白质水平对南美白对虾幼虾肌肉游离氨基酸和肝胰腺胰蛋白酶的活性有显著的影响。在盐度2的水体中,26.7%饲料蛋白质水平最适宜;在盐度28的水体中,33.0%饲料蛋白质水平最适宜。说明在一定范围内,低蛋白高能量饲料可以取得更高的蛋白质利用率以及更好的对虾养殖效果。     

饲料蛋白水平对鲈鱼生长、体组成及蛋白酶活力的影响

以初始体重为(34.15±0.33)g的鲈鱼Lateolabrax japonicus为研究对象,鱼粉和酪蛋白作为蛋白源,设计并制成蛋白质梯度分别为35%、40%、45%、50%、55%的5组配合饲料,进行为期56 d的生长试验,探讨配合饲料中不同蛋白质水平对鲈鱼生长、体组成及蛋白酶活力的影响。结果表明,各组鲈鱼存活率为91.7%-96.7%,无显著差异(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,鲈鱼的特定生长率逐渐升高,当饲料蛋白质水平达到45%时趋于稳定,且饲料蛋白45%、50%、55%组试验的特定生长率显著高于35%组(P0.05);蛋白质沉积率呈先上升后下降的趋势,当饲料蛋白质水平达到45%时达到最大值;饲料蛋白质水平对鲈鱼鱼体水分含量无显著性影响(P0.05),鲈鱼鱼体粗蛋白含量随着饲料蛋白水平提高而增加,粗灰分、粗脂肪含量则呈减少趋势;随饲料蛋白质水平提高,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的活性呈升高趋势,肝脏组织中谷草转氨酶的活性呈现升高趋势,而谷丙转氨酶的活性没有显著性变化(P0.05)。饲料中蛋白水平为45.00%-45.89%,其生长及蛋白沉积率最高。     

不同蛋白水平饲料对台湾东风螺生长性能和体组成的影响

以优质鱼粉、豆粕等原料制成蛋白质含量不同的6组饲料(粗蛋白含量分别为48.16%、45.64%、40.67%、35.68%、30.80%、25.96%),喂养台湾东风螺47 d,以投喂鲜杂鱼组作为对照,分别于15、27、37、47 d测定螺高、螺宽、螺体重等生长指标,计算不同处理组在不同时间段(27、37、47 d)的饲料系数和蛋白质效率,试验结束后测定东风螺螺肉的体组成和氨基酸含量,研究结果表明:投喂颗粒饲料比投喂鲜杂鱼的饲料系数显著高;而当颗粒饲料中蛋白质含量变化(25%~48%)时,对东风螺生长性能并无显著影响。但随着饲料蛋白含量的增加,东风螺对饲料的利用率在一定程度上有所提高。当饲料中粗蛋白含量低于25%时,47 d时其饲料系数2.3,显著高于其他饲料组;蛋白质效率1.74显著低于蛋白含量48.16%饲料组。从东风螺生长性能和饲料利用分析,颗粒饲料中蛋白质含量不应低于25%。所有组东风螺螺肉的粗蛋白、脂肪,总氨基酸组成均无显著差异,但是一些中性氨基酸(如亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和丙氨酸)和精氨酸随着饲料蛋白含量的降低而呈现出降低趋势,部分组产生了显著差异。投喂颗粒饲料的东方螺生长不如投喂鲜杂鱼组。     

罗氏沼虾饲料中蛋白质的适宜含量及对豆粕作为饲料蛋白源的初步评价

试验采用以酪蛋白和鱼粉为蛋白源、有４个蛋白梯度的饲料以及以豆粕为唯一蛋白源的饲料，在流水孵化桶内饲养３．６克左右的罗氏沼虾，４９天后以增重率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率作饲料蛋白源的评价指标。结果表明：含５０％粗蛋白的饲料，其各项评价指标明显优于含４０％、３０％和２０／粗蛋白的饲料，组间差别十分显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；４０％与２０％两组之间亦存在明显差异，但４０％与３０％以及３０％与２０％蛋白组的组间差别不明显。说明罗氏沼虾饲料中蛋白质的适宜含量与海水养殖虾类的相仿。以豆粕为蛋白源的两个组（粗蛋白含量均为３５％）也都取得理想的饲养效果，它们与５０％蛋白组无显著差异，表明豆粕可以用作罗氏沼虾饲料的蛋白源。考虑到实用性、经济效益和蛋白质利用率等诸种因素，将罗氏沼虾前中期饲料的蛋白含量定为４０％．后期饲料定为３５％是比较恰当的。     

南美白对虾健康养殖的小技巧怎样观察料台

南美白对虾学名凡纳滨对虾，主要分布于美洲西部太平洋沿岸的热带水域，以厄瓜多尔沿岸分布较集中，与斑节对虾、中国对虾同为世界养殖产量最高的三大优良虾种。南美白对虾个体大，抗病能力和适应能力强，生长速度快，能在低盐度水和淡水中养殖，对饲料的蛋白质含量要求较低，肉味鲜美，能鲜活运输，所以南美白对虾养殖规模越来越大。南美白对虾日增重的高低，     

饲料蛋白质和能量水平对草鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响

采用3×3因子试验确定不同蛋白质和脂肪水平饲料对草鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响。初始平均体质量为0.75g的试验鱼放养在27个规格为85cm×35cm×95cm的网箱中,每箱放养50尾。日粮中的蛋白源、脂肪源和可消化碳水化合物源,分别采用鱼粉、豆油和糊精配制,日粮设3个粗蛋白水平,每个蛋白水平有3个能量水平饲养草鱼84d。结果表明MPLL组(粗蛋白为30%,粗脂肪为4%)的特殊生长率和蛋白质效率最高,饲料系数最低,但与LPML组(粗蛋白为25%,粗脂肪为6%)差异不显著;总的来看,脂肪含量在4%和6%时特定生长率和饲料系数以中蛋白质组(MP,30%)最高,脂肪含量在8%时特定生长率和饲料系数以低蛋白质组(LP,25%)最高,表明饲料脂肪水平对鱼的生长和饲料系数有显著影响。随着饲料可消化能的增加,鱼体的脂肪含量增加,而蛋白和灰分含量没有多大变化。综合饲料成本等因素,本试验初步确定草鱼幼鱼生长所需的最适蛋白水平为25%,DP/DE约为23.47mg·kJ-1。     

饲料中添加植酸酶对南美白对虾生长及磷利用率的影响

在半精制饲料中分别添加1000IU／kg、2000IU／kg、3000IU／kg的植酸酶以及2％Ca(H2PO4)2，以不添加外源磷及植酸酶组为对照，研究以植物蛋白为主要蛋白源的饲料中添加植酸酶对南美白对虾生长和磷消化率的影响。40天的养殖实验结果表明，饲料中添加2％Ca(H2PO4)2，能提高南美白对虾的增重率，但与对照组无显著差异。饲料中添加1000IU／kg植酸酶组的南美白对虾增重率达到最高，但与其它各组没有显著差异。饲料的磷消化率在2％Ca(H2PO4)2组达到最高，蛋白质消化率在各组之间没有明显差异。综上所述，饲料中添加1000IU／kg植酸酶即能有效改善南美白对虾的生长和磷利用率，降低磷排泄。     

关于南美白对虾的几个问题

正南美白对虾对三大营养物质及多维多矿的需求?通威股份有限公司特种水产研究所所长陈效儒博士:总体来看,南美白对虾仔虾阶段需要40%~55%的饲料蛋白质,而幼虾需要至少36%的蛋白质才能维持较快的生长速度。此外,饲料蛋白质需求可能受盐度影响很大,淡水条件下其蛋白质需求比最适盐度条件下高得多,同时高盐度水体中南美白对虾的蛋白质需求也比最适盐度条件下更高。总体来说在适宜条件     

不同动植物蛋白比对黄颡鱼生长的影响

配制粗蛋白含量为42．5％，以鱼粉为动物蛋白源，豆饼为植物蛋白源，用动物性蛋白质占粗蛋白比例为75％、67％、50％、33％的4种饲料，在水泥池内饲养11．06-11.58g的黄颡鱼50d，以增重率、饵料系数和蛋白质效率为依据，评价各饵料的饲养结果。结果表明：动物性蛋白质占粗蛋白比例为67％的饲料，其饲养效果最好，各组间差别十分显著(P＜0．01)。     

浅谈鲫鱼饲料配制时应注意的问题

<正>1.合理的配方设计进行配方设计时,要考虑到鲫鱼的生长阶段、水质等各方面因素,制定出适宜的营养水平,确定饲料中蛋白质、能量、矿物元素等营养素水平。鲫鱼主要以蛋白质作为能量来源,对脂肪和糖类的利用率较低,因此,蛋白质水平显得尤为重要。大量研究表明,鲫鱼饲料粗蛋白含量应为26%~36%,可消化蛋白含量在26%~34%,蛋白含量无论过高或过低都会对鲫鱼的生长造成影响,而且蛋白质含量偏低,饲料系数就会增大,成本也会提高。在满足粗蛋白要求时,同时也要考虑到各种必需氨基酸的平衡,以免造成鲫鱼生长受阻。     

斑石鲷最适蛋白需求量的研究

以鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个不同蛋白水平的等能饲料,饲养斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)幼鱼8周,分析斑石鲷最适蛋白需求量。结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对斑石鲷终末体重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白效率均具有显著影响(P0.05)。蛋白水平36.85%时,终末体重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白效率均达到最大值,且显著高于其它各试验组(P0.05)。除蛋白效率在蛋白水平升高至50.38%时,降低至与蛋白水平36.85%组相当,二组之间差异不显著(P0.05)外,其余各指标均随蛋白水平的升高而下降,但仍显著高于30.83%蛋白水平组(P0.05)。在本试验研究条件下,通过对特定生长率和饲料蛋白水平的抛物线和直线回归分析,满足斑石鲷最大特定生长率所需蛋白水平为37.77%~40.07%。     

Optimum Dietary Protein Levels and Protein to Energy Ratios in Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most commercially important fish species in Korea. In order to formulate better diets for cultured olive flounder we evaluated the optimum dietary protein requirements for larval, fry and juvenile olive flounder, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for juvenile olive flounder. Results of four separate experiments suggested that the optimum dietary protein requirements were 60% in larvae (0.3 g), 46.4–51.2% in 4.1-g juvenile, and 40–44% in 13.3 g growing olive flounder. The optimum dietary protein to energy ratio based on weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate, and protein retention efficiency was 27–28 mg protein/kJ 2 energy (35 and 45% CP for diets containing 12.5 and 16.7 kJ energylg diet, respectively).     

蛋白激酶R启动子的研究概况

PKR是干扰素诱导的、并在干扰素抗病毒过程中起重要作用的蛋白激酶,目前对PKR及其启动子的研究多集中于哺乳类的报道.人、小鼠PKR启动子含有干扰素激活效应元件（ISRE）、激酶保守序列（KCS）、负调控结构域（NRD）、γ-干扰素激活序列（GAS）及一些转录因子结合位点.研究表明：Ⅰ型干扰素诱导PKR转录需要ISRE元件,而KCS元件对PKR本底以及干扰素诱导转录活性至关重要,同时,KCS是一个组成型的启动子元件,与ISRE协同发挥作用.负调控结构域（NRD）通过一种依赖于KCS的机制影响PKR转录.     

Substitution of Soybean Protein for Fish Protein in Formulated Diets for Red Swamp Crawfish Procambarus clarkii1

A 10 week laboratory growth trial was conducted with red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii to determine the amount of soybean protein that could be substituted for fish protein in formulated crawfish diets without reducing growth. Crawfish received 32% crude protein, isocaloric diets in which protein was supplied by soybean (soy) meal, menhaden fish meal or an isonitrogenous mixture of soybean and fish meal calculated to provide graded levels of each protein source. Dietary protein was provided as: 1) 100% soy protein; 2) 75% soy protein: 25% fish protein; 3) 50% soy protein: 50% fish protein; 4) 25% soy protein: 75% fish protein; and 5) 100% fish protein. Crawfish fed soy protein: fish protein (SP:FP) mixtures or fish protein alone exhibited better (P < 0.05) weight gain than crawfish fed a diet containing soy protein as the only protein source. Diets containing 25% soy protein: 75% fish protein (1:3 ratio) and 50% soy protein: 50% fish protein (1:1 ratio) produced greater (P < 0.05) weight gains than a diet in which fish protein was the sole protein source. Survival, feed efficiency ratio, maturation rate, net protein and energy retention, and body composition of crawfish did not differ (P > 0.05) among diets with SP:FP ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1. However, maximum (P < 0.05) weight gain occurred in crawfish fed the 1:3 SP:FP ratio. Although crawfish fed SP:FP ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 had lower weight gains in the laboratory than crawfish fed a 1:3 SP:FP ratio, SP:FP ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 might be adequate for supplemental diets fed to pond-reared crawfish that have access to natural sources of food.     

鲻在冷冻过程中蛋白质的变性

通过研究鲻在冷冻过程中Ca^2 -ATPase的活性、挥发性盐基氮和凝胶强度的变化,为鲻鱼的冷冻加工提供理论依据。结果表明,抗冻剂能有效地抑制鲻于在冷冻过程中Ca^2 -ATPase活性的下降,同时能提高鲻鱼糜的凝胶强度且防止鲻鱼糜在冷过程中凝胶强度的下降。抗冻剂在鲻鱼冷冻加工中的应用是行之有效的。     

鱼蛋白的综合利用途径1.鱼粉

就有关低值鱼及水产加工废弃物中鱼蛋白的开发研究及应用情况做系列介绍，本文就低值鱼蛋白主要利用形式即鱼粉进行了分析和讨论。     

鱼类蛋白质周转代谢的研究进展

蛋白质周转代谢是鱼体内蛋白质沉积从而使水生动物实现其生命功能的惟一生物学途径,这一过程受到营养和非营养因素的调节。本文简要介绍了蛋白质周转代谢的概念、生物学意义和影响因素,并综述了调控鱼类蛋白质周转代谢的营养与非营养因素,同时介绍了蛋白质周转代谢的研究方法及其存在的问题、未来研究方向,旨为从代谢水平上研究节约蛋白质饲料资源及寻求鱼粉蛋白替代源提供参考。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):165-172]     

鱼蛋白的综合利用途径2.酸贮液体鱼蛋白

酸贮液体鱼蛋白是开发低值鱼及水产加工废弃物中鱼蛋白的有效途径之一，本文就酸贮液体鱼蛋白的生产和使用状况进行了分析和讨论，并将鱼粉和酸贮液体鱼蛋白二者进行了比较。     

Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirements and Optimum Dietary Protein to Energy Ratios in Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica

A 2 × 3 factorial design was used to reevaluate the dietary protein requirements and to determine the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratios in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, reared in the recirculating system. For each of two experiments, six experimental diets (₄₅P₁₆, ₄₅P₁₇, ₄₅P₁₉, ₅₀P₁₆, ₅₀P₁₇, and ₅₀P₁₉) were formulated and prepared to contain two protein levels (45 and 50%) and three energy levels (16, 17, and 19 kJ/g diet) at each protein level. In the first experiment, glass eel of initial weight 0.1 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were used, while the second experiment was conducted with juvenile eel of initial weight 15.0 ± 3 g (mean ± SD). The first and second experimental periods were 6 and 16 wk for the glass and juvenile eel, respectively. At the end of the first experiment, there were no protein, energy, and their interaction effects. Also, there were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for glass Japanese eel fed all diets. Although there were no significant differences in growth parameters of glass eel fed all experimental diets, these parameters were higher for fish fed ₅₀P₁₆ than for fish fed the other diets. For the second experiment, there were significant protein effects on WG, SGR, and PER (P < 0.05). However, there were neither significant energy effects nor protein and energy interaction effects on WG, SGR, FE, and PER. Fish fed ₄₅P₁₉ had a higher WG, SGR, and PER than did fish fed ₄₅P₁₆, ₅₀P₁₆, and ₅₀P₁₉ (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in growth parameters among fish fed ₄₅P₁₆, ₄₅P₁₇, ₅₀P₁₆, ₅₀P₁₇, and ₅₀P₁₉ and among those fed ₄₅P₁₇, ₄₅P₁₉, and ₅₀P₁₇. These results may indicate that the optimum dietary protein requirement and the P/E ratio could be 44.3% and 24.1 mg protein/kJ (₄₅P₁₉), respectively, in juvenile Japanese eel, based on WG, SGR, and PER.     

Evaluation of Practical Diets with Various Levels of Dietary Protein and Animal Protein for Pond-Raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1

Three levels of dietary protein (26, 28, or 32%) and four levels of animal protein (0, 2, 4, or 6%) were evaluated in a factorial experiment for pond-raised channel caffish using practical-type extruded feeds. Meat, bone, and blood meal (65% protein) was used as the animal protein source. Channel catfish fingerlings (average weight: 69 glfish) were stocked into 48 0.04-ha ponds at a rate of 24,700 fishha. Four ponds were used for each dietary treatment. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 158 d. No differences were observed in weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, survival, and hematocrits of channel catfish fed diets containing various levels of dietary protein and animal protein. Inclusion of animal protein in the diet did not affect fish dressout, percentage visceral fat, or fillet composition. Comparison of means pooled by dietary protein without regard to animal protein showed that fish fed diets containing 26% protein had a lower percentage dressout than fish fed higher protein diets (55.4% vs. 56.3%). Fish fed the 32% protein diet had lower visceral fat than those fed the 26% or 28% protein diet (2.9% vs. 3.6% or 3.4%). Fillet fat was lower for fish fed the 32% protein diet than for fish fed the 26% protein diet (5.8% vs. 7.1%). Fillet fat in fish fed the 28% protein diet (6.5%) was not different from fish fed either 26% or 32% dietary protein. No differences were detected in fillet protein, moisture, and ash concentrations among fish fed diets containing various concentrations of protein. There were no interactions between dietary protein and animal protein for any variables. Results from the present study indicate that animal protein can be eliminated from diets for grow out of channel catfish fed to apparent satiation using diets containing 26% to 32% crude protein.