太湖敞水区鱼类群落结构特征和分析

太湖敞水区鱼类群落组成，除人工放流的种类外，河湖洄游性鱼类已基本失，种群数量以湖鲚、银鱼、虾类和小型鲤科鱼类占绝对优势。群落物种多样性指数值表明属温带水域范围，具有明显的年、月变化。     

富营养化条件下太湖湖鲚的食物组成特点及分析

对富营养条件下太湖湖鲚消化道食物解剖观察,用个体数量百分比为指标,定量分析了太湖春、秋两季153尾湖鲚的食物组成。结果表明,2004年秋季湖鲚食物中枝角类占89.77%±13.69%,桡足类占7.84%±11.53%,在枝角类中象鼻蚤组成比例最高,占85.66%±15.48%;2005年春季湖鲚食谱中枝角类占79.35%±11.42%,象鼻蚤占42.31%±19.26%,桡足类占19.97%±10.78%。由此可见,春、秋两季湖鲚在食物组成上无明显差异,都以枝角类、尤其是象鼻蚤为主。与此同时,对太湖新银鱼食物组成分析得出该鱼以食桡足类为主,太湖湖鲚与银鱼在食物组成上有较大差异。通过分析认为,利用翘嘴红鲌、鳜鱼等肉食性鱼类来控制湖鲚产量的增加,对缓解太湖水体富营养化程度有一定的积极作用。     

三峡工程对长江渔业资源的影响与补救措施

三峡工程对长江渔业资源的影响与补救措施柯福恩，危起伟，罗俊德，杨文华（中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所）（接上期）（三）三峡工程对洄游性鱼类的影响长江水系的泪游性鱼类除了珍稀水生动物外，还有鲥时、鳗鲡、东方、银鱼、凤尾鲚和长颌鲚６种，其中除了鳗鲡为降...     

太湖大银鱼生长与食性的初步研究

大银鱼Protosalanx hyalocranius(Abbott)为太湖主要经济鱼类之一．为了合理利用太湖银鱼资源和探讨湖泊鱼类构成“小型化”问题提供参考，在1981年2月至1982年2月研究了太湖大银鱼的周年生长与食性，主要结果如下：大银鱼全年在太湖生长发育，属一年生的定居性小型鱼类，其生长较为迅速，经7个月平均体长可达到110毫米；大银鱼为肉食性鱼类，幼鱼阶段摄食枝角类与桡足类，成体在太湖中主要以湖鲚和太湖短吻银鱼等为食．为提高太湖银鱼产量和合理利用资源，建议大银鱼的起捕规格由全长40毫米提高到60毫米(体长约为52．4毫米)。     

控制刀鲚(Coilia ectens Jordan et Seale)等低值小型鱼类数量的方法

本文简要介绍控制刀鲚等低值小型鱼类数量变动的方法，作者提出，提高大银鱼的种群数量，逐步降低刀鲚种群数量。     

太湖近年的鱼类变动与增产措施

<正> 1983年太湖的渔产量将达30万担,多年的愿望可望实现。从渔获物的组成来看,鱼类的种群组成有明显的变化,总的是人工放流的鱼类和虾类增加了,梅鲚鱼产量下降,银鱼略有减产,个别品种基本绝迹,现就这些变化作一探讨,以采取相应措施来增加太湖经济鱼类的产量和保持本湖的品种特色。     

太湖敞水区小型鱼虾类生物量变化和分布的研究

太湖敞水区各调查月份所捕获各种类的生物量指数大小和组成具明显变化,尤其是优势种间各月也具明显的更替现象,即使是同一月份,而在不同年份中其生物量指数及优势种也有明显的年变化现象。从垂直分布来看,银鱼在水温较高时有趋于中、下层水温较低处活动的现象。每年二次开捕影响着敞水区生物的变化以及种群的集散。从各种统计数据表明太湖鱼类小型化趋势仍在继续;同时对几种多年生鱼类体长与体重测定资料来看,同样具有低龄化的趋势。且湖鲚和太湖新银鱼的产卵期已不像过去那样集中,有延长与分散的倾向。     

太湖湖鲚渔获量及年龄结构变化与环境间的相互关系

在太湖,随着鱼类总渔获量的不断增加和鱼类种类的不断减少,湖鲚(Coilia ectenestaihuensis Yen et Lin),一种小型浮游动物食性鱼类已成为绝对优势种.根据1952-2004年的统计数据和2003-2005年对湖鲚年龄结构和食物组成的调查,研究了湖鲚快速增加的原因以及与环境间的相互关系.结果如下:(1)在1952到2004年期间,湖鲚渔获量从1952年的640.5 t、占总渔获量的15.8%上升到2004年的21 221 t、占63.8%.尤其是1994年后湖鲚渔获量以每年1280.5 t的速度增加;(2)湖鲚种群年龄结构低龄个体呈现不断增加趋势.1979和1980年0 个体仅占33%和34%,而2003和2004年0 个体分别上升到99.04%和99.08%;(3)0 湖鲚主要摄食浮游动物.按照个数组成比例计算,枝角类平均占89.77%±13.69%、桡足类占7.84%±11.53%、轮虫仅占2.39%±4.95%.分析认为:江湖阻隔、过度捕捞、富营养化不断加重等人类活动以及太湖特有的鱼类生态学特点是导致湖鲚渔获量不断增加、年龄结构发生变化的根本原因.随着湖鲚数量的快速增加,在湖鲚生长期间太湖浮游动物现存量呈现相应下降趋势,这可能使太湖浮游植物更易暴发.     

鄱阳湖鲚属资源衰退原因及恢复对策分析

本文对影响鄱阳湖鲚属鱼类资源衰退的原因进行了分析，并就保护鄱阳湖鲚属鱼类资源提出了相应的恢复对策，为更好地保护和持续利用该渔业资源提供科学依据。     

太湖鲌鱼数量变化规律及生态效应分析

通过2003~2005年的食性分析和渔获物组成调查,研究了太湖翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌数量变化的规律及在鱼类群落演替过程的作用。食性分析表明:太湖翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌主要摄食鲚鱼,其次是小型鱼类和虾。其中鲚鱼在翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌消化道的出现率分别为95.24%、59.26%;在翘嘴红鲌食物中的重量组成比例为59.2%±11.4%。渔获量统计表明:1952~1958年鲌鱼平均年产量为406.4±102.5 t、占渔获总量的6.28%±0.85%;1987年达到历史最高产量1 090.8 t、占渔获总量7.65%;1993年后鲌鱼资源在快速减少,由1993年的922.3 t、占6.55%下降到近年的100~160 t、仅占渔获总量的0.4%~0.8%。2004年调查表明,在74 667kg渔获物中,翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌仅占0.0038%。分析历年渔获量变化趋势发现,随着鲌鱼数量的不断减少,鲚鱼和小型其它鱼类均呈相反的快速增加趋势,而银鱼则有大体一致的持续下降趋势。简单相关和偏相关分析发现,鲌鱼-鲚鱼、鲌鱼-小型鱼类渔获量的负相关关系达到显著水平;鲌鱼-银鱼渔获量的正相关关系达到显著水平。研究认为:太湖翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌对鲚鱼和小型鱼类有很强的抑制作用,对银鱼可能有间接促进作用;人为过度捕捞使翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌数量不断减少,从而导致鱼类群落向鲚鱼为绝对优势种、小型鱼类不断增加的方向变化。鲚鱼和小型鱼类主要摄食浮游动物,其快速增加抑制了浮游动物、有利于浮游植物生长,这是太湖蓝藻频繁暴发的生物学因素之一。     

黄海南部不同体长鳀对食物粒级的选择

基于2000年6月和2014年11月黄海南部采集的浮游动物和不同生长阶段鳀(Engraulis japonicus)的胃含物(饵料)组成分析资料,研究鳀的饵料粒级分布与摄食粒级选择性及其与环境生物组成的关系,旨在推进粒级在传统摄食生态分析中的应用。结果显示:黄海南部鳀的饵料种类组成与环境中生物种类组成有关;各体长组中,鳀的饵料粒级多样性与种类多样性分布趋势相似;体长为110 mm左右的鳀的饵料种类多样性和粒级多样性水平最高;鳀的饵料粒级均值随鱼体体长增加而增加;体长约为30 mm和≥70 mm的鳀有明显的饵料粒级转换。根据上述结果,认为在鳀胃含物分析过程中,整合环境中饵料生物的相对组成和粒级大小,可有效评价鱼类对饵料的粒级选择性。     

Prey selection of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and Bryde's (Balaenoptera edeni) whales in the western North Pacific in 2000 and 2001

A study of common minke and Bryde's whales was conducted in the western North Pacific in the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons to estimate prey selection of cetaceans as this is an important parameter in ecosystem models. Whale sighting and sampling surveys and prey surveys using quantitative echosounder and mid‐water trawl were carried out concurrently in the study. Biomasses of Japanese anchovy, walleye pollock and krill, which were major prey species of common minke and Bryde's whales, were estimated using an echosounder. The results suggested that common minke whale showed prey selection for Japanese anchovy while they seemed to avoid krill in both the offshore and coastal regions and walleye pollock in the continental shelf region. Selection for shoaling pelagic fish was similar to that in the eastern North Atlantic. Bryde's whale showed selection for Japanese anchovy in August 2000 and July 2001, while it showed prey selection for krill in May and June in 2001.     

渤海鱼类群落功能群及其主要种类

根据2009年8月和10月对渤海渔业资源的底拖网调查,采用胃含物分析、聚类分析和功能群划分的方法研究了渤海鱼类群落的功能群组成及其主要种类。结果表明,渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落包括7个功能群,分别为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群、底栖动物食性功能群、虾食性功能群、虾/鱼食性功能群、鱼食性功能群和广食性功能群;其中主要功能群为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群和虾/鱼食性功能群;主要种类有小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛、斑、赤鼻棱鳀、银鲳和黄鲫。圆筛藻、中华哲水蚤、太平洋磷虾、长额刺糠虾、中国毛虾、甲壳类幼体、日本鼓虾、六丝矛尾虎鱼、小黄鱼、双壳类和腹足类是当前渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落的主要饵料种类。     

黄海重要饵料鱼种矢耳石的形态特征

由于鱼类矢耳石的形态结构稳定,具有种的特征,且坚硬不易被消化,其形态特征可用于鱼类胃含物分析中的种类鉴定。本研究选取黄海"简化食物网"中的30种重要饵料鱼种为研究对象,描述了各种类矢耳石的形态特征,并进行了比较分析。结果发现,这30种重要饵料鱼种的矢耳石中形态结构相似的有7组:赤鼻棱鳀和中颌棱鳀,细条天竺鱼和斑鳍天竺鱼,多鳞鱚和少鳞鱚,皮氏叫姑鱼和白姑鱼,黄姑鱼和小黄鱼,黑鳃梅童鱼和棘头梅童鱼,以及矛尾鰕虎鱼和六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼,本研究为胃含物分析等基于耳石形态的种类鉴别提供了基础资料,同时进一步更广泛深入地研究和认知鱼类的耳石形态,近缘种耳石形态特征的量化研究,以及同一种类耳石形态的地理变异等的研究将有助于更准确地进行种类的鉴别,对提高胃含物分析的准确度也有很大帮助。     

渤海主要渔业生物资源变动的研究

根据１９５９年、１９８２～１９８３年、１９９２～１９９３和１９９８～１９９９年在渤海进行的周年分季度底拖网调查数据，分析了渤海主要渔业生物种类的资源变化特征。１９５９～１９８２年间，优势种发生了很大的变化，经济价值较高的小黄鱼、带鱼和对虾等由黄鲫、Ｔｉ鱼、枪乌贼等小型低值种类所替代。８０年代以来，年间优势种有一定的变动，但小型中小层鱼类Ｔｉ鱼、黄鲫、斑Ｊｉ等一直是渤海渔业生物优势种类。１９９８～１     

Habitat and prey selection of common minke,sei, and Bryde’s whales in mesoscale during summer in the subarctic and transition regions of the western North Pacific

This study represents the first quantitative analysis of the characteristics of the distribution areas and stomach contents of common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata, sei whale B. borealis, and Bryde’s whale B. edeni in relation to oceanographic and prey environments in mid summer in the western North Pacific. Common minke whales were distributed within subarctic regions and the northernmost region of the transitional domain, coinciding with the main habitat of their preferred prey, Pacific saury Cololabis saira. Sei whales were mainly found in the northernmost part of the transition zone and showed prey preference for Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonica, which was significantly more abundant in the main distribution area of the whale than in its adjacent areas. “Hot spots” of Bryde’s whales were found in several regions of the transition zone between the subarctic boundary and the Kuroshio front. This whale species preferred Japanese anchovy as prey, for which the distribution density was significantly higher in the main distribution area of the whale than in the adjacent areas. These results indicate that the summer distributions of Pacific saury and Japanese anchovy greatly influence the distributions of these whale species, suggesting that the whales’ habitat selection is closely related to their prey selection.     

Feeding patterns in a fish community of Baia da Onça,a floodplain lake of the Aquidauana River,Pantanal, Brazil

Abstract The stomach contents of 24 species of fish and unidentified species from four genera in a floodplain lake of the Pantanal were studied. Fish were collected during the dry season when the lake was isolated from the main river. A community food ingestion index (feeding index weighted by consumer biomass, FIWCB, where 0 < FIWCB < 1) was calculated to quantify feeding patterns. Detritus and algae ingested by Curimatidae were responsible for 46.5% of the FIWCB, while that for algae ingested by Loricariidae (armoured catfish) accounted for 13.2%. The importance of detritus in fish diets is discussed as a strategy for shortening food chains, thereby increasing community efficiency, and as a consequence, fish biomass. It was learnt that the main route of energy flow in this perennial lake was through the detritus chain. The floodplain lakes function as a dry season feeding ground for small-sized species of fish, which are potential prey for the more highly valued larger species of fish.     

Energy dynamics of subyearling Chinook salmon reveal the importance of piscivory to short‐term growth during early marine residence

Variation in prey quantity and quality can influence growth and survival of marine predators, including anadromous fish that migrate from freshwater systems. The objective of this study was to examine the energy dynamics of subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following freshwater emigration. To address this objective, a population of Chinook salmon and their marine prey were repeatedly sampled from June to September over 2 years in coastal waters off Oregon and Washington. Subyearlings from the same population were also reared under laboratory conditions. Using a bioenergetics model evaluated in the laboratory, we found that growth rate variability in the field was associated more with differences in northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) consumption and less with variation in diet energy density or ocean temperature. Highest growth rates (2.43–3.22% body weight/day) occurred in months when anchovy biomass peaked, and the timing of peak anchovy biomass varied by year. Our results support a general pattern among subyearling Chinook salmon occurring from Alaska to California that feeding rates contribute most to growth rate variability during early marine residence, although dominant prey types can differ seasonally, annually, or by ecosystem. In the northern California Current, faster growth appears to be associated with the availability of age‐0 anchovy. Identifying factors that influence the seasonal development of the prey field and regulate prey quantity and quality will improve understanding of salmon growth and survival during early marine residence.     

太湖湖鲚种群数量变动及合理利用的研究

本文根据1982年4月至1984年4月所采集的3964尾湖鲚样本,进行生长与死亡、不同体长的摄食习性的研究。研究表明,湖鲚的自然死亡系数M为0.52,捕捞死亡系数F为2.66,总死亡系数Z为3.18,生长的拐点年龄为2.548。体长达131mm时,饵料中开始出现经济鱼虾;体长达170mm时,饵料中的经济鱼虾比重急剧上升,出现率为50—100％,经济鱼虾饱和分指数占饱和总指数85—99％,其中白虾约占40％—94％。 本文应用Schaofer模式、Beverton-Holt模式计算得出:湖鲚开捕年龄为0.5龄时太湖最大持续渔获量为652.5万公斤,最适捕捞努力量为3190000(日,吨位)。综合分析认为合理利用湖鲚资源的最佳开捕年龄应为1.5龄,即使F不变,渔获量也将上升三倍。