RAPD方法对中华绒螯蟹长江、辽河、瓯江三群体的遗传多样性分析

用RAPD技术检测了中华绒螯蟹（E．sinensis）长江、辽河、瓯江三个群体各10个个体的基因组DNA的多态性。经20个随机引物扩增得到每一个体的多态片段，通过对群体内及群体间共享片段的分析，得到三群体间的相似率数据，为中华绒螯蟹的种群关系的研究提供了重要的资料。     

江苏及安徽地区十个中华绒螯蟹成蟹群体的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对取自江苏及安徽地区的10个群体的中华绒螯蟹共64个个体进行了遗传多样性分析.从24个随机引物中筛选出15个扩增重复性好、条带清晰、特异性强的引物,共检测出88个位点(100～2000 bp),各群体的多态位点比例为3.45%～26.19%,遗传多态度为0.0141～0.1036,说明该蟹类基因组DNA多态度较为贫乏,遗传变异水平较低;各群体间的遗传距离为0.0237～0.2466,遗传相似度为0.7815～0.9766,该蟹类群体之间发生了一定程度的分化;分化系数为0.4283～0.6632,Nm为0.2539～0.6674,表明该蟹类群体之间发生了不同程度的遗传变异和遗传交换.     

中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹（中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹）群体亲缘关系：R …

用４８个具有丰富多态性的１０碱基随机引物对辽河、黄河、长江、瓯江、珠江和南流江的中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹的６个群体进行ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果发现：（１）两个引物具有群体特异性带,其中Ｚ２扩增的８８０ｂｐ片段为珠江蟹和南流江蟹群体中所特有,而７００ｂｐ片段为长江蟹、辽河蟹、黄河蟹和瓯江蟹所特有,可作为区别日本绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹的分子遗传标记;（２）Ｏｐｐ１７扩增的９４７ｂｐ片段的出现频率,在长江、黄河和辽     

巨野生群体遗传多样性的 RAPD 分析

巨（Bagarius yarrelli）为云南特有的经济鱼类,利用随机扩增多态性 DNA（RAPD）技术对元江下游的河口巨野生群体进行了遗传多样性分析,在50条随机引物中筛选出19条多态性较好的引物,通过 PCR 扩增,19条引物在巨群体中共检测到67个位点,其中多态性位点66个,平均多态性位点比率为98．51％,个体间平均遗传相似系数为0．8909,个体间平均遗传距离为0．1176;群体 Nei′s 基因多样性指数为0．2916, Shannon 信息指数为0．4269,结果表明巨野生群体具有较高的遗传多样性。     

欧、美中华绒螯蟹源于中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹的遗传证据

用包括Z2和Opp17两个10碱基随机引物在内的10个引物,对来自荷兰斯科克莱（Skodely)、美国加州圣何塞（San Jose)的中华绒螯蟹群体与中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹群体进行RAPD遗传比较分析。结果发现：（1）中华绒螯蟹群体特有的Z2引物扩增的700bp标记带（Z2^700bp）,在荷兰与美国2个中华绒螯蟹群体中同时出现,而不出现日本绒螯蟹南流江种群中特有的880bp标记带（Z2^880bp）,表明欧洲、美国中华绒螯蟹与中国中华绒螯蟹为同种Eriocheir sinensis,而非日本绒螯蟹Eriocheir japonicus;（2）Opp17引物扩增的947bp片段在中国长江、荷兰及美国3个中华绒螯蟹群体内的出现频率均达100%。结合Z2引物扩增结果,欧洲与美国中华绒螯蟹群体极可能是从中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹引入繁衍的。     

中华绒螯蟹、日本绒螯蟹及其杂交F_1代群体的遗传多样性AFLP分析

通过4对引物组合对辽河水系中华绒螯蟹群体,俄罗斯的日本绒螯蟹群体及其杂交F1代(辽河蟹♀×俄罗斯蟹♂)的遗传多样性进行了AFLP分析。结果表明,4对引物共扩增出233条带(100bp~1000 bp),其中辽河群体多态条带184条,多态位点比例78.97%;俄罗斯群体177条多态带,多态位点比例75.97%;杂交群体182条多态带,多态位点比例78.11%。3个群体的群体内遗传相似度分别为0.7074±0.0469,0.7171±0.0475,0.7406±0.0449,香农多样性指数分别为0.185±0.128,0.194±0.119,0.176±0.138。变异来源有79.13%来自群体内,20.87%来自群体间。     

牙鲆和大菱鲆养殖群体的分子标记和遗传变异

用１６个１０碱基随机引物对养殖牙鲆（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ ｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ）和大菱鲆（Ａｃｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｕｓ ｍａｘｉｍｕｓ）进行基因组随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）遗传分析。发现：（１）多个引物具有种的特异性扩增带。其中引物Ｓ７扩增的６９０和１１６０ｂｐ带,引物Ｓ２扩增的６８０ｂｐ带为牙鲆的种的特异性谱带;而引物Ｓ７扩增的６５３和８８９ｂｐ带,引物Ｓ２扩增的６５０、８７０、９９０及１１     

不同鲤鱼种间DNA遗传标记多态性

用８４个随机引物对黑龙江野鲤（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓ ｃａｒｐｉｏ ｈａｅｍａｔｏｐｔｅｒｕｓ Ｔｅｍｍｉｎｃｋ ｅｔ Ｓｃｈｌｅｇｅｌ）和柏氏鲤（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓ ｐｅｌｌｅｇｒｉｎｉ ｐｅｌｌｅｇｒｉｎｉ Ｔｃｈａｎｇ）进行种间ＲＡＰＤ分析，结果共扩增出４８４个片段，二者共有扩增片段为１３个，黑龙江野鲤特有的为２３３个，柏氏鲤特有的为２２５个，这些特异片段可做为黑龙江野鲁和柏氏鲤的分子遗传标记。并对     

中华绒螯蟹RAPD扩增条件及个体间遗传差异

该项研究优化了河蟹ＲＡＰＤ反应体系，初步确定：Ｔａｑ酶用量为ＩＵ，引物浓度０．３５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｄＮＴＰｓ浓度１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ模板量５０－１００ｎｇ，ＭｇＣｌ２浓度２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，退火温度３８℃，得出同一养殖群中不同个体河蟹遗传差异在２０％以下。     

长吻遗传多样性的RAPD分析

以洞庭湖和原种场长吻（Leiocassis longirostris）为研究对象,采用20个随机引物对10个野生个体进行了随机扩增多态性DNA（random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD）群体遗传多样性分析。共检测到103条带,每个引物产生的条带数在2～9之间,片段大小在0.2～3.0kb之间,多态座位比例为41.75%,2群体内个体间遗传相似系数和遗传距离分别是,洞庭湖个体间遗传相似性系数（S）0.8795～0.9833,遗传距离（D）0.0167～0.1205;原种场个体间S为0.8794～0.9892,D为0.0319～0.1108;比较2群体S为0.7983～0.9994,D为0.0167～0.3017;Nei遗传多样性指数（He）0.3269。结果表明,长吻群体内遗传多样性较为丰富。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.