卵形鲳鲶消化酶活性的研究I．成鱼和幼鱼消化酶活性在不同消化器官中的分布及其比较

比较研究了卯形鲳够（Trachinotus ovatus）成鱼和幼鱼阶段消化酶（蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶）在不同消化器官中的活性。结果表明：1）成鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃〉前肠〉中肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝；淀粉酶活性为前肠〉后肠〉幽门盲囊〉中肠〉肝〉胃；脂肪酶活性为前肠〉中肠〉后肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃。2）幼鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃〉肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝；淀粉酶活性为肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃；脂肪酶活性为肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃。3）成鱼不同消化器官中蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性均小于幼鱼，成鱼胃和幽门盲囊的淀粉酶活性与幼鱼的差异显著；幼鱼胃脂肪酶活性大于成鱼，但其他器官的活性均小于成鱼。卵形鲳鳕幼鱼不同消化器官中的3种消化酶活性大小顺序与成鱼基本相似。     

温度和pH值对斜带髭鲷蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了温度和pH值对斜带髭鲷Hapalogenys nitens蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力的影响。结果表明，斜带髭鲷胃内pH值范围为4.9～5.4；肝胰脏pH值为5.8～6.2；肠道pH值为6.5～6.9。蛋白酶活性随温度的上升而增加，在40℃达最大，40℃以上酶活性随温度的上升而下降。在不同消化器官中，蛋白酶活性大小顺序为：胃〉前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏。在15～50℃范围内，斜带髭鲷消化道不同部位淀粉酶活性的最适温度均为35℃，淀粉酶活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。在pH值为2.2～7.6范围内，胃蛋白酶活性的最适pH值为2.8；在pH值为4.8～8.0范围内，其他消化器官蛋白酶的最适pH值均为7.2；在最适pH值下，各消化器官中的蛋白酶活性由高到低顺序为：前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏。在pH值为4.8～8.0范围内，胃淀粉酶活性的最适pH值为6.0，肠、肝胰脏与幽门盲囊淀粉酶的最适pH值均为6.8，活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。在最适温度和pH值下，蛋白酶活性由高到低顺序为：胃〉前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏；淀粉酶活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。     

温度对施氏鲟幼鱼摄食、生长和肠道消化酶活性的影响

研究不同养殖温度(15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃)对施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼摄食、生长和肠道消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在15～24℃范围内,幼鱼的特定生长率(SGR)和相对增重率(RWG)随温度的升高而显著增加(P<0.05),均在24℃时达到最高值;随着温度升高,其饵料系数(FC)先降低后升高(P<0.05),且在24℃时达到最小值;此外,摄食率(FR)随着温度的升高而显著升高(P<0.05),其不同温度组的生长速度由高到低依次为24℃、21℃、27℃、18℃、15℃组。温度对幼鱼前肠蛋白酶活性影响显著,24℃组和27℃组前肠的蛋白酶活性显著低于15℃组(P<0.05),而温度对中肠和后肠蛋白酶活性则无显著性影响(P>0.05);温度对幼鱼肠道脂肪酶活性无显著性影响(P>0.05),各温度组前肠脂肪酶活性均高于中肠和后肠;温度对幼鱼肠道淀粉酶活性无显著性影响(P>0.05)。综合以上结果认为,施氏鲟幼鱼快速生长的适宜温度范围为21～24℃,在此温度范围内施氏鲟幼鱼可获得最大生长率和存活率。     

野生与养殖银鲳消化道菌群结构中产酶菌的对比分析

实验对野生和养殖银鲳胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠菌群结构进行了定性对比分析,并对产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶的菌株进行了鉴定。结果发现,野生和养殖种群的消化道菌群结构存在较大差异,且同一种群消化道各部分之间菌群结构也存在较大差异。尽管养殖和野生银鲳均在幽门盲囊中具有最多的可培养细菌菌株,但野生银鲳消化道内主要菌群为嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)和Pseudochrobactrum,养殖银鲳消化道主要菌群为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas),两种群共有细菌仅一株,即Psychrobacter piscatorii strain VSD503,但其分别存在于野生与养殖种群银鲳消化道的不同部位。在产酶菌株筛选中发现,野生银鲳消化道内分离到16株产酶菌,其中44%可培养菌能产蛋白酶,56%能产淀粉酶,11%能产脂肪酶,56%能产纤维素酶,部分菌株可产2株以上的消化酶,其中产3种以上酶的菌株有5株,且产酶量丰富。相对于野生银鲳,养殖银鲳消化道内分离到22株产酶菌,主要以产蛋白酶和淀粉酶为主,70%可培养菌可产蛋白酶,21%可产淀粉酶,仅Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS可产纤维素酶,无一株菌产脂肪酶,其中只有Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS产3种酶但产酶量相对较少。研究可为银鲳人工养殖中潜在益生菌的筛选提供理论依据。     

圆尾鲎与中国鲎消化道形态学与组织学观察

比较分析圆尾鲎和中国鲎消化道组织学和形态学特征,为其发育生物学的研究和健康繁育提供理论依据。中国鲎与圆尾鲎均来自于广西合浦县西场镇邻近海域,10龄和14龄均各5只,平均头胸甲宽:圆尾鲎46.78~52.42 mm、中国鲎46.09~55.44 mm。通过形态解剖、组织切片和光镜技术等对消化道的形态学与组织学特征进行研究。结果表明:圆尾鲎与中国鲎消化道外部及解剖形态基本相似;它们的消化道可划分为前肠(口道、食道、前胃、幽门)、中肠和后肠(直肠、肛门);前肠、中肠和后肠都由几丁质层、粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜组成,但是中肠不含几丁质层。10龄中国鲎和圆尾鲎的消化道总长以及中肠长度差异显著,消化道其余各部分的长度差异不显著。不同龄同种鲎以及同龄不同种鲎间的所有测量指数差异显著。消化道各部分的结构、组织形态均与其杂食性密切相关。     

军曹鱼消化系统的形态及组织学研究

利用活体解剖和光镜技术对军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum消化系统进行形态及组织学研究。结果显示，军曹鱼消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠和后肠几部分组成。口咽腔大，粘膜上皮为复层鳞状上皮，内含少量杯状细胞。食道很短，但上皮包括复层鳞状上皮区和单层柱状上皮区。胃膨大，呈Y形，在贵门和幽门部可观测到杯状细胞，胃体粘膜层下有大量的胃腺细胞。幽门盲囊发达，肠短但分3部分，前肠、中肠和后肠，肠道系数为0．43，肠道由前向后杯状细胞和粘膜皱褶不断减少。消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺，肝小叶分界不明显，肝细胞内脂肪含量丰富，胰腺属于散在性的，其外分泌部有许多腺泡组成，胰岛分散于外分泌部间。     

草鱼和银鲫肠道产消化酶细菌的研究

检测了分别从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)肠道中分离的180株细菌的蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的产酶能力。结果显示,两种鱼肠道内可分泌胞外消化酶的细菌包括Aero-monas(气单胞菌属,Aer.)、Vibrio(弧菌属,Vib.)、Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属,Bac.)、Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属,Pse.)四个种属的细菌,Aer.在其中占主要优势,45.71%的Aer.可分泌胞外消化酶。草鱼可分泌上述四种胞外消化酶的菌株共有33株,占肠道菌总数的36.67%;银鲫43株,占47.78%。产酶菌的分布上,草鱼中肠内产消化酶细菌数量显著多于前肠和后肠(P<0.05),前、中、后肠分别是6株、20株和7株;银鲫中肠和后肠数量差异不显著,前肠分布最少。草鱼分泌蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的菌株分别有21株(23.33%)、10株(11.11%)、30株(33.33%)和16株(17.78%)。银鲫肠道内未检测到可分泌纤维素酶的细菌,蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶菌株的数量分别是21株、37株和17株。可见鱼类肠道细菌对食饵消化有重要作用。     

4种金属离子对宝石鲈蛋白酶活性的影响

以酶学方法研究了K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+ 在浓度为50、100、150、200、250、300 mmol/L时,对宝石鲈消化器官(胃、幽门盲囊、肝脏、前肠、中肠、后肠)蛋白酶活性的影响.试验结果表明,K+、Na+对宝石鲈消化器官蛋白酶活性具有一定的促进作用,100 mmol/L时促进作用最明显;Mg2+、Ca2+对蛋白酶活性具有抑制作用,300 mmol/L时抑制作用最大;蛋白酶在宝石鲈各消化器官的分布为前肠＞幽门盲囊＞中肠＞胃＞肝脏＞后肠.宝石鲈配合饲料中添加100 mmol/L的K+、Na+可提高其消化器官的蛋白酶活性.     

Ontogeny of digestive tract functionality in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus studied by in vivo microinjection: pH and assimilation of free amino acids

To specifically study the functional ontogeny of the digestive tract, larvae of Japanese flounder at various developmental stages were injected with liquid solutions using tube feeding in vivo. The survival in the stages tested was on average 93%. The injected solutions were almost completely transferred from the presumptive stomach, or stomach to the midgut within 10 min of injection. The passage to the hindgut in some cases started 10 min after injection and over 90% of the solution had passed from the midgut to the hindgut after 1 h. In most cases the hindgut seemed to be completely empty after 3 h.Two different mixtures of pH indicators with sensitivities in the alkaline (7.5 to 9) and acid (4 to 6) ranges respectively were used for assessment of pH in the various gut segments. The pH of the stomach remained alkaline during the larval period, but had fallen close to 4 during late metamorphosis, an indication of active HCl secretion and progressive stomach differentiation. In mid and late metamorphosing fish a rapid colour change in the pH indicator was observed once it had passed the pyloric sphincter. This demonstrates that there was also active secretion of alkaline fluid, most likely HCO₃ ^–, from the pancreas into the pylorus lumen.A single injection of liquid solution of ¹⁴C-FAA showed that assimilation of FAA was high in all stages tested (79.5 ± 7.1%; SD; n=91). The presently reported data for Japanese flounder support earlier studies that FAA are absorbed with a high efficiency in the early stages of marine fish.     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的变化

对月鳢稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究，结果如下：①随着鱼体发育和生长，月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性不断地增强，尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的发育更为明显。②月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大，肝胰脏次之，胃组织最小，且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织；胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大，胃组织和肠组织均表现较小；淀粉酶活性和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大，且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。③月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高，前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之，胃粘膜最低；胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高，胃粘膜组织次之，肝胰脏小于胃粘膜，后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小；淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大，肝胰脏次之，胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小；脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大，其他器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

牙鲆幼鱼消化道内蛋白酶活性及食糜蛋白的GFP示踪

用添加绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）饲料投喂牙鲆，研究了不同消化时间内食糜在牙鲆消化道中的分布情况，采用福林一酚法测定了不同时间胃、前肠、中肠和后肠各组织黏液蛋白酶活性。结果表明，牙鲆在摄食后消化道蛋白酶活性随着食糜在消化道内的分布而变化，食物的刺激引起消化腺体分泌蛋白酶。牙鲆摄食后1h食糜达到中肠，胃和中肠蛋白酶活性与空腹相比迅速增高；食糜在5h时遍布整个消化道，此时胃蛋白酶活性几乎检测不出，而前肠蛋白酶活性迅速增高，5h达到最高，然后开始降低；8h时中肠蛋白酶活性一直很高，之后降低；而后肠直到12h其蛋白酶活性仍维持在较高水平，说明牙鲆这种消化道较短的鱼类其肠道比胃在蛋白质消化过程中发挥更重要的作用。     

Lipid digestion in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). I: Lipid class and fatty acid composition of digesta from different segments of the digestive tract

The lipid content and lipid composition of digesta from the stomach, foregut, hindgut and rectum of juvenile turbot fed a commercial diet were determined in order to examine the process of lipid digestion in this species. The moisture content of the digesta increased along the digestive tract from 71.5% in the stomach to 89.6% in the rectum. The lipid content of the digesta increased initially from 15.7% of the dry weight in the stomach to 36.1% in the foregut but thereafter decreased through 23.2% in the hindgut to 9.1% in the rectum. The proportion of triacylglycerols (TAG) in the total lipid of the digesta decreased from 63% in the stomach to 17.4% in the rectum whereas that of free fatty acids (FFA) increased from 10016 to 48.9%. The highest proportions of monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG) and most phospholipids were observed in the lipid of the hindgut digesta. In addition, a fall in levels of neutral and phospholipid classes as digesta moved from hindgut to rectum signified absorption. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipid classes TAG, DAG and MAG suggest a polyunsaturated fatty acid specificity for hydrolysis may exist. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounted for 17.9%, 45.4% and 37.0%, respectively of the FFA present in the foregut whereas the corresponding values for the rectum were 32.6%, 51.9% and 16.3%. Overall, the results suggest a PUFA specifity for hydrolysis may exist alongside the positional non-specific lipolytic activity associated with the hindgut regions of the digestive tract of turbot and that PUFA, released by lipolysis are more effectively absorbed from the digesta than monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids.     

GnRH及其受体在2种真骨鱼消化系统中存在的免疫细胞化学证据

用链霉亲和素—生物素化过氧化物酶复合物(strept avidin biotin—peroxidase complex，SABC)免疫细胞化学方法，使用促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin—releasing hormone，GnRH)，促性腺激素释放激素受体(gonadotropinreleasing hormone receptor，GnRHR)2种抗血清对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)和鲇(Silurus asotus)的食道、贲门、胃底、幽门、前肠、中肠、后肠和胰中的免疫活性内分泌细胞进行了定位。结果表明：在鲇的食道、胃、肠、肠固有膜、肠肌间神经丛、胰腺和胰岛中均存在着GnRH和GnRHR免疫活性阳性反应；黄颡鱼消化系统中除了在食道和胰岛中未见GnRH和GnRHR的免疫活性阳性反应外，其他部位均有阳性反应，而且GnRH和GnRHR分泌细胞的分布模式相类似。说明胃肠道中GnRH分泌细胞可能以自分泌或旁分泌方式参与消化功能的调节。本研究首次证实在鱼类的消化系统中存在着GnRH及其受体的免疫活性内分泌细胞，可为GnRH功能的多样性等研究领域提供新的形态学依据。     

饥饿对褐菖鲉消化道指数及消化酶活力的影响

在水温(18±0.5)℃、盐度27.0±0.5条件下,测定了褐菖鲉不同饥饿时间(0、3、7、14、21 d)的比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量、比肠长及各消化组织消化酶活力。试验结果表明,在饥饿过程中,褐菖鲉消化道组织萎缩,比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量和比肠长呈显著下降趋势(P<0.01),其中比肝质量下降速率最大,饥饿21 d的比肝质量比对照组下降85.033%。饥饿期间,蛋白酶活力总体呈先升后降的趋势,差异显著(P<0.05)。淀粉酶活力的变化趋势亦为先升后降,饥饿1 d,前、中、后肠、幽门的淀粉酶活力呈不同程度上升,之后,除胃和幽门外,随着饥饿时间的延长,皆呈下降趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);脂肪酶活力总体呈缓慢下降趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

多鳞四指马幼鱼消化道形态学和组织学的初步观察

对多鳞四指马(Eleutheronema rhadinum)幼鱼消化道的形态解剖和组织显微结构进行了初步研究。结果表明:多鳞四指马幼鱼的消化道从前到后依次是口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊和肠。口裂宽大,上下颌、犁骨和腭骨上均有绒毛状臼齿。食道的粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,上皮内含有粘液细胞。胃Y型,分为贲门部、盲囊部及幽门部,胃的粘膜上皮是单层柱状细胞,其间无杯状细胞,贲门部和盲囊部均有胃腺,而幽门部未发现。肠由前肠、中肠和后肠构成,Z字形,肠道系数为0.508,肠道的粘膜上皮是单层柱状细胞,上皮细胞游离面的微绒毛密集排列形成纹状缘,粘膜上皮中含有大量杯状细胞,粘膜层中并未发现肠腺的存在。由前肠到后肠粘膜皱褶的厚度和宽度呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,而肌层厚度则是高-低-高的变化趋势。幽门盲囊菜花状,其组织学结构类似于肠道结构,但粘膜上皮中无杯状细胞。     

Lipid digestion in turbot (Scopthalmus maximus) 11: Lipolysis in vitro of 14C-labelled triacylglycerol,cholesterol ester and phosphatidylcholine by digesta from different segments of the digestive tract

Preparations of digesta from the stomach, foregut, hindgut and rectum of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were assayed for the ability to hydrolyse glycerol tri[1-¹⁴C]oleate (¹⁴C-TAG), 1,2-di[1-¹⁴C]palmitoyl L-3-phosphatidylcholine (¹⁴C-PC) and cholesterol [1-¹⁴]oleate (¹⁴C-CE) over 1,2,3 and 17h. In the assay of foregut digesta with ¹⁴C-TAG substrate, 37.8% of the total radioactivity was found in the FFA class after the first hour of incubation. This value increased to a maximum of 68.5% of the available label after 17h incubation. Over the same time the proportion of radioactivity in diacylglycerols (DAG, 31.6%–7.4%) decreased while that in the monoacylglycerols increased (MAG, 14.0%–22.3%). In assays of digesta from the hindgut and rectum, after 1 h of incubation, the proportion of radioactivity recovered in FFA represented 64.9% and 74.8%, respectively, whereas the proportions in both DAG and MAG decreased with incubation time. Similarly to ¹⁴C-TAG, the highest rate of lipolytic hydrolysis of ¹⁴C-CE occurred in digesta from the posterior digestive tract where the proportions of radioactivity recovered in FFA of the hindgut (50.0%) and rectum (81.9%) preparations were substantially higher than those of the stomach (3.5%) and the foregut (14.4%) after 1h. With ¹⁴C-PC as substrate the levels of radiolabelled FFA in both the foregut and the hindgut (2.4% and 7.6%, respectively) were markedly lower than the 37.5% in the rectum. The results suggest that the posterior digestive tract is very active in non-specific and phospholipid lipolysis and a region where the major part of lipid digestion takes place.     

斑点鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼消化酶活力的昼夜变化

以斑点鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼为研究对象,探讨了胃、前肠、中肠、后肠、肝胰脏中4种消化酶活力的昼夜变化规律。结果表明:胃蛋白酶活力在胃组织中活性最大,达到26.63 U,前肠、中肠、后肠和肝胰脏中活力值接近于0,24 h内无显著变化(P0.05)。胰蛋白酶活力24 h内呈波动变化,胃和肝胰脏中具有较高的活性,最大值分别能达到2 520.57 U/mgprot和2 143.53 U/mgprot,胃中17:00、9:00时出现峰值。肝胰脏中,胰蛋白酶活性显著高于其他组织,17:00时达到最大值。胃中的淀粉酶活性最低,且变化幅度不大,肝胰脏中的淀粉酶活性值最大,最大值达到0.57 U/mgprot,24 h内,总体变化较平稳,13:00和1:00时淀粉酶的活性于其他时间具有显著差异(P0.05)。胃和肝胰脏中脂肪酶具有较高的活性,且在白天时活性较大,前肠、中肠和后肠中活性均呈较低的水平。4种消化酶均呈现出一定的昼夜节律。     

α-酮戊二酸对松浦镜鲤肠道形态与功能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白源饲料中添加α-酮戊二酸(AKG)对松浦镜鲤肠道形态与功能的影响。在水温23℃下,将初始体质量为(217.93±0.78)g的松浦镜鲤Cyprinus carpio Songpu 400尾,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,饲养在控温循环水系统中,投喂4种在不同蛋白源的等氮等脂饲料中添加不同剂量的α-酮戊二酸(AKG)的饲料10周,即饲料1(44%豆粕+0%AKG)、饲料2(44%豆粕+1.5%AKG)、饲料3(30%豆粕+10%鱼粉+0%AKG)、饲料4(30%豆粕+10%鱼粉+1.5%AKG),饲料中蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为28%和5.1%。结果表明:不同蛋白源饲料中添加AKG能显著提高松浦镜鲤后肠皱襞高度、前肠肌层厚度和前肠Na+,K+-ATP酶活性(P0.05);蛋白源和AKG对肠道形态指标和Na+,K+-ATP酶活性无显著交互作用(P0.05);饲料中蛋白源添加AKG能显著提高松浦镜鲤前肠和中肠蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性(P0.05),蛋白源和AKG对后肠蛋白酶活性具有显著交互作用(P0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加1.5%AKG可以促进松浦镜鲤肠道发育,增强肠道消化酶活性。     

Ontogeny of protease, amylase and lipase in the alimentary tract of hybrid Juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus)

Juvenile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus), with average body weights of groups I, II and III of 55.14, 122.82, and 225.68 g respectively were used to study changes in the activity of protease, amylase, and lipase in different organs and sections of the alimentary tract. Additionally, tract containing digesta, which is closer to physiological conditions, may help reveal the mechanisms of whole chemical digestion process. Another group of tilapias (mean body weight of 111.81 ± 0.14 g) was used to analyze changes in activity of protease, lipase, and amylase in response to varying pH and temperatures. The activity of enzymes in all digestive organs increased when body weight increased from 55 to 122 g, and the activity further increased when the weights increased from 122 to 225 g. The rates of increase in digestive enzyme activity were significantly greater than the rates of growth of the fish. When the activity was compared in different sections of the tract, a similar regularity was found for the three enzymes in all fish. The highest amounts of activity were seen in the foregut and the lowest in the rectum, with the middle amount of activity in the hindgut. The pH ranges for the maximum activity of tilapia protease in the stomach and intestine were 1.6–3.3 and 9.5–10.5 respectively and the optimal temperature in these organs was 55°C. The pH ranges for the maximum amylase activity in the intestine and hepatopancreas were 6–7 and 7.5 respectively, and high amylase activity in these organs was found at 25–35°C. The activity of lipase in the intestine remained unchanged at pH 6.0–9.0 and with temperatures between 25 and 35°C. These results suggest that the ability of tilapia to utilize feed varies at different growth stages and remains relatively stable with changes in environmental pH and temperature, which should be taken into account when designing feed formulas for tilapia.     

宽口裂腹鱼消化系统解剖和组织学观察

该研究采用解剖、石蜡切片和HE染色法对宽口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax eurystomus)消化系统解剖特征和组织切片进行观察。结果显示,其消化管管壁由内向外分别为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜,主要差别在于黏膜层和肌层。食道黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,上皮间分布有大量杯状细胞;前肠和中肠黏膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,明显可见刷状缘、杯状细胞和淋巴细胞分布其间;后肠黏膜上皮为假复层柱状上皮,其间也有杯状细胞和淋巴细胞分布,肠道中杯状细胞由前至后逐渐增多。食道肌层为内环外纵的骨骼肌;前肠肌层为内环外纵的平滑肌;中肠和后肠为内螺旋外环行的平滑肌。消化腺由肝脏和胰腺组成,胰腺弥散状分布在肝脏中,肝小叶不明显。研究表明,宽口裂腹鱼消化系统组织学特征与其食性具有适应性。