养殖密度对长薄鳅稚鱼生长的影响

研究了养殖密度对长薄鳅稚鱼生长的影响。养殖密度分别为1、2、4、8尾/L,经过28d的养殖试验发现,养殖密度在1-4尾/L之间,长薄鳅稚鱼的最终体重、特定生长率、日增重都随着养殖密度的增大而升高,进一步增加养殖密度(8尾/L),稚鱼的生长反而下降,饵料转化率和净增重却随养殖密度的增加而增加。高密度组(4、8尾/L)长薄鳅稚鱼个体生长速度离散度明显加大,稚鱼的成活率也随养殖密度的增加而下降。     

养殖密度对杂交鳢生长和生理指标的影响

设置0.8、1.1、1.4、1.7kg/m~3 4个养殖密度,研究放养密度对杂交鳢[均质量为(16.5±0.5)g]生长和生理指标的影响。60d的饲养表明,随着养殖密度的增加,杂交鳢的终末体质量、摄食率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率显著降低,而饲料系数显著升高(P0.05)。杂交鳢红细胞数随放养密度的增加而显著升高(P0.05),而白细胞数无显著变化(P0.05)。0.8kg/m~3密度组血红蛋白含量显著低于其他试验组(P0.05)。随着放养密度的增加,血清总胆固醇和血糖含量显著升高(P0.05),而甘油三酯、球蛋白含量以及碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著下降(P0.05)。各试验组血清总蛋白含量无显著变化(P0.05)。1.7kg/m~3密度组血清丙二醛含量显著高于其他密度组(P0.05)。总之,高密度养殖对杂交鳢生长、摄食和代谢产生不利的影响。     

杂交鳢池塘生态混养技术

为提高杂交鳢的养殖产量和效益。在杂交鳢养殖塘中混养了规格50g的鲫鱼6 000尾/hm~2和规格70g的鳙鱼600尾/hm~2,水面种植少量水葫芦,经过8个多月的养殖,4口鱼塘杂交鳢成活率均在76%以上,平均单产61 140kg/hm~2最高64 695kg/hm~2。结果表明,杂交鳢池塘生态混养技术可以获得理想的产量。     

养鱼“八字经”在杂交鳢水花培育过程中的应用

<正>杂交鳢是由产地为华中地区的乌鳢和产地为华南地区的斑鳢杂交所产生的子一代，由于其具有口感好、消费旺、产量高、耐低氧、耐运输、病害少等特点，近些年养殖数量增长明显。杂交鳢从水花鱼苗到商品鱼的养殖过程中，水花鱼苗培育是最难的部分。这个阶段主要是将杂交鳢从30万尾/千克左右养殖到500尾/千克左右，历时一个月左右，体重增长300倍。由于生长速度快，水体环境多变，这个阶段的水花鱼苗培育面临着诸多挑战。笔者从传统的养鱼“八字经”所归纳的水、种、饵、密、混、轮、防、管8个方面分析杂交鳢的管理要点和推荐解决方案。     

杂交鳢的池塘高效养殖技术

杂交鳢具有生长速度快、成活率高、野性小、易驯食人工配合饵料等优点,2009年进行了杂交鳢的池塘高效养殖试验。两口共0.47 hm2鱼塘,共投放规格为6 000尾/kg的苗种50 kg,经过6个月的养殖后,杂交鳢渔获量为48 555 kg,销售收入59.78万元;成本包括饵料46 020 kg、冰鲜鱼1 000 kg等,共计45.32万元,纯利润14.46万元,平均利润30.76万元/hm2,饵料系数为1.03。结果表明,杂交鳢养殖具有巨大的市场潜力。     

氨氮与拥挤胁迫对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标的联合影响

采用中心复合试验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(response surface methodology,RSM),探讨了氨氮(0.02 ～ 2.00 mg/L)和养殖密度(1～5尾/10 L)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标的联合影响.结果表明,本试验条件下,氨氮和养殖密度的一次与二次效应对特定生长率有显著影响(P＜0.05),随着氨氮或养殖密度的上升,特定生长率呈先上升后下降的变化.氨氮与养殖密度之间存在互作效应(P＜0.05),氨氮浓度为0.02 ～0.20 mg/L,养殖密度在1～2尾/10 L时,幼鱼特定生长率较高；而氨氮浓度高于0.20 mg/L,养殖密度在3尾/10 L左右时,生长速度较快.肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量随氨氮浓度和养殖密度的上升而上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力呈先上升后下降的变化.氨氮与养殖密度的一次效应对MDA含量和两种酶活力均有显著影响(P＜0.05),二次效应对两种酶活力的表达有极显著影响(P＜0.01)；氨氮与养殖密度对CAT活力有互作效应,高浓度氨氮与高养殖密度环境会抑制SOD和CAT活力的表达.因子与响应值间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.972 4、0.913 2、0.938 9和0.969 2(P＜0.01),可用于预测；氨氮效应对生长和抗氧化酶活力的影响较养殖密度明显.建议在罗非鱼的养殖过程中合理安排好养殖密度,保持溶氧充足,降低氨氮胁迫,提高罗非鱼的生长与抗病力.     

杂交鳢及其亲本仔鱼耐饥饿能力的比较研究

利用人工繁殖孵化得到的杂交鳢、乌鳢、斑鳢仔鱼,在水温26±1℃下,进行三种仔鱼饥饿致死时间的试验。结果表明,三种仔鱼50%饥饿致死时间分别为14d、16-17d、10d;100%饥饿致死时间分别为19d、21d、15d。杂交鳢、乌鳢、斑鳢三种仔鱼对饥饿的耐受力强弱顺序依次为:乌鳢>杂交鳢>斑鳢。     

杂交鳢仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

利用人工孵化的杂交鳢初孵仔鱼,在水温(26±1)℃条件下进行其饥饿试验并确定仔鱼的初次摄食不可逆点(PNR)。结果表明,杂交鳢仔鱼孵化后第2天开始摄食,进入混合营养期,此时卵黄囊缩小至原来的1/2,与油球一同继续被仔鱼吸收;孵化后第7天卵黄囊和油球被完全吸收,混合营养期为5d。杂交鳢仔鱼最高初次摄食率出现在孵化后第6天,此时卵黄囊已吸收完全,油球有残留。当初次摄食率降至最高初次摄食率的50%时,仔鱼进入不可逆期,不可逆点出现在仔鱼孵出后的第7～8天。     

养殖密度对杂交鲟幼鱼生长、肌肉组分和血液生理生化指标的影响

工厂化流水养殖条件下进行为期90 d的饲养试验,探讨养殖密度对杂交鲟[西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)(♀)×施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)(♂)]幼鱼生长性能、肌肉组分含量和血液生理指标的影响。杂交鲟初始体重为(251.11±0.59)g,养殖密度分别设置为5.50 kg/m3、8.27 kg/m3、11.01 kg/m3、13.80 kg/m3。结果表明,养殖密度对杂交鲟幼鱼的生长和存活影响显著(P0.05),随着养殖密度的增加,幼鱼的终末体重、特定生长率、肥满度和存活率呈下降趋势,而饲料系数则呈上升趋势;实验结束时,杂交鲟幼鱼肌肉中水分含量随养殖密度的增加而上升(P0.05),而粗脂肪含量却下降(P0.05),粗蛋白和灰分的含量则变化不显著(P0.05);养殖密度对杂交鲟幼鱼的血液指标影响显著(P0.05),各处理组的幼鱼血液中血红蛋白、血浆葡萄糖及总蛋白含量差异显著(P0.05)。结果说明,高密度环境对杂交鲟幼鱼生长性能与肌肉组分均产生了显著影响。     

不同养殖密度对杂交尖塘鳢幼鱼培育的影响

<正>杂交尖塘鳢是以云斑尖塘鳢为母本、线纹尖塘鳢为父本进行杂交、回交的新品种,因其具有生长速度快、经济价值高等特点,在珠海地区养殖发展较快。目前在其育苗生产中存在一些问题,主要表现在鱼苗中间培育阶段(1~3厘米)死亡率较高。结合实际生产,在各环境因素中,养殖密度对鱼苗的生长、成活     

方斑东风螺室内水泥池养殖研究

在35口面积均为30 m2的室内水泥池中,分7种规格、11个不同养殖密度组,共投放45.7万粒方斑东风螺苗进行养殖试验。经过151~216 d的养殖,共获商品螺2574.9 kg,平均单产2.5 kg/m2,平均规格146粒/kg(115~192粒/kg),成活率82.2%(48.4%~97.8%),饵料系数2.6。苗种规格为870~9200粒/kg的成活率较高且稳定,成活率超过86.5%,规格大于12170粒/kg的成活率明显下降,23400粒/kg的成活率仅为48.4%;投放密度为185.6~868.2粒/m2时,密度对养殖成活率影响不明显,但对养成规格影响较大,养殖密度超过542.6粒/m2时,生长速度明显下降。     

密度对网箱养殖硬头鳟生长及经济效益的影响

本文主要研究密度对网箱养殖硬头鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss存活和生长的影响。在水温8.2~19.1℃下,将体质量1.02 kg的硬头鳟鱼种养殖在5m×10m×6m网箱中,网箱放置在松花江上游的松山水库中,密度分别为5尾/m~2(Ⅰ组)、8尾/m~2(Ⅱ组)、11尾/m~2(Ⅲ组)和14尾/m~2(Ⅳ组),投喂粗蛋白含量为42%、粗脂肪22%的颗粒饲料,常规养殖。145d的养殖表明:网箱养殖的放养密度对硬头鳟的生长有一定影响。第Ⅳ组鱼的存活率显著低于其他3组(P0.05);放养密度为5~11尾/m~2时硬头鳟的生长与密度呈正相关,大于此密度范围则呈负相关。第Ⅲ组鱼的终末体质量、日增重、增重率、利润和利润率显著高于其余3组(P0.05);4个密度组硬头鳟的产量随放养密度增加而递增。本试验表明:网箱养殖硬头鳟的放养密度为11尾/m~2较适宜。     

Effects of stocking density and body physical contact on growth of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of physical contact on the growth of Apostichopus japonicus through various stocking densities, group culture and physical isolation culture. The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGR), the feed conversion efficiencies and the energy used for growth of the animal decreased with the increase in stocking density, while the coefficient of variations (CV) in group culture treatments increased. In high density treatments (4, 6 ind./40 L), the SGRs in isolated culture treatments were not different to those in group culture treatments of the same density, however, the CVs in the latter (58.0% and 60.4%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the former (37.8% and 35.8%, respectively). The CV difference between group one and isolated one of the same density (20.2% and 24.7%, respectively) was less than that in single individual culture (32.7%), indicating that the effect of physical contact on growth variation was weaker than that of genetic factor. This study proved that the individual growth variation in sea cucumber resulted mainly from genetic factor and physical contact, while some chemical mediator might also be the factor affecting the growth rate of sea cucumber.     

放养密度和微生态制剂对施氏鲟养殖水质的影响

将初始体质量(54.86±10.19)g的施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii饲养在面积16m~2(4m×4m)、水深1.7~1.9m的陆基围隔中,密度分别为2 000尾/667m~2、3 000尾/667m~2、4 000尾/667m~2和5 000尾/667m~2,每个密度组均设3个平行,常规饲养,混合泼洒光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌,第一次泼洒量为光合细菌50m L、枯草芽孢杆菌50g和乳酸菌50g,之后每5d泼洒第一次量的1/2,研究微生态制剂对静水土养殖池塘水质的影响。结果显示:水体中溶解氧量随养殖密度的增加逐渐降低(P0.05),氨氮、亚硝酸盐浓度随养殖密度的增加逐渐升高(P0.05)。在使用微孔增氧的条件下,泼洒微生态制剂对溶解氧量和氨氮浓度的影响不显著(P0.05),但显著降低了水体亚硝酸盐浓度(P0.05),显著增加了浮游动物生物量(P0.05)。     

Effects of stocking density on growth and non-specific immune responses in juvenile soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis

To investigate the influence of stocking density on the growth and non‐specific immune responses of juvenile soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, three groups of turtles (initial body weight 74.2±12.2 g) were reared in 80 cm (L) × 40 cm (W) × 30 cm (H) tanks for 35 days at three stocking densities (StD), which were 1 individuals (ind.) tank⁻¹ (3.13 ind m⁻²) for D1, 4 ind. tank⁻¹ (12.5 ind m⁻²) for D2 and 6 ind. tank⁻¹ (18.75 ind m⁻²) for D3 respectively. D1 was the control group. Turtles were weighted individually at the beginning and at the end of the trial. At the end of the rearing trial, non‐specific immune parameters were determined. The results showed that the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (HLR) increased and the total plasma protein decreased with increasing StD, suggesting a stress response. Specific growth rate (SGR) significantly decreased with increasing StD. Non‐specific immune indicators such as blood cell phagocytic activity, serum haemolytic activity and serum bacteriolytic activity increased clearly at a higher StD, indicating a pattern of immunoenhancement. The results indicated that at StDs of 4 and 6 ind. tank⁻¹, non‐specific immune responses were not suppressed compared with the control, but were inversely enhanced at the cost of growth reduction. A possible energy‐based trade‐off between growth and constitutive immunity may exist in soft‐shelled turtles.     

Intra‐specific effects of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) with reference to stocking density and body size

The present studies deal with the intra‐specific effects of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus with unlimited food resources, especially the effects of stocking density on growth variation of the animal and energetic changes of small individuals under the stress of large individuals. The results showed that with the initial body weight of 5.12±0.09–6.11±0.26 g of sea cucumber among the densities of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ind./100 L, the density of 20 ind./100 L was the optimum stocking density because of its highest specific growth rate, crude protein content and crude lipid content in tissue. Individual growth variation of A. japonicus increased with the increase of stocking densities, whereas no significant differences in variation were found when the density was over 30 ind./100 L (P>0.05). The low‐weight individuals under the stress of heavy‐weight individuals exhibited obvious changes in energetics, such as lower ingestion rate, lower energy deposited as growth but higher respiration and excretion. The coefficient of variation in growth of the animals was over 70% due to the simultaneous action of aggression and maybe a factor of chemical mediator, and led to significant changes in the energetics of small‐sized individuals.     

红旗泡水库鲢鳙饵料生物调查及鱼产潜力估算

于2013年6月和2014年9月对红旗泡水库6个采样点进行2次浮游生物调查,共采集到浮游植物48种,分属6门,平均密度375ind./L,平均生物量0.991mg/L;浮游动物14种,其中包括原生动物2种、轮虫类4种、枝角类3种、桡足类5种,平均密度114ind./L,平均生物量0.598mg/L。由此可估算鲢鳙鱼产潜力为133 489kg,其中,鲢生产潜力为50 460kg,鳙生产潜力为83 029kg。按照起水规格鲢2.0kg、鳙2.5kg计算,鲢和鳙鱼种理论放养比例大概为2∶3。     

南亚热带水库中盔形溞牧食对浮游植物群落影响的围隔试验

为了解热带-亚热带地区大型枝角类对浮游植物的控制作用,2010年3-4月在广东省流溪河水库进行了围隔试验研究.围隔尺寸4m×4m×6m,用孔径2mm的网过滤库水.设置4个试验组,包括1个对照组(C)和低、中、高密度(L、M、H)的3个梯度处理组,添加的盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)分别为0、0.3、0.6、1.0个/L;每个试验组设3个平行,持续6周.由于盔形溞以孤雌生殖为主,在无鱼条件下,盔形溞在较短的时间内快速建立了较高密度的种群,对照组与处理组之间没有显著的差异.在试验进行至21 d,所有围隔中的盔形溞种群达到最大密度,随后出现了明显下降;4个试验组的总浮游植物生物量差异不显著,所有处理中浮游植物和叶绿素a在试验初期出现快速下降.在浮游植物密度下降的同时,其群落组成结构发生了很大的变化.小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、卵囊藻(Oocystis lacustris)等细胞直径＜30 μm的浮游植物种类前期生物量降低后期稳定,而转板藻(Mougeotia)等粒径＞30μm的种类后期生物量呈增加趋势.试验结果表明,在热带-亚热带深水贫营养水库中,当盔形溞等大型枝角类种群存在时,通过对鱼类的合理调控,存在有效调控浮游植物密度与结构的可能性.     

Does space matter? Optimizing stocking density of Holothuria arguinensis and Holothuria mammata

Stocking density is an important factor affecting growth in aquaculture. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on Holothuria arguinensis and Holothuria mammata's growth and determine the optimal density. Four different stocking densities were selected for H. arguinensis (1, 3, 5 and 7 ind/0.2 m²) and three for H. mammata (6, 10 and 12 ind/0.5 m²). Growth (specific growth rate (SGR) and growth rate (GR)), weight change, coefficient of variation and productivity were estimated, additionally the feeding rate on H. mammata. Growth on H. arguinensis decreased as the stocking density increased, showing the higher growth at the stocking density of 1 ind/0.2 m² (SGR: 1.24%/day ± 0.16 and GR: 0.94 g/day ± 0.05), with a 104.65% (±9.98) of weight change. The best H. mammata growth was registered at 10 ind/m² (SGR: 0.56% ± 0.04%/day and GR: 0.48 ± 0.04 g/day) and 25.48% (±1.52) of weight change. H. mammata feeding rate decreased as stocking density increased. Crowding stress could be considered the main factor affecting the sea cucumbers growth and performance on our study. The optimal stocking density for H. arguinensis and H. mammata under tank‐based conditions were established as 1 ind/0.2 m² and 5 ind/0.5 m² respectively. The critic biomass for H. arguinensis (471.65 g/m²) and for H. mammata (988.11 g/m²) were reached during the experiment at the fourth and fifth weeks respectively. Therefore, to ensure and increase growth of these species under tank, their biomass should be maintained under those thresholds.     

水温和养殖密度对大鳞鲃幼鱼的生长影响

分别进行水温和密度对大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)幼鱼的生长影响实验,旨在探索大鳞鲃适宜的放养密度和生长温度。水温实验设计为6个梯度值15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃,幼鱼初始体重为9~12 g,投喂75 d后,结果得出:在水温15~27℃时,随着温度的升高,终末体重会逐渐增加,27℃时最大值为(44.47±9.54)g,水温达到30℃时,终末体重开始下降。24℃、27℃和30℃组体重增长无显著差异,但温度达到30℃时,体重变异系数最大,为(29.82±11.36)%。密度实验设计为4个梯度值20 ind/m3、15 ind/m3、10 ind/m3、5 ind/m3,幼鱼初始体重为0.6~0.7 g,投喂60 d后,结果得出:随着放养密度的下降,体重增长的速度越快。体重、特定增长率、日增重变化在密度为5 ind/m3时最高,密度10 ind/m3与15 ind/m3没有显著差异,达到20 ind/m3时会显著下降。综合考虑,大鳞鲃适宜的养殖温度在24~27℃,静水池塘的放养密度建议在15 ind/m3左右。