大黄鱼增殖放流的回顾与展望

多年以来,大黄鱼资源已严重衰竭到形成不了渔汛。增殖放流被认为是恢复大黄鱼资源的可行而且有效的措施之一。本文回顾了近二十多年来中国福建省和浙江省沿海大黄鱼增殖放流概况,并且展望今后大黄鱼增殖放流的前景。呼吁各海区能够持之以恒地开展增殖放流,并进行标志鱼的回捕追踪研究,以达到恢复大黄鱼资源的目的。     

浙北沿岸大黄鱼放流增殖的初步研究

为了恢复浙江渔场大黄鱼资源，1998—2002年，浙江省在浙江北部沿岸海域进行了大黄鱼增殖放流可行性研究。通过5年来的放流试验表明，在浙北沿岸进行大黄鱼放流是完全可行的，放流鱼能够在放流区域附近海域存活、生长，并进行索饵、产卵洄游，同时形成了一定数量的捕捞群体，放流鱼回捕率较高，放流效果较好。文章对试验放流过程中出现的问题进行了探讨和分析，为今后进一步大规模放流提出了建议。     

舟山岱衢族大黄鱼放流增殖试验

<正>"舟山大黄鱼"又称岱衢族大黄鱼,曾是东海最主要的经济鱼类之一,列"四大经济鱼类"之首。上世纪八十年代初以前,大黄鱼产量占浙江省海洋渔业总产量的10%～20%,但由于过度捕捞和海洋环境污染的加剧,大黄鱼资源严重衰退而几乎"销声匿迹"。福建省于1986年开始进行官井洋大黄鱼人工繁育和养殖研究,获得生产性突破,并同年开始增殖放流试验。浙江省于1997年引进福建大黄鱼,并于1998年开始在浙江沿岸水域放流大黄鱼苗种,但其品质和性状都远远不如本地岱衢族大黄鱼,且经     

连江倒刺鲃的标志放流试验

为研究倒刺鲃人工增殖放流中的生长发育等规律,探讨恢复连江这一传统特色经济鱼类资源的有效方法,于2014年11月采用荧光色素标记方法,在连江阳山段对3×10~4尾倒刺鲃鱼苗进行标志放流试验。基于回捕数据对倒刺鲃的回捕率、标志保留率及生长情况进行分析,进而对连江倒刺鲃标志放流的方法做出初步评价。试验结果表明,利用流刺网等捕捞工具对倒刺鲃进行回捕,截至2016年5月共回捕倒刺鲃275尾,回捕率为0.92%。对回捕鱼的标记保留情况进行统计,发现标志保留率随时间的增加而降低。在回捕的前几个月内,荧光标志仍肉眼可辨,自第7个月开始荧光标志开始变得逐渐模糊,1年之后标志逐渐消失。标志鱼在放流后6个月生长缓慢,之后生长加快。协方差分析表明,倒刺鲃在放流水域的生长比池塘养殖和自然群体更具优势,说明放流水域属于放流条件较佳水域。综上所述,本研究基本达到标志放流预期目的,但应继续优化标志放流策略。     

莱州湾东部近海黑鲷标志放流效果初探

摘要2011年,课题组在莱州湾东部芙蓉岛海域开展黑鲷标志放流研究,共放流平均体长8．6cm以上黑鲷苗种23．6万尾,其中有效挂牌标志放流68224尾。标志鱼经暂养4天后,脱牌率和死亡率分别为1．88％和2．03％。9—11月,通过地笼网回捕、回捕电话统计和实地走访3种方式累计回捕标志黑鲷1041尾,回捕率为1．53％,其中放流后20～30天和30—40天,标志鱼的回捕率较高,分别为0．63％和0．48％。回捕标志黑鲷的生物学分析表明,10月份,放流鱼生长缓慢,叉长日均增长0．53mm,之后生长速度加快,11）7份又长日均增长达到0．85mm。放流鱼主要分布于鱼礁海域,并随着水温降低,逐渐向渤海湾口移动。     

微卫星分子标记技术在大黄鱼增殖放流效果评估中的应用

为研究微卫星分子标记在大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)增殖放流效果评估中的适用性, 本研究利用 8 个多态性丰富的微卫星位点, 对 100 尾放流大黄鱼亲鱼以及官井洋海域回捕的 295 尾大黄鱼样本进行亲子鉴定, 并提出了一种基于微卫星分子标记的大黄鱼回捕效果评估方法。8 个微卫星位点共检测到 78 个等位基因, 其观测杂合度为 0.511~0.939 (平均值 0.764), 期望杂合度为 0.643~0.897 (平均值 0.781), 多态性信息含量为 0.587~0.883 (平均值为 0.751); 通过 Cervus 3.0.7 软件模拟分析得到, 在置信度大于 95%的情况下, 8 个微卫星位点的个体累积排除率达到 99.99%以上水平; 2019 年 7 月从官井洋海域回捕到的 190 尾大黄鱼中, 检测出 5 尾与放流亲本存在亲子关系的个体, 占回捕样本总数的 2.63%。推算本次富发放流大黄鱼在回捕样本中所占比例为 60.53%左右, 进一步推算出 7 月富发公司放流大黄鱼的回捕率为 0.0038%左右。8 月、9 月的 105 尾回捕样品中未能检出标记个体。本研究构建的大黄鱼亲子鉴定技术体系不仅可为三沙湾大黄鱼增殖放流效果评估工作提供可靠的技术支撑, 亦可为三沙湾大黄鱼保护区的科学管理提供参考, 此外本研究对于我国其他海水鱼类的增殖放流评估工作的开展也将有重要的参考价值。     

大亚湾黑鲷标志放流及回捕率调查

为评价大亚湾海域黑鲷(Acanthopagrusschlegelii)增殖放流效果,使用塑料椭圆标志牌(plasticovaltags,POTs),开展了黑鲷幼鱼标志保持率与生长实验。结果显示,背鳍鳍棘基部第4～6鳍棘下方5mm左右的背部肌肉为最适标志位置, 90 d后标志保持率为81.76%。POTs标志黑鲷幼鱼45 d内生长与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),而90 d后标志组生长显著缓于对照组(P0.05)。并于2014—2016年每年1次在大亚湾开展黑鲷幼鱼标志放流试验。采用有奖回收方式进行标志鱼回捕,测量体长、体重,收集回捕日期、回捕地点、回捕方式等信息,整理分析相关数据。3年共放流标志黑鲷幼鱼60115尾,共2758尾回捕标志鱼被定置网、流刺网及垂钓捕获(总回捕率4.59%);大规格放流苗种回捕率高于小规格放流苗种;垂钓回捕鱼数量占总回捕数量的比例为62.08%。通过对反馈信息的分析,认为放流后的标志鱼最初主要沿湾内和湾外两个方向呈近岸辐射状扩散,最远扩散距离约70 km。放流后1～2个月标志黑鲷生长较慢,随后相对加快,放流5～7个月后,黑鲷幼鱼体长、体重分别增长59.51%～127.20%和322.75%～989.83%。结论认为,POT是黑鲷幼鱼体外标志的适宜选择;在研究海域,放流后的标志黑鲷更易于被垂钓方式捕获;丰富的食物和可供躲避敌害的空间是影响其扩散、生长的因素。     

烟台放流“发光”牙鲆鱼苗 渔民捕到有奖金

10月11日，6000尾被注射荧光制剂作为放流回捕标志的小牙鲆鱼苗，被放流到烟台市开发区套子湾海域，这是全国首次放流荧光标志的牙鲆鱼苗，据介绍，如果渔民能够捕到这种标志鱼，可以获得每条150元的奖励。     

大亚湾黑鲷标志放流技术

1997年在大亚湾标志放流平均体长为60.2mm的黑鲷（Sparus marcrocephalus)共11986尾,标志放流效果明显,共同捕标志鱼955尾,回捕率达8．0％,主群分布移动物湾顶沿岸浅水区,只有少部份分散于湾中岛礁间,生长良好,放流后的240d平均体长达235mm。     

山东半岛南部三疣梭子蟹增殖放流群体贡献率

根据2010—2016年每年5—8月在山东半岛南部海域对三疣梭子蟹增殖放流前后进行的3个航次的跟踪调查结果,定量分析三疣梭子蟹自然群体和增殖放流群体的数量,并根据三疣梭子蟹放流苗种数量和放流后捕捞产量以及增殖放流群体的贡献率和回捕率,对三疣梭子蟹近年的增殖放流结果进行分析。研究结果表明,2010—2016年的5月,山东半岛南部三疣梭子蟹增殖放流前自然群体资源量较少,相对资源密度为0.20~17.17尾/(站·h),平均资源密度为3.46尾/(站·h);放流苗种数量逐年增加,平均放流苗种数量为14 367.78万尾,放流后约10d的跟踪调查结果表明,三疣梭子蟹的资源量有了较大提高,相对资源密度为6.7~53尾/(站·h),平均资源密度为16.65尾/(站·h),放流群体贡献率的均值为85.82%;8月进行的相对资源量调查,其相对资源密度为0.75~6.72尾/(站·h),均值为1.76尾/(站·h);秋汛期间的回捕产量为2332.91~10 410.77t,平均产量为5308.66t,根据各年秋汛期间调查获得的三疣梭子蟹的平均体质量,得出的放流群体回捕率为5.76%~21.18%,平均回捕率为12.16%。总体上,放流群体在山东半岛南部海域三疣梭子蟹的资源群体中起到了很重要的补充作用,放流群体贡献率较稳定,且相对处于较高水平。     

东、黄海大黄鱼种群划分与地理隔离分析

以往研究认为,大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)可划分为3个种群,其中在东黄海,浙江的岱衢洋大黄鱼和福建的官井洋大黄鱼被认为分属于两个不同的种群。本研究根据中国大陆10多个主要渔业公司1971 1982年间的大黄鱼捕捞统计资料,从地理隔离、数量动态和海洋水文方面,重新审视了东黄海大黄鱼种群划分问题,为大黄鱼种群划分和大黄鱼资源兴衰的研究提供科学依据。研究表明:东海北部外海和东海南部近海是大黄鱼主要的两个越冬场,其中闽东温台水域的大黄鱼产量在东海南部近海产量占主导地位。东海南部近海大黄鱼地理分布表明,从温台渔场到闽东渔场大黄鱼的越冬场在空间分布上具有连续性,而官井洋大黄鱼正是闽东渔场大黄鱼的主体部分。由此可以认为:官井洋所在的闽东渔场的大黄鱼和东黄海大黄鱼同属于东黄海大黄鱼种群。这一结论通过3个旁证得到印证:其一,大黄鱼标志放流结果显示,1959年4月21日在连江县北茭洋东32 m深的地方(26°21′5″N、119°50′E)重捕到浙江水产实验所于1958年5月20日在岱衢洋寨子山东偏北大黄鱼产卵场放流的1尾雄性大黄鱼,因此,闽东渔场的大黄鱼和岱衢洋是相互混栖的同一群体;其二,东海沿岸流和台湾暖流终年影响着闽浙近海,难以形成大黄鱼种群隔离、种群分化所需要的海洋学条件;其三,官井洋大黄鱼春夏之交产卵,与岱衢洋和猫头洋大黄鱼相似,而与粤东和粤西大黄鱼在9-12月产卵完全不同。本研究旨在为大黄鱼资源的研究提供依据。     

大黄鱼网箱饲养技术

大黄鱼网箱饲养的技术要点是：（１）选择环境良好的海区,水深在５ｍ以上,流速＜１ｍ／ｓｅｃ,盐度在１３‰～３２‰之间;（２）采用浮式网箱,规格以３×３×５ｍ为宜;（３）放养的苗种规格应在３．０ｃｍ（体长）以上,初期放养密度为１０００尾／ｍ３,以后逐步分稀;（４）日常管理主要是防逃、防病、防敌害     

岱衢洋鱼类资源及其群落多样性的季节变化

根据2010年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)与2011年冬季(2月)对岱衢洋进行的共4个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查资料, 对该海域的鱼类资源状况及其多样性进行了分析, 结果表明: 所捕获的38种鱼分别隶属于1门2纲8目21科31属; 暖温性鱼类无论在种类数量还是生物量与尾数密度方面均居主导地位; 凤鲚四季均为该海域的优势种; 在时间分布上, 生物量与资源尾数密度均以夏季为最高, 而冬季则恰好相反, 且该两季的生物量与资源尾数密度间均存在显著差异(P<0.05), 另外, 在空间分布上, 生物量与尾数密度四季总体上均呈北高南低、东高西低的趋势; 生物量与平均底层温度呈二次曲线相关(P<0.01); 春、秋两季的Margalef丰富度指数( D )、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数( H' )和Pielou均匀度指数( J' )均存在显著差异(P<0.05); 与东海近、外海海域鱼类群落的多样性比较, 岱衢洋的Shannon- Wiener多样性指数( H' )较低。     

Coastal movement and growth of domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)) in Norway

Between 1979 and 1991, hatchery-reared 1+ and 2+ rainbow trout were released in May and June in the Boknafjord at the mouth of the River Imsa, and from April to June in the Oslofjord, southern Norway. The fish were recaptured in the fjords of release, in rivers emptying there and from rivers and sea further along the Norwegian coast. Of the total recaptures, 35.6% ascended rivers in the year of release. Some fish released at the River Imsa returned to the area of release after spending 1 to 3 years at sea. Among those that were recaptured in rivers, 11.9% were recaptured in other rivers than the Imsa. The growth rate of the fish varied inversely with size at release. The growth rate was higher in the Oslofjord than in the Boknafjord, and in both areas the growth rate decreased with time after release. Rainbow trout that had escaped from local fish farms entered the River Imsa between March and December. Adults ascending in spring remained a shorter time in the river (37 days) than those ascending in autumn (200 days). Fish entering in autumn decreased more in weight during their river stay than those ascending in spring, and females more than males. Spawning took place in April-May. The monthly mean river stay of juvenile entrants ranged from 2 weeks to 6 months. In total, 27.8% of the rainbow trout escaped from fish farms and captured in the Imsa strayed to other rivers for repeat spawning. There is no evidence for continuing survival of escaped Norwegian rainbow trout in the wild.     

Stocking of brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: effects of acclimatization

One-year-old hatchery brown trout, Salmo trutta L., ( n  = 16 520) from a sea-run, local brood stock were marked and released (scatter-planted) into the River Laisälven in northern Sweden. Eight different groups were created using Alcian blue and Visible Implant Elastomer tags. Half the fish were kept in small enclosures in four stocking areas for 6 days before release. The other half were released just after transportation. To evaluate the effect of acclimatization on post-stocking performance, the areas were electric fished 2 months later. During the electric fishing survey, a higher number of the acclimatized hatchery fish were recaptured than those released immediately. The growth rate of stocked fish differed significantly between stocking areas and fish held in enclosures grew more than those released directly. The rate of recapture of hatchery fish varied between stocking areas (6.4–17.4%). Movements of juveniles within and between the stocking areas were low, and only 3.6% of the recaptured fish were found in an area not originally stocked. These results showed that acclimatization of fish before release increases the number and size at recapture within a stocking area.     

通过小型探鱼无人船探测大型围网养殖区大黄鱼的分布特性

为了明确大黄鱼在大型围网养殖区内的分布规律,本实验通过集成、构建具备大黄鱼探测以及水温、盐度、光照、pH、溶解氧等海洋环境探测功能的小型探鱼无人船,并在浙江省舟山市桃花岛大黄鱼围网养殖基地内开展了6次现场监测试验。实验结果表明,①在水平分布方面,大黄鱼主要分布在大型围网养殖区内礁石丰富且水流相对较缓的区域;②在垂直分布方面,大黄鱼主要分布在加权相对深度0.6~0.9的养殖海区中下层;③围网养殖海区内温度、盐度、pH、溶解氧等海洋环境条件整体变化较小（p>0.05）,大黄鱼往往分布在光照强度分别为5921±2702lx、50799±50988x、5990±542lx、3494±695lx、6836±4761lx、15395±5531lx相对较弱的区域。本实验首次通过小型探鱼无人船系统地研究了围网养殖区内大黄鱼的分布特性及相应的海洋环境对其分布的影响,结果为大黄鱼围网养殖区的操作平台选址、投喂管理、起网设计等提供了依据。     

Economic,ecological and genetic impacts of marine stock enhancement and sea ranching: A systematic review

Hatchery release is one of the most popular management tools in fisheries, forestry and wild life management, while its negative impacts on wild populations are a global concern. Research and monitoring of its impacts are generally lacking, and the usefulness of hatchery release for fisheries and conservation objectives is unclear. Here, I evaluated positive and negative impacts of worldwide marine stock enhancement and sea ranching programmes in a systematic review associated with meta‐analyses with the goal of reducing bias of the review. Vast numbers of individuals of more than 180 species are released into the wild each year, but most studies are at experimental stages to assess its potential, and empirical studies are sparse for evaluating the impact on fishery production. Most cases are economically unprofitable except for a few successful cases or unevaluated. The effects of releasing juveniles can be dwarfed by the magnitude of natural recruitment when the spawning stock produces much larger recruitment than released juveniles. Density‐dependent growth caused by competition of food can be substantial, and growth rates of hatchery and wild fish and other competitive species can simultaneously be reduced when stocking exceeded the carrying capacity. Relative reproductive success can vary depending on the species, seed quality and environmental factors. Empirical studies show evidence of substantial gene flow from hatcheries, but fitness reduction in stocked populations has not been reported. The results represent the current state of worldwide marine stock enhancement and sea ranching activity and provide key information for growing fields of artificial propagation and conservation.     

Stock enhancement programme for black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Bleeker), in Hiroshima Bay, Japan: a review

This paper reviews the stock enhancement programme for black sea bream ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii ) in Hiroshima Bay. This bay is one of the biggest production areas for black sea bream in Japan, accounting for about 10% of the total catch of the species in this country in 2004. After intensive fishing pressure caused a drastic decline in the catch of the species in this bay in the 1970s, a stock enhancement programme was conducted in its northern part since 1982 to restore the depleted population. The number of black sea bream juveniles released in 1996 surpassed 9 million, representing the third main species stocked in Japan. Almost 1.4 million of these juveniles were released into Hiroshima Bay. The fast acclimatization of hatchery-reared juveniles released into the bay may have contributed to the recovery of landings in the late 1980s and 1990s. However, this recovery was accompanied by a reduction in the market price of black sea bream. Further studies to assess the effectiveness of the stock enhancement programme as well as the carrying capacity of Hiroshima Bay to maintain the stock of black sea bream at a stable, healthy level are desirable. The necessity of evaluating the secondary effects derived from using a reduced number of breeders as well as finding new markets are suggested.     

大黄鱼深水网箱养殖技术

于2009年4月至2010年11月在平均水深18m、流速0.7m/s的福建省罗源湾岗屿海区,采用2口(c/)12.8m、入水深10m的深水网箱放养 110.3g/尾规格鱼种进行大黄鱼养殖试验.经19个月养殖,平均规格达到597.5g/尾,养成成活率约43.7％.试验结果表明:相对小网箱养殖,大黄鱼深水网箱养殖成品鱼体色...