盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹渗透压和非特异性免疫酶的影响

设置盐度梯度0、4、8、12、16、20和24,测定不同盐度下中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹成活率和组织匀浆上清液离子浓度、Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性、氧合血蓝蛋白含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酚氧化酶(PO)活性,研究盐度对仔蟹成活率、渗透压调节和非特异性免疫酶活性的影响,探讨仔蟹对盐度的适应性。结果表明,盐度8实验组中华绒螯蟹仔蟹成活率和氧合血蓝蛋白含量最高,分别为(90.00±1.00)%和(0.253±0.023)mg/mL,显著高于其他实验组(P0.05);而在淡水组和盐度24组这两个指标值均降至最低。Na~+、Cl~-、K~+浓度,Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性和非特异性免疫酶活性在盐度0～8时呈下降趋势,而在盐度8～12时逐渐上升,当盐度大于12时趋于稳定;这些指标值在盐度8实验组降到最低,Na~+、Cl~-和K~+浓度分别为(40.897±1.700) mmol/mL、(8.340±2.130) mmol/mL和(1.842±0.158) mmol/mL,Na~+-K~+-ATPase酶活性为(3.153±0.735) U/mg,非特异性免疫酶SOD、AKP和PO活性分别为(129.026±3.496) U/mg、(1.326±0.173) U/mg和(16.366±0.065) ng/mL。综合各项实验指标表明,不同盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹渗透压和非特异性免疫酶活性具有一定影响,中华绒螯蟹仔蟹在盐度4～8水体中有较好的生理适应性,淡水和高盐度水体会降低其渗透压调节和免疫防御功能,这为长江口仔蟹资源变动评估和繁育场保护提供了参考。     

敌百虫胁迫对克氏原螯虾免疫学相关指标的影响

在不同质量浓度(0、0.132、0.264、0.528 mg/L)敌百虫胁迫条件下,研究克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)肝胰腺T-SOD、CAT、ACP、AKP及肌肉Na+,K+-ATPase、TChE的活性变化。结果表明,敌百虫对各免疫因子影响各异;0.132 mg/L和0.528 mg/L浓度组克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺T-SOD活性分别于药浴4 d和1 d时显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.132 mg/L和0.264 mg/L浓度组克氏原螯虾的CAT活性于药浴2 d后显著高于对照组(P0.05);12 d内各浓度组ACP及AKP活性随药浴时间的延长而一直低于对照组,其中ACP在4 d内逐渐降低;肌肉TChE在0.132 mg/L和0.264 mg/L浓度组中分别于药浴1 d和4 d后活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);而Na+,K+-ATPase只有0.528 mg/L浓度组在2 d内活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),其余各组未出现诱导现象;试验组各免疫因子活性在药浴12 d时均显著低于对照组(P0.05);表明敌百虫胁迫并非仅仅作用于TChE,其对克氏原螯虾机体T-SOD、CAT、ACP、AKP及Na+,K+-ATPase均有影响,12 d后各免疫因子活性均难以恢复至对照水平。     

盐度胁迫对黄河鲤幼鱼耐受性、肝脏抗氧化酶和鳃丝Na+/K+-ATPase酶活性的影响

为了解盐度胁迫对黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematoperus)幼鱼耐受性、肝脏抗氧化酶和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性的影响,实验设置0(对照组)、3、6、9、12和15共6个盐度梯度对黄河鲤幼鱼进行盐度胁迫,在6、12、24、48、72和96 h时采样,测定肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和溶菌酶(LZM)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,各盐度组黄河鲤幼鱼肝脏组织的SOD、CAT、LZM、GSH-Px和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性随胁迫时间的延长均有先升高后下降的趋势,且SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性在盐度为6时能在胁迫96 h内维持较高水平,而盐度为9、12和15时酶活性则随胁迫时间延长显著下降。各盐度组LZM酶活性在胁迫96 h内均显著高于对照组,且12和15高盐度组在胁迫96 h时仍显著高于其他组。各盐度组的MDA含量均在胁迫6 h达峰值,之后随胁迫时间延长,盐度为3、6、9组下降较显著,但12和15组的MDA含量在96 h时仍显著高于其他组。结果表明:在本试验条件下,黄河鲤幼鱼在养殖用水盐度0～6范围内适当提高盐度可提高其肝脏抗氧化性能和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活力。     

盐度和溶解氧对刺参非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

测定了不同盐度(20、25、30、35、40)和不同溶氧水平(充空气,DO 7~9mg/L)充纯氧,DO15~20mg/L;不充气,DO 2~5mg/L)对刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化的影响。盐度试验结果表明,盐度急性变化会引起刺参体腔液ACP、AKP、LZM活性的升高和SOD活性降低,其中第10天时盐度对酶活性的影响最大。溶氧试验显示,过饱和溶氧(DO 15~20mg/L)可使刺参体腔液ACP、AKP、LZM、SOD活性维持在较高水平,不充气组(DO 2~5mg/L)刺参体腔液中ACP、AKP、LZM活性出现短暂升高。恢复性试验中,盐度20、25组对AKP活性和盐度20、40组对SOD活性的影响未恢复到初始水平,其余实验组均能恢复至初始水平,说明低盐对刺参免疫力的影响较大。充纯氧组刺参的AKP活性显著高于充空气组,表明高溶解氧水平在一定程度上提高了刺参免疫力。     

pH变化对日本囊对虾仔虾离子转运酶活力和存活、生长的影响

研究了pH变化对日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)仔虾离子转运酶(ATPase、Na -K -ATPase、V-ATPase和HCO3--ATPase)活力和存活、生长的影响.结果表明:pH(7.1、7.6←8.1→8.6、9.1)变化对日本囊对虾仔虾离子转运酶活力和存活率、体质量增重率的影响显著(F>F0.05),而对照组无明显变化.各处理组仔虾ATPase、Na -K -ATPase活力在72 h内呈峰值变化,于24 h时达到最大值,至72 h后趋于稳定,稳定后ATPase活力和对照组差异显著,与pH值呈负相关,而Na -K -ATPase活力则恢复至对照组水平;仔虾V-ATPase和HCO3--ATPase活力随着pH变化的增加而变化增大,24 h后保持稳定,且与pH值呈负相关.在实验梯度范围内,pH 7.6、8.6处理组与对照组仔虾存活率差异不显著,且pH 8.6处理组仔虾体质量增重率与对照组也无明显差异.建议日本囊对虾仔虾pH变化范围不应大于0.5.     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)PRL基因、Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因对盐度胁迫的响应

采用荧光定量PCR技术对不同盐度胁迫下各时间点大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼肠、鳃中催乳素(PRL)基因和Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1两种基因的表达量进行检测。以盐度30为对照组,盐度5、10、40和50为实验组进行数据分析。结果显示,两种基因在两种组织中均有表达,且基因的表达量具有组织和时间特异性。肠组织PRL、Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因的表达量,在盐度50和5条件下,随胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;鳃组织PRL基因表达量,在盐度50和盐度5条件下,随胁迫时间延长先升高后降低,而Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因表达量在低盐条件下(盐度5)没有显著变化,在高盐条件下(盐度50)随时间延长呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势。在肠组织中,两种基因存在极显著的协同作用,随着盐度的升高,两种基因的表达量都呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且相关系数均接近于1;在鳃组织中,在10–40盐度范围内,两种基因的表达存在明显的拮抗作用,当PRL基因的表达量呈现升高(或下降)趋势时,Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因的表达量呈现下降(或升高)趋势,且两种基因的相关系数均为负值。研究表明,PRL具有抑制Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性的作用,为今后盐度胁迫分子调控机理研究提供理论依据。     

"翻背症"对方斑东风螺主要消化酶及免疫相关酶的影响

为探索方斑东风螺消化及免疫系统对"翻背症"的应答机制,采集了健康(对照组)和"翻背症"早期、中期和晚期的方斑东风螺,采用TCBS平板计数法检测螺体内弧菌含量,试剂盒法检测螺体内组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)等免疫相关酶和胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶等消化酶活性。结果显示,方斑东风螺体内弧菌含量随病情的发展而显著增加,晚期达到最大值。发病早期,CAT、SOD、POD、ACP和胃蛋白酶等酶活性均显著上升。发病中期,POD、AKP、LZM活性均上升,且显著高于对照组和发病早期;与发病早期相比,CAT、SOD、ACP、胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性有所下降;与对照组相比,CAT、ACP活性仍显著升高,胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性显著降低,而SOD、淀粉酶活性无显著变化。发病晚期,各消化酶与免疫相关酶活性均较发病中期有所下降,但POD、ACP活性仍显著高于对照组,CAT、SOD、AKP、LZM活性与对照组无显著差异,而胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性显著低于对照组。研究表明,"翻背症"方斑东风螺体内弧菌的暴发过程中,机体的免疫系统与消化系统均参与了机体病害免疫应答反应,且可以采用CAT、POD和ACP活性作为方斑东风螺"翻背症"的检测评价指标。     

饲料中添加水飞蓟素对低盐度下凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫、肝胰腺组织结构及肠道菌群的影响

为探究低盐度下水飞蓟素作为凡纳滨对虾饲料添加剂的作用效果,实验配制了水飞蓟素添加量分别为0 (对照组)、0.1、0.2和0.4 g/kg的4种实验饲料,在低盐度(盐度为3)下养殖虾苗(0.080±0.002 g) 8周后,分析了水飞蓟素对对虾生长、免疫、肝胰腺组织结构及肠道菌群的影响。结果显示:①低盐度下,水飞蓟素能显著提高对虾的增重率,降低饲料系数,但对存活率、肥满度和体成分无显著影响。②水飞蓟素能提高对虾消化酶的活性,0.4 g/kg组对虾的肝胰腺淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组,0.2和0.4 g/kg水飞蓟素组能显著提高对虾肠道的消化酶活性。③水飞蓟素能降低低盐度下凡纳滨对虾的氧化损伤,提高对虾的抗氧化能力。0.4 g/kg组对虾肝胰腺总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著升高,而肠道抗氧化能力没有明显变化。0.2 g/kg组对虾的肠道酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于对照组,溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活性无明显变化。④低盐度下,饲料中添加水飞蓟素改善了对虾肝胰腺的组织结构。随着水飞蓟素含量的增加,对虾肝胰腺结构更为完整,肝小体排列紧密,肝小管横切面呈规则的多角星形,且含有大量的分泌细胞(B细胞)和胚细胞(E细胞)。⑤对虾摄食添加0.4 g/kg水飞蓟素的饲料后,拟杆菌门和纤细菌门相对丰度显著下降。研究表明,水飞蓟素作为饲料添加剂可以有效缓解凡纳滨对虾的低盐应激,提高对虾生长性能和抗氧化性能,改善肝胰腺组织结构,并且会对肠道菌群组成产生影响。     

盐度驯化改善大黄鱼盐度胁迫耐受性的作用机制

为探讨盐度驯化改善大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)盐度胁迫耐受性的作用机制,将大黄鱼暴露在盐度为25或20的水体中7 d,再暴露在盐度为12或40的水体中24 h,分为对照组(25)、低盐组(25+12)、高盐组(25+40)、低盐驯化组(20)、低盐驯化+低盐组(20+12)和低盐驯化+高盐组(20+40) 6个处理组,分别记为C组、CL组、CH组、A组、AL组、AH组。结果显示, CL vs C中大黄鱼肝脏的丙二醛(MDA)和脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量显著上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低(P<0.05),碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的活性变化不显著(P>0.05)。CH vs C中MDA和LPO含量显著上升, SOD和LZM的活性显著上升, CAT和AKP显著降低(P<0.05)。A vs C中MDA和LPO含量显著上升(P<0.05), SOD、LZM和AKP的活性未发生显著变化(P>0.05), CAT活性显著降低(P<0.05)。AL vs CL与AH vs CH中MDA...     

三种投入品对克氏原螯虾抗氧化酶、丙二醛、磷酸酶和溶菌酶的影响

为研究CuSO₄、青苔净和草甘膦三种投入品对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)抗氧化酶等的影响，参考实际生产中使用浓度，设置对照、CuSO₄(1和2 mg/L)、青苔净(5和10μg/L)和草甘膦(5和10μg/L)实验组，分别在4、8和12 d时测定肝胰腺抗氧化酶类物质[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)]、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、酸/碱性磷酸酶(ACP/AKP)和溶菌酶(LZM)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示：三种投入品均造成克氏原螯虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH、GPx)活性先升高后降低，T-AOC活性持续下降；青苔净和草甘膦造成GR活性先升高后降低，也造成MDA含量先降低后升高；CuSO₄造成MDA含量先升高后降低；三种投入品处理后期造成磷酸酶(ACP和AKP)活性升高，LZM活性降低。结果表明三种投入品均会造成克氏原螯虾肝胰腺抗氧化防御因子活性水平、磷酸酶活性、MDA含量和LZM...     

Effects of salinity and pH on ion-transport enzyme activities, survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae

Effects of the salinity and pH on ion-transport enzyme activities, survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae were investigated. Shrimp were transferred from salinity 31‰ and pH 8.1 to different salinity levels of 22, 25, 28, 31 (control), and to different pH levels of 7.1, 7.6, 8.1 (control), 8.6 and 9.1. The results showed ion-transport enzyme activities and weight gains of postlarvae were significantly affected by salinity and pH variation, which had no obvious effect on survival rate. The changing salinity affected the activities of total ATPase and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase notably (F > F_0.05), meanwhile, non-significantly to the activities of V-ATPase, HCO₃⁻-ATPase. Within 48 h of salinity changing, the activities of ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in each treatment group gradually increased with the sampling time and reached their climax at 48 h, and then stabilized, showing negative correlation with salinity. The changing of pH affected greatly the activities of ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase (F > F_0.05), the activities of ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in each treatment group (pH = 7.1, 7.6, 8.6, 9.1) showed peak change within 72 h and stabilized afterwards, and the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities came back to the level of the control group; Meanwhile the changing extent of V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase activity corresponded with the grads of pH, and these ATPase activities showed negative correlation with pH changing, the activities of V-ATPase, HCO₃⁻-ATPase in postlarvae of each treatment group came to stable level after 24 h. The experiment also indicated the strength order of these ion-transport enzyme activities were as follows: Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase > V-ATPase > HCO₃⁻-ATPase. Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase was the chief undertaker of osmoregulation under the salinity effects, while V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase were the chief osmoregulation undertakers under pH changing. In different salinity environment, the contributions of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase of L. vannamei postlarvae approximately accounted for 62.0-78.0%, 15.9-29.0% and 2.03-4.12% of ATPase activities in total, respectively. Meanwhile, in different pH medium, the contributions of these ATPases approximately accounted for 50.7-67.4%, 21.3-31.8% and 2.15-7.90% of total ATPase activities, respectively. Weight gain of shrimp transferred to salinity 31 (control) and 28‰ was significantly higher than that of shrimp reared at 25 and 22‰, and weight gain of shrimp transferred to pH 8.1 (control) and 8.6 was significantly higher that that of shrimp transferred to pH 7.1, 7.6 and 9.1. It was suggested that during the process of desalting and culturing of postlarvae, the salinity changing should not exceed 3 and pH variety not more than 0.5.     

盐度胁迫对三疣梭子蟹鳃Na+/K+-ATPase酶活的影响

通过钼蓝法测定三疣梭子蟹在3组实验盐度的胁迫过程中第2对和第6对鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase酶活的变化,比较了3组实验盐度胁迫1 d时,鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase的酶活大小。结果表明,在盐度胁迫初期,3组实验盐度下第2对和第6对鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase的酶活下降;之后,各组实验盐度下第2对和第6对鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase的酶活开始随胁迫时间增长而上升;最后,各组实验盐度下第2和第6对鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase的酶活下降并趋于稳定。另外,胁迫1 d时,各组实验盐度下三疣梭子蟹前5对鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase的酶活显著低于后3对鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase的酶活。三疣梭子蟹对盐度变化的调节可分为被动应激期(酶活力下降)、主动调节期(酶活力逐渐上升)和适应期(酶活力稳定);三疣梭子蟹后3对鳃是离子转运、渗透压调节的主要部位。     

Effects of Na/K and Mg/Ca ratios in saline groundwaters on Na-K-ATPase activity, survival and growth of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae

The effects of the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios in saline groundwaters on Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity, survival and growth of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae were investigated. The results indicate that the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity, survival rate and weight gain of postlarvae were significantly affected by the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios (P < 0.05). The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity of postlarvae, in every treatment, changed corresponding to Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios, and came to a stable level after 24 h. There was a negative relation between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, while there was a positive relation between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio. Compared with seawater (the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios are 27.8 and 4.64 respectively), the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity of the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 30 treatment showed no significant difference, while the Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio 4.5 treatment showed distinct difference. The survival rates and weight gain of postlarvae increased markedly when the suitable amount of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was added to test water, and arrived at their maximum in the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 20-30 or Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio 4.5 treatment, having no significant difference compared with normal seawater. Therefore, considering the Na⁺/K⁺, Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios and the absolute concentration of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ in the experimental saline groundwaters applied to Marsupenaeus japonicus farming, it should be modulated to around 30, 4.5 and 1312 mg/l, 291 mg/l, respectively.     

Osmoregulation in juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

The osmoregulation capabilities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon exposed to three experimental osmolalities (22, 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹) were studied over a 45-day period. Growth performance, haematological parameters, ion concentrations, gill and spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities, as well as gill and spiral valve histology, were measured. At the end of the period, the plasma osmolality of fish kept in 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹ was higher than that of fish kept in 22 mOsmol kg⁻¹. Similar trends were observed in electrolyte concentrations. Spiral valve and gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity varied with exposure time and environmental salinity. Shortly after being transferred to hyperosmotic media, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity fell, while gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity remained constant. At the end of the experiment, gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities in fish kept in isosmotic and hyperosmotic media had increased in comparison to those of the control fish. Moreover, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities recovered and were similar to those recorded in fish kept in hyposmotic environments. Although some of the morpho-physiological mechanisms were operational in juvenile Siberian sturgeon in their adaptation to hyperosmotic media, fish cannot be considered hyperosmotic regulators as they were unable to maintain their plasma osmolality and electrolyte equilibrium in salinities higher than 250 mOsmol kg⁻¹. This suggests that the culture of juvenile Siberian sturgeon in brackish environments is unlikely to be successful. However, our data indicate that in natural environments, juvenile Siberian sturgeon in migratory populations (Ob and Lena Rivers) would be able to migrate successfully into estuarine brackish grounds with a salinity of up to 9%. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of salinity on the energetics of gill and kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

The effect of seawater acclimation and adaptation to various salinities on the energetics of gill and kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined. Smolts and non-smolts previously reared in fresh water were exposed to a rapid increase in salinity to 30 ppt. Plasma osmolarity, [Na⁺], [Cl^–], [K⁺] and [Mg⁺⁺] increased in both groups but were significantly lower in smolts than non-smolts. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase specific activity, initially higher in smolts, increased in both groups after 18 days in seawater. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase specific activity was not affected by salinity in either group. Gill and kidney citrate synthase specific activity was not affected by seawater exposure in smolts but decreased in non-smolts. In a second experiment, Atlantic salmon smolts reared in fresh water were acclimated to 0, 10 or 30 ppt seawater for 3 months at a temperature of 13–14°C. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase was positively correlated with salinity, displaying 2.5- and 5-fold higher specific activity at 10 and 30 ppt, respectively, than at 0 ppt. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase specific activity was not significantly affected by environmental salinity. Citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase specific activities in gill were slightly (6–13%) lower at 10 ppt than at 0 and 30 ppt, whereas kidney activities were lowest at 30 ppt. Oxygen consumption of isolated gill filaments was significantly higher when incubated in isosmotic saline and at 30 ppt than at 0 ppt, but was not affected by the prior acclimation salinity. The results indicate that although high salinity induces increased gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, it does not induce substantial increases in metabolic capacity of gill or kidney.     

高pH胁迫对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性和鳃、肝胰腺中酶活性及组织结构的影响

研究了高pH胁迫对克氏原螯虾鳃、肝胰腺中酶活性的变化,以及对鳃、肝胰腺组织结构的影响。在得出96 h L C_(50)的基础上,设置对照(pH7.6)和实验(pH10.2)2个pH处理组,进行96 h高pH胁迫,于胁迫后0、2、8、24和96 h测定鳃Na~+-K~+-ATP酶、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、延胡索酸还原酶(fumarate reductase,FRD)、肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)的活性以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量,并采集完整的鳃、肝胰腺做组织切片观察。结果发现,96 h LC50 pH值为10.194。高pH应激后,实验组鳃Na+-K+-ATP酶、LDH和FRD的活性呈上升趋势,pH胁迫8 h后与对照组差异显著(P0.05);随胁迫时间的延长,实验组肝胰腺MDA含量的变化趋势与LDH和FRD相似,CAT活性呈先上升后下降趋势,SOD活性起初变化不大,pH胁迫24 h后出现明显下降(P0.05)。鳃和肝胰腺的组织观察表明,随着pH胁迫时间的延长,鳃呼吸上皮细胞逐渐脱落,角质层受损、破裂,鳃叶受损程度逐渐加剧;肝胰腺小管基膜破损,小管内空泡增多、体积增大,肝细胞细胞数量减少。研究表明,高pH胁迫对克氏原螯虾代谢会产生影响,同时导致氧化应激,并会对鳃和肝胰腺的组织结构造成损伤,影响其生物学功能。     

亚硝态氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾体内亚硝态氮的积累与能量代谢响应

为探究亚硝态氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾[体长为(6.8±0.3) cm,体质量为(4.0±0.6) g]体内亚硝态氮的时空分布与能量代谢相关酶活性的响应,实验设置0(对照组)、0.8、4.0和8.0 mmol/L 4个处理组,进行持续96 h的亚硝态氮胁迫实验和12 h的恢复实验。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾死亡率与胁迫浓度呈现显著的正相关性。胁迫6 h内,亚硝态氮在凡纳滨对虾鳃、血淋巴、肠道、肝胰腺和肌肉组织中明显积累,且积累量与胁迫浓度呈现正相关。相同胁迫浓度组,亚硝态氮在对虾鳃中积累最多,肌肉中最少,鳃中的积累量约为肌肉的3倍。Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性在0.8和4.0 mmol/L组对虾肝胰腺和肌肉中显著升高,而在8.0 mmol/L组的肌肉中显著降低。胁迫各组对虾肝胰腺AMPK活性显著上升,且与胁迫浓度呈现正相关性。恢复期间,除血淋巴(8.0 mmol/L组)外,各组织中亚硝态氮1 h恢复效率均超过50%,且肝胰腺和鳃的恢复效率最高,达到74%以上。血淋巴、鳃、肠道中亚硝态氮恢复到对照组水平的时间最短,均在6 h以内,而水体中亚硝态氮含量显著升高。以上研究表明,胁迫下亚硝态氮会在对虾组织中迅速积累,并引起能量代谢进程的加快;胁迫解除后,积累在体内的亚硝态氮能够迅速排出体外,以减轻毒性影响。本研究结果将为缓解亚硝态氮对养殖对虾毒性效应的研究提供参考。     

Osmoregulation in the mudskipper,Boleophthalmus boddaerti II. transepithelial potential and hormonal control

Boleophthalmus boddaerti submerged in 10%, 50% and 80% seawater (sw) for 7 days, had whole body transepithelial potentials (TEP) of 3.3, 18.3 and 22.9 mV, respectively. Hypophysectomy significantly decreased the TEP ofB. boddaerti and reversed the polarity of the TEP of the fish exposed to 10% sw.Hypophysectomy also significantly decreased the branchial Na⁺-K⁺ activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase) activity but increased the activity of branchial HCO₃ ^–-Cl^– stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (HCO₃ ^–,Cl^–-ATPase) inB. boddaerti exposed to 10% sw. However, survival in 10% sw was not significantly impaired by hypophysectomy and no significant change in plasma osmolality and plasma Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations was observed.Various doses of ovine-prolactin or salmon-prolactin were unable to restore the TEP of hypophysectomizedB. boddaerti in 10% sw to that of the sham-operated fish. However, cortisol increased TEP to a positive value in hypophysectomizedB. boddaerti, though it was still lower than the sham-operated control. Cortisol treatment also affected the plasma osmolality, plasma Na⁺ and Cl^– contents and branchial Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase and HCO₃ ^–,Cl^–-ATPase activities. Overall, the hormonal control of osmoregulation inB. boddaerti appeared to differ from that of other teleosts.     

盐度对条石鲷幼鱼Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响

研究了盐度变化对条石鲷幼鱼鳃、肾脏和肝脏中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力的影响。经不同盐度(8、18、28、38、48)的处理,条石鲷幼鱼3种组织Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力均受到不同程度的影响。经低盐度(8和18)处理的幼鱼鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力在前6 h略微增加,然后逐渐降低,在处理24 h时下降到最低,之后又开始增加。经高盐度(38和48)处理时,鳃中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力在前6 h有所降低,然后迅速升高,并在处理24 h时达到最大,之后酶活力逐渐降低,并在处理96 h后与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。所有盐度处理组幼鱼肾脏Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力在处理开始6 h均稍有增加,而从处理6 h开始降低,在处理24 h下降到最低,此后酶活力又呈现增加的趋势。在盐度为8的处理组中,肝脏Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力与肾脏中变化趋势相似,而其它3组则逐渐降低,在处理24 h时达到最低,之后又逐渐增加。结果表明,条石鲷幼鱼适盐范围广,具有较强的渗透压调节能力。3种组织的Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力酶活性在盐度为18～38的范围内变化不明显,而在8和48的盐度下变化较大,最终酶活力均高于对照组。与肾脏相比,盐度变化对鳃和肝脏Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活力的影响较大。