中国西北地区次生盐碱水无机氮转化与环境因子的相关关系

中国西北地区次生盐碱水中NO₂^--N长期处于较高浓度，严重制约了盐碱水养殖产业的可持续发展。根据对甘肃省景泰县草窝滩渔农综合示范区（104°7''40″E，37°19''6″N）的定期定点监测，运用配对样本t检验、Duncan''s多重比较和Pearson相关性分析，研究了不同类型次生盐碱水体无机氮转化及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明：（1）次生盐碱水无机三态氮（NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N）及总氮（TN）本底值高，全年均值分别是NO₂^--N（0.3±0.2）mg/L、NH₄⁺-N（1.93±1.25）mg/L、NO₃^--N（2.92±1.5）mg/L、TN（13.91±5.85）mg/L；无机氮占TN比例不超过50%，说明有机氮在次生盐碱水体中所占比例更高；（2）环境因子pH与NO₂^--N正相关，与NO₃^--N负相关，盐度与NO₃^--N负相关，pH和盐度加剧了次生盐碱水NO₂^--N的积累；（3）水产养殖显著降低次生盐碱水体中NO₃^--N浓度和碳酸盐碱度，显示了盐碱水养殖对次生盐碱水的生态改良功能。本研究旨在为中国次生盐碱水的渔业开发利用提供科学依据。     

海水观赏鱼居室养殖循环系统中三态氮的变化规律及硝化细菌对水质的影响

于 2005年 3月 5日 ~5月 3日连续监测了海水观赏鱼居室养殖循环系统的水质，研究该系统中三态氮的变化规律以及添加硝化细菌后对水质的影响。结果表明：1)试验初期氨氮的质量分数迅速上升， 在 1周内达到高峰(峰值2．56mg/L)，并在1．50mg/L的范围内维持 1周左右，此后迅速下降至0．01mg/L 左右，并一直维持在该水平直至试验结束。亚硝态氮的质量分数在氨氮的质量分数迅速回落时(约试验开始后 2周)呈现出直线上升的趋势，并在 3~3．5mg/L左右的水平上维持 2~3周时间(峰值为3．65 mg/L)，此后迅速下降至0．01mg/L以下，并一直维持在低水平直至试验结束。而硝酸盐的质量分数在整个试验期间基本保持稳定上升的趋势，至本试验末期，NO₃ ^- -N的质量分数达到 15mg/L左右。2)系统的生物滤器需要 4~5周左右时间才能基本成熟，即氨氮和亚硝酸氮均降至 ＜0．01mg/L，到达安全的质量分数，适合海水观赏鱼健康生长。3)添加硝化细菌的试验组，氨氮和 NO₃ ^- -N的质量分数变化与对照组基本相似，而 NO₂ ^- -N的质量分数变化与对照组明显不同。试验组从高质量分数水平迅速下降的时间比对照组提前了约 1周。     

环境因子对鼠尾藻幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了揭示鼠尾藻幼苗的生态适应性,研究了温度(5~34 ℃)、盐度(10~50)和营养盐等环境因子对鼠尾藻幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,(1) 氮浓度高于8 mg/L或磷浓度高于1.2 mg/L,或温度高于28 ℃,对鼠尾藻幼苗的光合作用均有显著影响(P<0.05);(2) 短时间的5~15 ℃的低温胁迫或10~50盐度胁迫6 h对鼠尾藻幼苗的F_v/F_m值影响不明显;(3) 氮、磷浓度分别为2~4 mg/L和0.2~0.8 mg/L,且NH⁺₄-N∶NO^-₃-N的比值为1~3时,较利于鼠尾藻幼苗光合作用的进行。     

高效脱氮菌强化挂膜生物滤器对海水养殖尾水净化效果研究

为了提高海水养殖尾水的净化效率, 研究了利用高效脱氮菌强化挂膜后的生物滤器对静止和流动养殖尾水的净化效果。首先利用自主筛选的 3 株适应海水环境、可有效去除氨氮、亚硝酸氮及有机物的高效脱氮菌[花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis)SLWX₂、嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliphila)X₃ 和麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)SLNX₂]的不同组合强化挂膜, 根据成熟后的生物滤器对定量静止养殖尾水中 NH₄⁺ -N、NO₂^– -N、NO₃^– -N、 总氮(TN)及化学需氧量(CODMn)的去除效果, 选出对各无机氮去除效果最佳的菌种组合作为强化菌种再次挂膜, 分析不同浓度强化菌种挂膜对流动养殖尾水中 NH₄⁺ -N、NO₂^– -N 和 NO₃^– -N 的持续净化效果,以上实验均以自然挂膜组为对照。静止尾水处理实验结果表明, 各实验组中 NO₃^– -N 浓度先上升后下降, 对养殖尾水各项无机氮及有机物指标的去除效果均优于对照组。其中, SLWX₂+X₃+SLNX₂ 组合高浓度组对养殖尾水中的各项指标去除效果最佳, 在第 48 小时对 NH₄⁺ -N、NO₂^– -N、CODMn 和 TN 的去除率分别达到 100%、100%、80.7%和 59.5%。而自然挂膜对照组的去除率分别为 95.5%、50.52%、38.1%、13.44%, 且 NO3– -N 浓度持续上升。说明脱氮菌强化挂膜可明显提高生物滤器对养殖尾水的净化效率, 有效降低养殖尾水中氮素和有机物的浓度。后期连续流动尾水净化实验结果表明, 实验组和对照组生物滤器出水的 NH₄⁺ -N、NO₂^– -N、NO₃^– -N 浓度均低于进水的, 强化挂膜组的又均低于自然挂膜组的, 其中 106 CFU/mL 实验组对无机氮的去除效果均最佳, NH₄⁺ -N NO₂^– -N NO₃^– -N 的最大去除率分别为 31.6%、11.33%、 15.6%; 105 CFU/mL 实验组次之, 且出水氮素浓度可长期维持在较低水平。说明脱氮菌强化挂膜对各项无机氮的去除效果持续优于自然挂膜。本实验的结果为脱氮菌在海水养殖尾水净化中的应用提供了理论基础和技术支撑。     

复合垂直流人工湿地植物与基质层微生物群落特征比较分析

为了解复合垂直流人工湿地系统对海水养殖尾水中各形态氮的处理效果, 以及植物与不同基质层微生物群落特征的相似性和差异性, 以互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)-细砂-煤渣-碎石构建的复合垂直流人工湿地系统为研究对象, 研究了该系统对海水石斑鱼养殖尾水中 COD、NO₃ ^– -N、NO₂ ^– -N、NH₄ ⁺ -N 和总氮(TN)的去除效果, 并采用高通量测序技术分析了植物根际和不同基质层微生物群落特征。结果表明, 复合垂直流人工湿地系统对污染物有较好的去除效果, 出水中 COD、NO₃ ^– -N、NO₂ ^– -N、NH₄ ⁺ -N 和 TN 的平均浓度分别为 4.00 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L, 0.16 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L, 0.64 mg/L。植物根际样品和细砂层样品的微生物群落丰富度和多样性较高, 与其他基质层样品具有明显差异; 在门分类水平上优势菌以变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门为主, 相对丰度分别为 53.7%、11.5%、11.9%、6.4%、3.7%; 在纲分类水平优势菌以 α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、放线菌纲和拟杆菌纲为主, 相对丰度分别为 30.1%、20.9%、11.9%、10.3%; 人工湿地中丰度最高的脱氮功能菌包括亚硝化单胞菌属、硝化螺菌属、 芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属; 系统中微生物代谢功能丰富, 且所有样品功能组成相似; 相同基质层样品的微生物群落组成差异较小, 二级湿地单元各基质层样品微生物群落的差异程度与一级湿地单元相比较小。     

盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼鳃Na+/HCO3-共转运子、碳酸酐酶基因表达的影响

为了探讨盐碱胁迫条件下鱼类渗透生理调节机制,以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验材料, PCR扩增得到了Na⁺/HCO₃^-共转运子(NBCe1)基因cDNA部分序列,比较了单盐(盐度10、盐度15)、单碱(1.5 g/L、3 g/L NaHCO₃)、盐碱混合(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L;盐度15,碱度3 g/L)胁迫后不同时间(0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h)血清渗透压、离子浓度(Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺)以及鳃碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化。结果显示,不同胁迫条件下,血清渗透压、离子浓度、鳃组织CA酶活、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化均与胁迫强度呈正相关。随时间推移,血清渗透压、离子浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,单盐、盐碱混合组血清渗透压值较单碱组高。单盐、单碱、盐碱混合组中, NBCe1基因mRNA在鳃中均呈略微上调,但不显著(P>0.05)。单碱组和盐碱混合组鳃CA活性较单盐组高,低盐碱胁迫(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L)下CA活性较晚达最高值;不同胁迫条件下, CA基因mRNA表达均表现上调,单碱、盐碱混合组更为显著(P<0.05),推测CA较NBCe1对体内HCO₃^-转运作用更为显著。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼盐碱适应生理调节提供了基础资料。     

利用生物絮团技术对克氏原螯虾的养殖效果初探

为探究将生物絮团技术应用到克氏原螯虾养殖的可能性，本实验利用生物絮团技术和普通饲料投喂2种方式短期养殖体质量为(9.70±0.32) g的克氏原螯虾30 d。比较养殖期间2实验组的水化学指标以及实验结束时2实验组幼虾的生长情况，肌肉及肝胰腺营养成分组成，胃、肠和肝胰腺组织的消化酶活性，肝胰腺和肌肉组织的抗氧化能力。结果显示，①在养殖期间，絮团组水体总氮(TN)、亚硝态氮(NO₂^--N)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)的质量浓度均维持在较低的水平。②本实验条件下2实验组虾的终末体质量、增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)均无显著差异。③絮团的粗蛋白含量可以达到36.8%，能够满足克氏原螯虾对于蛋白的需求。但絮团的粗脂肪含量较低，这也影响了絮团组幼虾肌肉组织的粗脂肪沉积量。④絮团组幼虾肝胰腺中α-淀粉酶(α-AL)、脂肪酶(LPS)、纤维素酶(CL)活性均显著高于饲料组幼虾，而饲料组幼虾在胃、肠组织中的α-AL活性较高，2实验组幼虾的胃蛋白酶活性无明显差异。⑤絮团组幼虾的抗氧化能力与饲料组幼虾相比，肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性较高，丙二醛(MDA)含量较低，但总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)以及溶菌酶(LZM)无明显差异。研究表明，生物絮团技术在克氏原螯虾的养殖中具有积极作用，可以达到与饲料投喂相同甚至更好的养殖效果。     

凡纳滨对虾养殖塘叶绿素a与水质因子的多元回归分析

2009年4-9月期间,对上海市奉贤区某凡纳滨对虾养殖场22个养殖池塘水体叶绿素a、水温、pH、溶解氧、透明度、悬浮物(SS)、总有机碳(TOC)、五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)等15项水质因子进行测定。取164组测定数据,进行描述性统计,分析叶绿素a与各项因子的相关性系数。分析结果显示,与叶绿素a呈极显著线性正相关的水质因子为SS、TOC、BOD₅、COD_Mn、TN、TP;呈显著正相关的为DO;而叶绿素a与透明度呈极显著线性负相关,与PO^3-₄-P呈显著线性负相关;与水温、pH、NO^-₂-N、 NO^-₃-N、NH₃-N则未呈现显著相关性。根据多元线性回归选择自变量的原则,选择了TOC、TN、PO^3-₄-P和TP₄项水质因子,建立了叶绿素a与4项水质因子的逐步回归模型:Chl.a =-0.054 5+0.0034 9 TOC+0.015 3 TN-0.418 PO^3-₄-P+0.276 TP(r=0.715 5)。利用偏回归系数检验各水质因子对叶绿素a的影响,结果表明,对叶绿素a影响从大到小依次是TP、TOC、PO^3-₄-P和TN。研究结果对进一步探讨养殖池塘生态系统的变化规律及水环境质量保护提供了依据。     

草鱼单养和混养池塘的水质与生物组成特征

为比较单养、混养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)养殖池塘的水质与生物组成特点，采取水质分析、环境DNA与传统鉴别方法对草鱼单养、混养(80:20)两类池塘的水质变化、浮游生物、底栖生物、菌群结构进行了分析。结果表明，混养池塘的水质优于单养池塘，混养池塘水体中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3^--N)、氨氮(NH_4⁺-N)、亚硝态氮(NO_2^--N)的浓度比单养池塘分别低10.15%、3.78%、5.07%、80.18%，总磷(TP)和活性磷(SRP)的浓度分别低27.14%和56.26%；两类池塘中浮游植物均以绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、隐藻门(Cryptophyta)为优势种，但单养池塘中的藻类密度为30×10^₆cells/L，低于混养池塘104×10^₆cells/L；两类池塘中的浮游动物均以轮虫和原生动物为优势种，枝角类和桡足类生物数量较少，单养池塘中浮游动物密度高于混养池塘；在底栖动物方面，单养池塘存在螺类、水蚯蚓和摇蚊幼虫，而混养池塘仅有螺类和摇蚊幼虫。在菌群组成方面，单养池塘水体中以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势类群，混养池塘水体中以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势类群；但在两类池塘底泥中，均以变形菌门为优势类群。以上结果表明，草鱼混养有利于改善养殖池塘水质，增加浮游植物丰富度，改变养殖水体菌群的结构。本研究为优化草鱼池塘养殖结构，改善水质，构建高效池塘养殖模式提供了依据。     

褐煤的碳缓释特征及其对池塘底泥脱氮作用的影响

厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用是底泥生物脱氮的主要过程，碳源是调控厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用的关键因子。本研究以褐煤为对象，对褐煤的静态碳释情况及其对池塘底泥中脱氮作用的影响进行了研究。结果显示，褐煤在室温条件下的碳释放规律符合二级动力学方程，具备作为反硝化碳源的可行性；在脱氮实验中，发现褐煤对底泥上覆水体中的亚硝酸盐氮(NNO₂^--N)的去除具有促进作用，NNO₂^--N的去除率随褐煤浓度的增加而升高，当褐煤质量浓度为40 g/L时，N\${\rm{O}}_2^ - $\-N去除率最高达99.61%，此时硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)的浓度也最低；同时发现，水体中氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)氧化的最适褐煤质量浓度为10 g/L，其去除率达99.39%；对底泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌群进行Illumina高通量测序发现，其中浮霉菌门占比最大(39.6%~71.8%)，优势菌属为Candidatus Brocadia (13.9%~35.8%)和Desulfovibrio (17.1%~34.8%)，添加褐煤组Candidatus Scalindua菌属比例高于未添加组；荧光定量PCR得出，随着褐煤质量浓度升高，底泥中的反硝化菌丰度呈增长趋势，而厌氧氨氧化菌丰度则低于无褐煤添加组，表明添加褐煤对底泥反硝化有促进作用，而对厌氧氨氧化有一定的抑制作用。研究表明，褐煤具备作为反硝化碳源的条件，可用于池塘养殖底泥脱氮作用。     

室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支

采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO₂-N(53.4%～64.5%)、COD_Mn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO₂-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,COD_Mn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m²与0.803 kg/m²。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。     

草鱼养殖水体中参与氮转化途径的异养菌分析

为分析草鱼池塘中参与氮代谢的异养细菌比例及其代谢途径,从杭州郊区取得4个草鱼池塘的水样,每个水样通过涂布随即挑选100株菌株进行定性显色试验,并据此选取11株异养菌进行16S rRNA序列分析。结果表明,4个草鱼养殖池塘中NH4+-N和NO2--N的平均水平分别为5.597 mg/L和0.135 mg/L。池塘中可培养的异养菌平均为3.26×105cfu/mL,其中的89.75%参与了氮的不同代谢途径,其中31.25%的氨化菌和33.50%NO3--N(NO2--N)还原菌参与了NH4+-N的生成,32.45%的氨氧化菌参与了NH4+-N的降低;NO2--N生成途径主要包括蛋白质直接转化(11.26%)、氨氧化(4.25%)和硝酸盐氮还原(10.75%),而NO2--N降低主要通过15.50%的亚硝酸氧化菌、8.75%的NO2--N还原菌和10.75%的反硝化菌实现。结果提示,草鱼养殖水体中存在大量的异养硝化菌参与不同的氮代谢途径,且产生氨氮的异养菌比例远高于去除氨氮的菌,这是草鱼养殖水体中氨氮含量易偏高的原因。同时,11株不同功能的异养菌16SrRNA鉴定结果为寡养食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas)6株、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)3株、克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella)和肠杆菌(Enterobacter)各1株,而且细菌对氮源的利用具有菌株特异性。     

The Effect of Ammonia,Nitrite, and Nitrate on the Oxygen Consumption of Juvenile Pink Shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda)

The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis is native in southern Brazil and is potentially suited for aquaculture. Under intensive culture, the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds results from excretion by the shrimp and from the processes of feed decomposition and nitrification. The objective of this study was to evaluate ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate toxicity effects on oxygen consumption of juvenile pink shrimp. Shrimps (initial weight 0.7 ± 0.15 g) were exposed over a period of 30 days to 50%, 100%, and 200% of the safe levels of total ammonia (TAN = 0.88 mg/L), nitrite (NO₂^? = 10.59 mg/L), and nitrate (NO₃^? = 91.20 mg/L) for the species. The specimens were individually collected and placed in respirometry chambers, where the oxygen consumption was measured over a period of two hours. Throughout the experiment there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among treatments in terms of survival and growth. The pink shrimp juveniles exposed to nitrogen concentrations of 200% of the nitrite and nitrate safe level showed the highest oxygen consumption (p < 0.05).     

Ammonia and nitrite toxicity to false clownfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amphiprion ocellaris</Emphasis>

False clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, is one of the most commercialized fish species in the world, highly produced to supply the aquarium market. The high stocking densities used to maximize fish production can increase ammonia and nitrite to toxic levels. In this study, A. ocellaris juveniles (1.20 ± 0.34 g) were exposed to six concentrations of ammonia ranged from 0.23 to 1.63 mg/L NH₃-N and eight concentrations of nitrite (26.3–202.2 mg/L NO₂ ^?-N). The LC₅₀- 24, LC₅₀-48, LC₅₀-72 and LC₅₀-96 h were estimated to be 1.06, 0.83, 0.75 and 0.75 mg/L for NH₃-N and 188.3, 151.01, 124.1 and 108.8 mg/L for NO₂ ^?-N. Analysis of gill lesions caused by sublethal concentrations of these nitrogenous compounds showed that both nitrogenous compounds induced tissue lesions such as hyperplasia of epithelium cells, hypertrophy of chloride cells and lamellar lifting to all concentrations tested. However, histopathological alterations were more conspicuous accordingly the increase of ammonia or nitrite in fish exposed to 0.57 mg/L NH₃-N or 100 mg/L NO₂ ^?-N. Based on our results, we recommend to avoid concentrations higher than 0.57 mg/L of NH₃-N and 25 mg/L of NO₂-N in water.     

Activated sludge denitrification in marine recirculating aquaculture system effluent using external and internal carbon sources

Stringent environmental legislation in Europe, especially in the Baltic Sea area, limits the discharge of nutrients to natural water bodies, limiting the aquaculture production in the region. Therefore, cost-efficient end-of-pipe treatment technologies to reduce nitrogen (N) discharge are required for the sustainable growth of marine land-based RAS. The following study examined the potential of fed batch reactors (FBR) in treating saline RAS effluents, aiming to define optimal operational conditions and evaluate the activated sludge denitrification capacity using external (acetate, propionate and ethanol) and internal carbon sources (RAS fish organic waste (FOW) and RAS fermented fish organic waste (FFOW)). The results show that between the evaluated operation cycle times (2, 4, and 6 h), the highest nitrate/nitrite removal rate was achieved at an operation cycle time of 2 h (corresponding to a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 h) when acetate was used as a carbon source. The specific denitrification rates were 98.7 ± 3.4 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass) and 93.2 ± 13.6 mg NO_x⁻-N/(h g biomass), with a resulting volumetric denitrification capacity of 1.20 kg NO₃⁻-N/(m³ reactor d). The usage of external and internal carbon sources at an operation cycle time of 4 h demonstrated that acetate had the highest nitrate removal rate (57.6 ± 6.6 mg N/(h g biomass)), followed by propionate (37.5 ± 6.3 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)), ethanol (25.5 ± 6.0 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)) and internal carbon sources (7.7 ± 1.6–14.1 ± 2.2 mg NO₃⁻-N/(h g biomass)). No TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) or PO₄^3- accumulation was observed in the effluent when using the external carbon sources, while 0.9 ± 0.5 mg TAN/L and 3.9 ± 1.5 mg PO₄^3--P/L was found in the effluent when using the FOW, and 8.1±0.7 mg TAN/L and 7.3 ± 0.9 mg PO₄^3--P/L when using FFOW. Average sulfide concentrations varied between 0.002 and 0.008 mg S^2-/L when using the acetate, propionate and FOW, while using ethanol resulted in the accumulation of sulfide (0.26 ± 0.17 mg S^2-/L). Altogether, it was demonstrated that FBR has a great potential for end-of-pipe denitrification in marine land-based RAS, with a reliable operation and a reduced reactor volume as compared to the other available technologies. Using acetate, the required reactor volume is less than half of what is needed for other evaluated carbon sources, due to the higher denitrification rate achieved. Additionally, combined use of both internal and external carbon sources would further reduce the operational carbon cost.     

Effect of Dietary Protein Concentration on Nitrogenous Waste in Intensively Fed Catfish Ponds

Channel catfish were fed five diets containing 24, 28, 32, 36 or 40% protein in intensively stocked earthen ponds over a 141 d growing season. Mean standing crop at harvest was 7,559 kg/ha, and maximum daily feed allowance was 105 kg/ha. Dietary protein concentration had a negative linear effect on weight gain. Total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) in pond water increased linearly as dietary protein concentration increased and was positively correlated with total protein fed. However, unionized ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N) was not influenced by dietary protein concentration. Dietary protein had a positive linear effect on nitrite-nitrogen (NO₁^-_- -N) concentration, which was positively correlated with total protein fed and TAN. There was no significant correlation between NO₂^-_--N and fish weight gain, although there was a significant positive correlation between NO₂^-_- -N/Cl-molar ratio in pond water and concentration of methemoglobin in the fish. Results from this study indicate that when the feeding rate is as high as 100 kg/ha/d, or 3,000 kg protein/ha/season, dietary protein concentrations of 36% and above can result in harmful concentrations of NO₂^-_--N when Cl concentration in the ponds is 2–3 mg/L. Although the NO₂^-_--N/Cl- ratio in the ponds increased to harmful levels with protein concentration of the diets, this might not be the major cause of the reduction in fish growth rate as dietary protein increased because the greatest difference in weight gain occurred at the lower protein concentrations and the greatest difference in NO₂^-_--N occurred at the higher dietary protein concentrations.     

Could a seasonal-like reduction in light radiation intensity affect cultured shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris stimpson) yield?

Experiments were carried out to establish the effect of a simulateddecrease in daylight intensity on the yield of the cultured shrimpPenaeus stylirostris. The purpose of these experiments wasto simulate the periods in intertropical regions, which may last for severaldays, when solar radiation levels fall due to seasonal cloud cover. After 4weeks of culture, the light reduction resulted in lower shrimp yields comparedto unshaded tanks. Survival rates ranged from 54.9 to 71.1% for shaded tanksandfrom 77.0 to 83.0% for unshaded tanks. Growth rates varied between 0.091 and0.110 g.d^–1 for shaded tanks and between0.189 and 0.224 g.d^–1 for unshaded tanks.In unshaded tanks, variation in growth rate is related to initial shrimpstocking densities. The light reduction led to a reduced phytoplankton growthwith, as a consequence, an increase in the concentration of dissolved mineralnitrogen [(NO₃ ^– +NO₂ ^–)-N,(NH₄ ⁺+NH₃)-N] and dissolved organicnitrogen (DON). The higher mortality and lower growth observed in the shadedtanks cannot be entirely explained by the concentrations of mineral nutrients,the temperature, the pH or the O₂ concentration. The lower resultsobtained with the shaded tanks could be most likely a consequence of thetoxicity of dissolved organic matter.     

Effects of Haematococcus pluvialis on the water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei using artificial substrates and water exchange systems

Two kinds of culture systems were constructed, namely, an artificial substrate system (novel sponge biocarrier, SB) and a water exchange system (WE), to evaluate the effects of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis on the water quality and performance of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The results showed that the average NH₄⁺-N concentration with H. pluvialis was lower than those without it. The average concentration of NO₂^?-N and NO₃^?-N in SB system were significantly decreased than those present in WE system, but there was no significant difference in SB system. The growth performance of shrimp with H. pluvialis was superior to that without it. The final average weight and growth rate of shrimp in SB1 and WE1 tanks were differed significantly among that present in SB2 and WE2 tanks (p?<?0.05). SB1 tended to have the highest average weight gain and lowest feed conversion ratio. The shrimp survival was significantly higher in SB1 and WE1 tanks (89.06% and 82.29%, respectively) than that present in SB2 and WE2 tanks (78.13% and 48.44%, p?<?0.05). The high-throughput sequencing results showed that the diversity of bacterial communities and the abundance of bacteria related to the nitrogen cycle and the degradation of organic matter were increased. The present study showed that H. pluvialis had positive effects on shrimp culture in using artificial substrate system and water exchange system.