宠物级鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的饲料中补充苏氨酸对大口黑鲈生长性能、糖脂代谢和免疫的影响

试验采用初始体重为4.16±0.06g的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)作为研究对象,设计3种等氮等脂的饲料：苏氨酸对照组(TC,65.0%鱼粉),低苏氨酸组(LT,65.0%宠物级鸡肉粉添加除苏氨酸以外的必需氨基酸至TC水平组)和苏氨酸添加组(TS,LT组添加苏氨酸至TC水平组),探究饲料中不同苏氨酸水平对大口黑鲈生长性能、糖脂代谢、免疫及宠物级鸡肉粉利用率的影响,养殖试验开展8周。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,LT处理组饲料显著降低了大口黑鲈的生长性能、饲料效率和鱼体营养物质组成(P<0.05),饲料中添加苏氨酸可在一定程度上改善宠物级鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉后导致的生长性能受限、饲料效率低下和鱼体营养物质组成降低等问题(P<0.05)。宠物级鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉还显著降低了血浆中营养成分和多种游离氨基酸的含量(P<0.05),饲料中添加晶体苏氨酸能够显著提高血浆中游离氨基酸的水平(P<0.05),使之与对照组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。mRNA水平上,饲料中苏氨酸添加可显著改善鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉引起的肝脏中糖脂合成代谢抑制和分解代谢加剧的现象,同时苏氨酸添加也可显著降低细胞炎症因子的mRNA的表达水平(P<0.05)。综上所述：饲料中适量苏氨酸的添加可在一定程度上提高大口黑鲈的生长性能、促进脂肪合成和抑制脂肪分解,并增强的免疫机能。     

国产鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长性能、肝脏健康及肠道屏障的影响

为评价鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的可行性，用不同水平国产鸡肉粉(PBM)等蛋白替代基础饲料中的鱼粉，配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料(对照组、PBM 12.5、PBM 25.0、PBM 37.5及PBM 50.0)，在室内循环系统饲喂初始体重为(9.25±0.13) g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示，各处理组大口黑鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和摄食率(FR)均无显著差异。同对照组相比，实验组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增加，而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低。随鸡肉粉替代水平的增加，肝脏抗炎细胞因子基因(IL-10、TGF-β)相对表达量显著上调，而促炎细胞因子基因(IL-8、TNF-α)相对表达量显著下调，但肝脏的组织结构无显著临床症状变化。此外，随替代水平的增加，肠道抗氧化基因(sod、cat)和肠道紧密连接蛋白基因(Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1)相对表达量也显著上调，而血清D-乳酸(D-lac)和脂多糖(LPS)含量显著降低。研究表明，鸡肉粉替代基础饲料(基础饲料中含有40%的鱼粉) 50%的鱼粉不会抑制大口黑鲈的生长，同时还会增强鱼体的抗氧化...     

配合饲料和冰鲜鱼对大口黑鲈生长和品质的影响

为探究不同来源饲料对大口黑鲈生长和肌肉品质的影响，选取投喂配合饲料、冰鲜鱼、混合饲料(配合饲料与冰鲜鱼质量比为1∶1)的大口黑鲈，对其生长状况，以及肌肉营养成分、颜色、持水力、质构特性和肌纤维特性进行分析。试验结果显示：冰鲜鱼组大口黑鲈的生长性能显著优于配合饲料组，混合饲料组介于两者之间，但配合饲料组具有更低的饵料系数；与其他组相比，冰鲜鱼组肌肉的粗脂肪含量更高(P<0.05);冰鲜鱼组肌肉的红度值(a*)最高(6.51±1.10),黄度值(b*)最低(4.81±0.69);配合饲料组离心损失率、失水率显著高于冰鲜鱼组(P<0.05),且其熟肉率仅73.15%,显著低于混合饲料组(78.04%)和冰鲜鱼组(77.81%)(P<0.05);冰鲜鱼组大口黑鲈肌肉的硬度、咀嚼性均显著高于配合饲料组和混合饲料组(P<0.05);与配合饲料组相比，冰鲜鱼组和混合饲料组大口黑鲈肌纤维直径更小、密度更高。试验结果表明，在本试验条件下，冰鲜鱼更利于大口黑鲈的生长和肌肉品质的提高，但配合饲料组的饵料系数更低，饲料利用率更高。因此，建议从冰鲜鱼的营养组成、大口黑鲈的营养需求和生理特...     

发酵桑叶替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、脂质代谢与抗氧化能力的影响

在基础饲料中用发酵桑叶分别替代0、15%、30%鱼粉,再对30%鱼粉替代水平饲料补充晶体赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,配制成4种等能等氮(CP 42%,GE 18 MJ/Kg)的实验饲料,分别表示为D_1、D2、D_3和D4,饲喂大口黑鲈(初始体质量10 g)8周,研究发酵桑叶替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,发酵桑叶替代30%鱼粉会显著降低大口黑鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率(SGR)、脏体比(VSI)和肝体比(HSI),补充晶体氨基酸(CAA)后会明显改善大口黑鲈的生长性能。各实验组蛋白质效率、饲料系数、摄食率、肥满度以及全鱼常规组成均无显著差异。发酵桑叶替代30%鱼粉会显著降低大口黑鲈血清总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,提高HDL-C/CHO和HDL-C/LDL-C比值。随发酵桑叶替代水平的增加,大口黑鲈血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高。研究表明,发酵桑叶替代适宜水平鱼粉不会影响大口黑鲈的生长,而替代鱼粉水平过高会显著抑制大口黑鲈的生长,但可以改善大口黑鲈的脂质代谢和机体抗氧化能力。饲料中补充晶体氨基酸可以提高桑叶的利用率,促进大口黑鲈生长。     

饲料中添加复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响

大口黑鲈糖代谢能力差,如何通过营养手段改善高糖水平下大口黑鲈的肝糖应激及炎症反应,成为近年来的研究热点。本文旨在研究饲料中添加由桑叶黄酮、栗木单宁和桑叶多糖组成的复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝、肠道健康的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%的复合植物提取物配制3组等氮等脂饲料(J0、J1、J2)。饲喂大口黑鲈56天。结果表明：与J0组相比,J2组可显著提高大口黑鲈的末均重、增重率及特定生长率(P<0.05);J0~J2组大口黑鲈机体粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分、钙和总磷,肥满度、脏体比均无显著差异(P>0.05),粗蛋白含量随着复合植物提取物添加量的增加呈上升趋势,J2组显著高于J0组(P<0.05);J1~J2组肝体比显著降低,血清白蛋白含量和白蛋白/球蛋白值显著提高,J2组血清球蛋白含量显著降低,J1~J2组血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和血糖含量显著降低(P<0.05);J1~J2组胆固醇和甘油三脂含量呈降低趋势,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈升高趋势(P>0.05);J1~J2组肝脂空泡化程度显著降低,肠道绒毛高度显著降低(P<0.05)。由此得出,饲料中添加复合植物提取物能显著提高大口黑鲈的生长性能和改善其肝脏健康。研究结果为复合植物提取物在大口黑鲈饲料中的应用效果评价提供理了理论依据,并为大口黑鲈饲料配方优化提供参考资料。     

大口黑鲈幼鱼饲料中白鱼粉与两种豆粕的适宜配比

用8种等氮、等能和等脂的饲料,以实验鱼的生长、体组成、饲料效率、非特异性免疫和血液学参数作指标,评定大口黑鲈幼鱼饲料中去皮豆粕和酶解豆粕分别替代白鱼粉的可行性和适宜配比。在4水平的去皮豆粕饲料(D1～D4)和酶解豆粕饲料(E1～E4)中,白鱼粉和两种豆粕的配比均分别为45∶5、40∶12、35∶18和30∶25。用上述8种饲料饲喂初始体质量(5.32±0.05)g的大口黑鲈,每饲料设3个重复,每重复35尾鱼。采用表观饱食投喂,每天饲喂2次(8:00和16:00)。结果显示,各组之间实验鱼的成活率和特定生长率无显著性差异。但当去皮豆粕和酶解豆粕在饲料中的含量分别高于5%和12%时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。随着饲料中白鱼粉含量从45%降低至30%,饲料的蛋白质和脂肪消化率显著升高;同时,全鱼、肌肉和内脏的蛋白质和水分含量均呈显著降低,但脂肪含量却显著升高;肝体比和肝糖含量显著降低;实验鱼的血清溶菌酶活性和血清蛋白质含量显著降低,但血清补体活性无显著差异;红细胞压积和血红蛋白含量均显著降低,但红细胞数差异不显著。实验表明,大口黑鲈幼鱼饲料中白鱼粉与去皮豆粕的合适配比为45%和5%,而白鱼粉与酶解豆粕的合适配比为40%和12%;豆粕经酶处理后能去除其中的部分抗营养因子,可替代饲料中11%的白鱼粉。     

配合饲料和冰鲜鲢对大口黑鲈生长、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力和组织学的影响

为探讨不同来源饲料对大口黑鲈生长、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力以及肝脏和肠道组织学的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(12.45±0.07)g的大口黑鲈180尾,随机分成2个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂配合饲料和冰鲜鲢,养殖84 d。结果显示,配合饲料组大口黑鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)显著低于冰鲜鲢组,而蛋白质效率(PER)、肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)显著高于冰鲜鲢组。大口黑鲈摄食配合饲料后,肝糖原含量显著高于冰鲜鲢组,肝脏蛋白酶活性显著低于冰鲜鲢组,而肌糖原和肠淀粉酶活性无显著差异。饲喂配合饲料组大口黑鲈血浆谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、血糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及Ca/P比值显著高于冰鲜鲢组,而血浆碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、尿素、钙和磷含量显著低于冰鲜鲢组。各实验组血浆谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性以及胆固醇(TC)和胰岛素含量均无显著差异。配合饲料明显影响大口黑鲈肝脏和肠道的组织结构,饲喂配合饲料组实验鱼的肝脏空泡化现象严重,小肠绒毛受到严重机械性损伤。研究表明,在本实验条件下,冰鲜鲢更适合饲喂大口黑鲈,配合饲料不仅影响大口黑鲈的生长,而且损伤肝脏和肠道的健康。因此,可以借鉴冰鲜鲢的营养组成和大口黑鲈的代谢特性,深入研发大口黑鲈的饲料配制技术。     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长和体组成的影响

以鸡肉粉替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能饲料。选取初始体质量为(22.82±0.08)g的大菱鲆幼鱼180尾,随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每重复12尾)分别投喂一种饲料,试验周期为8周。试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数以及质量增加率产生显著影响(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白、灰分、能量含量未造成显著影响(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组粗蛋白含量比对照组略微升高,粗脂肪含量比对照组显著降低(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组之间的粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),但有升高的趋势。鸡肉粉替代40%鱼粉时,血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力影响显著(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对主要营养成分的表观消化率产生显著影响(P0.05)。本试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代20%的鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生长最为有利。     

复合油和低鱼粉饲料在卵形鲳鲹养殖中的应用效果研究

为评估课题组前期研发的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)(又称金鲳)复合油、脂肪粉以及低鱼粉饲料在养殖生产中的应用效果，利用饲料公司的商品料生产设备生产4种等氮(48%)等脂(11%)配合饲料(D1～D4):其中，D1～D3为饲料公司的金鲳商品料配方(含20%鱼粉),仅添加的脂肪源不同，分别为10%鱼油(D1)、10%卵形鲳鲹复合油(D2)、8%卵形鲳鲹复合油+4%卵形鲳鲹脂肪粉(D3);D4为本课题组研发的低鱼粉饲料(含6.6%鱼粉),脂肪源与D3一致。以此4种饲料于海水池塘网箱(2 m×2 m×1.5 m)中养殖卵形鲳鲹幼鱼，试验鱼体质量(64.75±0.70)g,实验周期8周。结果显示，与D1组相比，D2～D4组鱼的生长性能和形态指标无显著差异(P>0.05),但D2组的饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);D3和D4组血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性以及肝脏丙二醛含量均显著低于D1组(P<0.05)。鱼背肌的粗蛋白含量D3和D4组显著高于D1组(P<0.05),而鱼背肌其他常规成分及腹肌各常规成分各...     

卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的研究

为了评估卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的可行性,本研究设计了4种等蛋(42%)等脂(12%)配合饲料(D1~D4),其中,D1(对照组)含30%鱼粉,D2~D4(处理组)都含14%陆生复合蛋白且还分别含有16%、11%、6%鱼粉和0、5%、10%酶解鱼浆蛋白;各处理组都补充蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。将360尾初始体重为(7.28±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分配到12个海上网箱中,每个网箱30尾鱼,每种饲料设3个网箱。将鱼以上述4种饲料饲养62 d后,测定其生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、肠道消化酶活性与组织抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FC)、胃蛋白酶(PEP)、脂肪酶(LPS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。D3和D4组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于D1和D2组,D4组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著低于D1~D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组鱼血清谷草转氨酶(AST)及D2和D3组鱼谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性都显著低于D1组(P<0.05),D1和D4组血清总蛋白(TP)和球蛋白(GLO)水平显著高于D2和D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05),且肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于D1组(P<0.05)。研究表明,含6%鱼粉的D4组鱼的生长性能与30%鱼粉D1组无差异,且全鱼蛋白含量及肝脏和肌肉抗氧化能力显著提高,说明14%陆生复合蛋白配合10%酶解鱼浆蛋白可有效替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中80%鱼粉,使饲料鱼粉使用量低至6%。本研究是首次探讨酶解鱼浆蛋白在卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中应用的可行性,结果可为研发高效低成本配合饲料提供参考依据。     

Amino acid availability and protein digestibility of several protein sources for Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Apparent amino acid availability coefficients and protein digestibility of four animal products [fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by‐product and feather meal] and four plant protein‐rich products [soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal‐28, cottonseed meal‐38 and corn gluten meal (CGM)] were determined for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Ingredients were incorporated to a practical reference diet at a 7 : 3 ratio (70% of reference diet and 30% of test ingredient). Chromic oxide was used as external digestibility marker. Among animal products poultry by‐product meal (PBM; 89.7%) and FM (88.6%) presented the highest apparent protein digestibility (APD) while MBM (78.4%) and feather meal (78.5%) presented the lowest APD. Among plant protein‐rich products CGM (91.4%) and SBM (92.4%) presented the highest APD values while cottonseed meal‐28 presented the lowest APD (78.6%). Average apparent amino acid availability of feed ingredients was similar to protein digestibility with 92.3%, 89.6%, 73.4%, 80.7%, 88.9%, 84.4%, 91.2% and 79.7% values for SBM, CGM, cottonseed meal‐28 and 38, FM, MBM, PBM and feather meal respectively. These results indicate that O. niloticus is able to utilize efficiently different feedstuffs.     

Expression, purification and characterization of yellow grouper Epinephelus awoara regulator of G protein signaling 16 protein

Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins are a family of proteins, which accelerate GTPase-activity intrinsic to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins and play crucial roles in the physiological control of G-protein signaling. Here, yellow grouper RGS16 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni–NTA affinity chromatography. The expression level of the fusion protein was up to 30% of the total cellular protein.Western blotting analysis showed that a band with the molecular mass of about 21 Kda was detected. The purified recombinant protein was used to prepare polyclonal antibody, and antiserum obtained was highly specific with the titer of over 1:32,000. Additionally, RGS16 protein was expressed in the Tn-5B1-4 insect cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that the expressed protein had immunoreactivity.     

Dietary protein requirement of juvenile obscure puffer,Takifugu obscurus

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein requirement of juvenile obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus). Six isoenergetic (20 MJ kg^?1 gross energy) diets were formulated to contain graded levels of 34%, 38%, 42%, 46%, 50% or 54% crude protein (as dry matter basis). The results showed final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased significantly with increasing protein levels up to 42% and then decreased thereafer. Second‐order polynomial regression analysis (y = ?0.0024x² + 0.1788x ? 1.3196, R² = 0.9032) indicated a maximum SGR at protein level of 37%. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased with increasing levels of dietary protein up to 42% and increased thereafter. Second‐order polynomial regression analysis (y = 0.0054x² ? 0.4351x + 10.391, R² = 0.753) indicated a minimum FCR at protein level of 40%. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the 34%, 38% and 42% diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the 46%, 50% and 54% diets, and broken‐line analysis indicated PER tended to decrease when dietary protein level was higher than 40%. Generally, whole body lipid content, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerol decreased with increasing levels of dietary protein. Fish fed the 42% protein diet showed the highest essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine) and non‐essential amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) in muscle. Based on the second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of SGR and FCR and broken‐line analysis of PER, the optimal dietary protein level of obscure puffer is estimated to be between 37% and 40% (% as dry matter basis).     

The inclusion of plant protein in cod diets, its effects on macronutrient digestibility, gut and liver histology and heat shock protein transcription

This paper reports on the use of plant protein in cod diets, and where corn gluten meal, soybean meal, a mixture of these, or a mixture of wheat gluten meal and soy protein concentrate, substituted fish meal in a regression design up to 440 g kg^?1 plant ingredients. Feeding lasted for a period of 20 weeks. High growth rates were obtained, and fish were able to maintain growth in all groups by increasing feed intake when plant proteins exerted high amounts of the protein fraction. This was confirmed by increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) values. The apparent digestibility measured by means of faecal stripping, showed high apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for fat, starch and protein. Small decreases in protein ADC and larger decreases in fat ADC were observed with high levels of plant protein ingredients. No histopathological changes were found, neither in liver nor in the different sections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, for any of the diet groups. Expression of stress genes (heat shock protein 70 and 90 (HSP70 and HSP90)) in liver showed no response to high levels of plant protein. Invasion of gut‐bacteria in the distal part of the GI tract was substantial, but independent of diet level of plant ingredients. Gut evacuation analysis showed that the time for a meal to pass through the stomach and the GI tract was more than 72 h, with no variation dependent on diet plant protein level. The major conclusion is that cod shows a high tolerance to the plant protein sources investigated in this experiment, and consequently that Atlantic cod safely can be fed diets holding up to 440 g kg^?1 of the present investigated plant protein ingredients without any adverse effects on intestinal or liver function. There seems to be no gain if feeding frequency exceeds more than one large meal every 24 h at 6–7°C.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of several protein sources,and replacement of fishmeal by porcine meal in diets of Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus,are affected by dietary protein levels

A digestibility and a growth trial were conducted in this study respectively. Firstly, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients and energy in meat and bone meal, porcine meal (PM), hydrolysed feather meal, poultry by‐products meal, fishmeal (FM), soybean meal and spray‐dried blood meal were determined. In experiment 2, an 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the substitution of FM by PM under the digestible ideal protein concept at two protein levels in the diets of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. A FM‐based control diet (FM diet; FM: 320 g kg^?1, crude protein: 434.9 g kg^?1, crude lipid: 124.6 g kg^?1) and three other diets were formulated to contain 115 g kg^?1 PM and only 160 g kg^?1 FM. Two diets were formulated on a crude protein basis without (PM diet) or with (PMA diet) essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation respectively. A low‐protein diet was designed (LPMA diet, crude protein: 400.9 g kg^?1, crude lipid: 96.3 g kg^?1) with the same level of FM and PM but with the same digestible protein/ digestible energy and EAA profile as the FM diet. The results showed that nitrogen and total amino acid digestibility of the tested ingredients were ranged from 85.6% to 95.5% and from 87.6% to 95.5% respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein for FM and PM were 91.2% and 95.9% respectively. In the growth trial, the weight gain rate and feed conversion ratio of fish fed the PMA diet did not show a significant difference from those of the control group, but were significantly higher than those of the PM and LPMA groups (P<0.05). Growth was related linearly to lysine and methionine intakes. It was shown that PM could be utilized in the Japanese seabass diet up to 115 g kg^?1 to replace about 160 g kg^?1 of FM protein under an ideal protein profile. Essential amino acid deficiency (diet PM) or a lower protein level despite having an ideal amino acid profile (diet LPMA) could not support the optimal growth of Japanese seabass.     

Dietary protein requirement for fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch), based on growth, feed conversion, protein retention and biochemical composition

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in a flow-through system (1–1.5 L min⁻¹) at 27°C to determine dietary protein requirement for Channa punctatus fingerlings (4.58 ± 0.29 g) by feeding six isocaloric diets (18.39 kJ g⁻¹, gross energy). Diets containing graded levels of protein (300, 350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g kg⁻¹) were fed to triplicate groups of fish to apparent satiation at 09:00 and 16:00 h. Maximum absolute weight gain (AWG; 8.11 g fish⁻¹), specific growth rate (SGR; 1.82%) and best feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.48) were recorded in fish fed diet containing 450 g kg⁻¹ protein, whereas protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1.52), protein retention efficiency (PRE; 25%), energy retention efficiency (ERE; 78%) and RNA/DNA ratio (3.01) were maximum for the group fed dietary protein at 400 g kg⁻¹. Second-degree polynomial regression analysis of AWG, SGR and FCR data against varying levels of dietary protein yielded optimum dietary protein requirement of fingerling between 462.24 and 476.72 g kg⁻¹, whereas the regression analysis of PER, PRE, ERE and RNA/DNA ratio data showed a lower protein requirement of 438.28–444.43 g kg⁻¹ of the diet. Considering the PER, PRE, ERE and RNA/DNA ratio as more reliable indicators, this protein requirement is recommended for developing quality protein commercial feeds for C. punctatus fingerlings.     

Effects of the protein/carbohydrate ratio of extruded diets on protein synthesis, protein growth and body composition in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

High levels of protein in fish feeds result in higher costs and nitrogen waste. Therefore, studies focused on protein substitution by alternative energy sources are necessary. Here we examine whether the protein:carbohydrate ratio in extruded diets affects protein-turnover parameters and the main tissue components in brown trout. Juvenile fish were adapted to two extruded diets: one higher in protein and lower in carbohydrate, C: 45/28 and the other higher in carbohydrate and lower in protein, HC: 37/40. Gross energy was 19 MJ kg⁻¹ DM in both diets. Protein and lipid digestibility were high and similar in both groups (≈90%), whereas total and carbohydrate digestibility and digestible energy were lower in the HC-fed group than in the C-fed group. Consequently, when fish were adapted to the diets, plasma levels of glucose and insulin differed between diets. HC-group presented higher plasma glucose levels and lower plasma insulin levels than C-group. Protein synthesis rates in white muscle, liver and whole body did not differ significantly between diets. In contrast, protein accretion rate of white muscle and whole body were significantly lower in the HC group, indicating an increase of protein degradation in these tissues and a decrease of synthesis retention efficiency. In spite of the daily protein intake of HC group was lower than C-group, the anabolic stimulation efficiency was increased by 34% in HC group. Protein and lipid contents in white muscle and liver were stable throughout the experiment. No hepatomegalia or increased fat deposition was observed in fish fed HC. Differences in specific growth rates (C: 0.88%; HC: 0.77%) were associated more with the lower protein consumption rate and the lower level of digestible energy in fish fed HC than with the higher dietary carbohydrate content of the diet.     

Performance,body compositions,input and output of nitrogen and phosphorus in Siberian sturgeon,Acipenser baerii Brandt,as affected by dietary animal protein blend replacing fishmeal and protein levels

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted using a 2 × 3 factorial design to evaluate the effect of substitution of fishmeal (FM) by rendered animal protein blend [APB, comprised of 400 g kg^?1 poultry by‐product meal, 350 g kg^?1 meat and bone meal, 200 g kg^?1 hydrolysed feather meal (HFM) and 50 g kg^?1 spray‐dried blood meal] in diets of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt. Two isoenergetic control diets were formulated to contain two different protein levels [high‐protein control (400 g kg^?1), with 483 g kg^?1 of FM] and [low‐protein control (360 g kg^?1), with 400 g kg^?1 of FM]. At each protein level, dietary FM protein was replaced by APB at 75% and 100% levels and supplemented with crystallized essential amino acid under ideal protein concept. The six diets were named as HC, HAPB75, HAPB100, LC, LAPB75 and LAPB100, respectively. No significant differences were found in weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR), but fish fed with the low‐protein diets showed higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Plasma growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factors I of each group were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The whole‐body composition and liver composition were not affected by dietary protein levels, replacement or their interaction. Muscle protein and lipid contents of fish fed with diet LAPB100 were significantly lower than those of HC group. Digestibility of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were reduced with higher APB inclusion levels, but productive N and P values of all groups were not different. Lower N and P intake induced lower nutrients losses (P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary protein level could be reduced to 360 g kg^?1 from 400 g kg^?1 without affecting WGR or SGR and significantly reduced nutrients lose. Furthermore, dietary FM protein can be totally replaced by APB in feed formulation either at 400 g kg^?1 or at 360 g kg^?1 protein level.     

中华绒螯蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素的适宜含量↑（*）

试验采用正交L18(37)表,用酪蛋白、结晶纤维素、鱼油分别作为蛋白源、纤维素源和脂肪源,制成含蛋白质36%、40%、44%,脂肪4%、6%、8%,纤维素3%、5%、7%的试验饲料,在水族箱中对体重19～25g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素的适宜含量进行研究。结果表明,配合饲料中含40%～44%蛋白质、4%～6%脂肪、3%纤维素具有显著的促增重效果,高的生长比率,良好的饲料系数和蛋白质效率(P<0.01),交互作用极显著(P<0.01);5%和7%纤维素都显著地降低了生长比率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质表观消化率,使饲料系数极显著升高(P<0.01)。     

Estimating digestible protein requirements of silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell

In this study, we estimated requirements for digestible protein, using intact protein sources, at one digestible energy content. Using digestibility data for silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell) for a large number of ingredients, we formulated a ‘summit’ diet to contain between 1.4 and 1.8 times the ‘expected requirements’ for digestible essential amino acids (based on requirements for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque). A ‘diluent’ diet was formulated to contain 0.4–0.5 times the expected requirements of digestible essential amino acids. Both ‘summit’ and ‘diluent’ diets contained similar digestible energy (14.7 MJ digestible energy kg^?1 for the summit and 13.4 MJ digestible energy kg^?1 for the diluent). Six diets were prepared with the following amounts of summit–diluent diets: 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100. A practical diet widely used by commercial farmers was also included as a control. Ten juvenile fish (2.1–2.6 g) were stocked into each experimental 70‐L acrylic aquarium, and each dietary treatment was randomly assigned to five replicate aquaria. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 54 days. Final individual fish weight ranged from 4–15.5 g. Results were analysed using intersecting linear regression analysis. The optimum digestible dietary protein for diets with 13.4–14.7 MJ digestible energy kg^?1, after which protein deposition did not increase significantly, was 28%. Although this study did not determine requirements for individual amino acids, for diets with the digestible energy content used here, requirements for individual amino acids obviously did not exceed the content in the 28% protein diet. These contents are useful as an estimate of ‘recommended levels’ for silver perch diets with 13.4–14.7 MJ digestible energy kg^?1. The proximate composition of fish was affected by diet. Whole body protein and moisture increased, whereas lipid content decreased with increasing dietary protein content (and increasing protein–energy ratio and decreasing lipid). Fish size was also affected by diet; however, the changes in whole carcass proximate composition also occurred for fish fed diets 60:40, 80:20 and the summit diet which were a similar final weight.