杭州西湖底泥反硝化作用初探

反硝化作用作为水体彻底去除硝态氮的主要途径之一,主要发生在沉积物中。为了调查杭州西湖高硝态氮水体中底泥反硝化作用及其影响因子,2013年12月(冬季)和2014年6月(夏季)在西湖5个子湖区和3个湖湾的13个点位(X1~X13)进行样品采集,以底泥中硝酸盐还原酶活性和反硝化强度代表反硝化作用。结果表明,西湖水体冬夏两季TN浓度分别为1.568~2.613 mg/L和1.117~2.848 mg/L,硝态氮在TN中占比平均值分别为76%和72%。冬夏两季的底泥反硝化强度分别为0.132~1.350 mg/g和0.643~1.286 mg/g,硝酸盐还原酶活性分别为0.015~5.092μg/g和0.665~19.123μg/g;其中,硝酸盐还原酶活性冬季与夏季差异极显著(P<0.01),而冬季和夏季的反硝化强度没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。夏季底泥反硝化强度与水温和泥温极显著正相关(P<0.01),与水体氨氮呈显著负相关(P<0.05),底泥硝酸盐还原酶活性与底泥总有机碳(TOC)呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。冬季底泥反硝化强度与硝酸盐还原酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与表层水体溶解氧(DO)呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。在沉水植物盖度对反硝化作用影响的调查中发现,一定盖度的沉水植物可以促进反硝化作用,但过多的沉水植物也会抑制反硝化作用。     

有机碳源对循环水养殖系统生物滤池净化作用的研究进展

有机碳源作为循环水养殖系统生物膜上微生物的重要营养物质,其在水中的存在形式及含量大小不仅影响生物膜的结构,而且影响主要功能菌的代谢活动,进而影响生物滤池的净水效果。为了进一步了解有机碳源如何影响生物滤池的整个净化过程,探讨其作用机理,总结了近年来循环水养殖系统内不同存在形式的有机碳对生物膜构建、生物膜结构,以及生物膜净化效果(有机物去除、硝化作用、反硝化作用)的研究进展,并针对研究过程中存在的问题进行了分析,以期为相关研究或养殖企业解决生物滤器碳源问题提供参考。     

两种碳源对草鱼养殖水质、藻类和微生物群落的影响

为研究淀粉及其与乙酸钠的复合物(淀粉乙酸钠质量比为19∶1)两种碳源对草鱼养殖水体水质、藻类和微生物群落调控作用的差异,在为期60 d的试验中,每周向养殖水体添加一次碳源,添加量为当日水体氨氮含量的20倍,监测分析水体理化指标、藻类和微生物群落参数。结果显示:(1)试验期内,淀粉组(GS)和淀粉乙酸钠组(GSA)养殖水体氨氮保持在0.25 mg/L左右,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a均逐步升高,而透明度和碳氮比逐步下降,同次样品两试验组间水体理化指标差异不显著。(2)试验期内,GS组和GSA组藻类数量逐步上升,中后期显著高于前期,同次样品两试验组间藻类数量差异不显著,但GSA组藻类种类数和多样性稍高于GS组。(3)GS组微生物活性、碳源利用能力同比略高于GSA组,且微生物群落多样性在试验末期差异显著。结果表明,淀粉碳源中复合少量乙酸钠可改变藻类和微生物结构功能,可作为池塘养殖水体藻类和微生物群落结构功能定向调控碳源。     

碳源对海水反硝化细菌活性的影响及动力学分析

分别以乙酸钠(1.8∶1)、柠檬酸钠(3.5∶1)、葡萄糖(3∶1、6∶1、7∶1)、甲醇(3.2∶1)为唯一碳源,研究不同碳源及碳氮比对反硝化细菌活性的影响。结果表明,不同碳源及碳氮比情况下均能实现对硝酸盐的去除,其中,以乙酸钠为碳源时去除效率最高,10h去除率可达78.8%;以甲醇为碳源时去除效率最低,24h去除率为71.9%。以柠檬酸钠和甲醇作为唯一碳源时,观察到亚硝酸盐的积累,峰值分别为16.9mg.L-1、15.3mg.L-1;以葡萄糖、乙酸钠作为唯一碳源时,亚硝酸盐氮含量较低。用单一底物Monod方程模拟不同碳源条件下NO3--N去除情况,发现模拟值与实验值吻合良好。     

不同有机碳源及C/N对生物滤池净化效果的影响

利用生物滤池模拟装置,以实际养殖废水为处理对象,探讨了4种常见有机碳源(葡萄糖、乙醇、红糖和淀粉)及不同碳氮比对有机物去除、硝化反应和异养反硝化作用等生物滤池主要净化过程的影响.碳源初选结果显示,同种碳源下,当C/N从0升高至6过程中,生物滤池对TAN(总氨氮)的去除率呈先升高后降低趋势;当C/N较小时,各组对NO2--N的去除率差异性不显著(P＞0.05),随着C/N继续升高,NO2-N去除率则显著降低(P＜0.05);乙醇组除外,其他3组随着C/N升高,CODMn去除率先迅速增大然后趋于稳定;各组NO3-N和TN去除率呈先升高后降低趋势,且变化显著(P＜0.05),当C/N=4时,分别达到最高值.碳源复选结果显示,在C/N=4条件下,分别添加有机碳源(乙醇、淀粉、红糖和葡萄糖)的4组对TAN、NO3--N、TN和CODM的去除率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);而对照组NO2--N的去除率最高,达到93.59％;添加乙醇,生物滤池对水体中TAN、NO2-N、NO3-N和TN的去除效果优于其他3种碳源.研究表明,当C/N=4时,乙醇作为外加碳源能很好地提高生物滤池的净化效率.     

碳源及C/N对复合菌群净化循环养殖废水的影响

为了解决循环养殖废水水质处理过程中存在的脱氮碳源不足问题,从而提高整个循环养殖废水生物脱氮效率.实验以高NO3-N降解能力和低NO2--N积累量为碳源优化指标,研究了乙醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乙酸钠和酒石酸钾钠6种碳源及不同碳氮比(C/N)对复合菌群净化循环养殖废水效果的影响.碳源初筛结果显示,当以葡萄糖、蔗糖等糖类物质为外加碳源时,实验过程中NO2--N积累现象较明显,最高可达12.4 mg/L;当以醇类物质为外加碳源时,NO2--N积累量较低,最高也只有1.3 mg/L.碳源复筛结果显示,不同碳源及C/N对养殖废水的NH4+-N去除率并无显著差异,且各处理组的NH4+-N去除率高达98.2％,显著地高于对照组(P＜0.05);以乙醇为外加碳源且C/N为3∶1时,复合菌群对养殖废水的TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N去除率分别高达93.3％、98.9％和91.8％,均显著地高于对照组(P＜0.05).综合考虑外加碳源的实用性和经济性等因素,选取乙醇作为复合菌群净化养殖废水的外加碳源,相应的C/N为3∶1.虽然外加碳源短期内会引起水体CODMn含量大幅升高,但可被复合菌群迅速降解;此外,外加碳源还能改善水体pH值,经处理组净化后的水体pH值维持在7.2～7.8.结果表明,循环养殖废水水质净化过程中添加相应的碳源并适当控制C/N能显著改善池水水质,提高生物脱氮效率.     

碳源及C/N对反硝化细菌净化循环养殖废水的影响

针对目前循环养殖废水水质处理过程中存在脱氮碳源不足的问题,本文以高NO3--N降解能力和低NO2--N积累量为碳源优化指标,研究了乙醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乙酸钠和酒石酸钾钠6种碳源及不同碳氮比（C/N）对复合菌群净化循环养殖废水效果的影响。试验结果显示,不同碳源及C/N对养殖废水的NH4 -N去除率并无显著差异,且各处理组的NH4 -N去除率高达98%左右,显著地高于对照组（p<0.05）;当以葡萄糖、蔗糖等糖类物质为外加碳源时,试验过程中有明显的NO2--N积累现象;当以醇类物质为外加碳源时,NO2--N积累量几乎为零,且NO3--N去除率高达90%左右,显著地高于对照组（58.96%）;特别是以乙醇为外加碳源且C/N为3.0时,复合菌群对养殖废水的TN、NH4 -N和NO3--N去除率分别高达93.28%、98.90%和91.82%。虽然外加碳源短期内会引起水体CODMn含量大幅升高,但可被反硝化细菌迅速降解;此外,外加碳源还能改善水体pH值,经处理组净化后的水体pH值维持在7.5左右。试验结果表明,循环养殖废水水质净化过程中添加相应的碳源及并适当控制C/N比能显著改善池水水质,提高生物脱氮效率。     

四株异养硝化细菌的鉴定及硝化能力的初步研究

从江苏通州、海安和吕四地区的养殖池塘浅层底泥中分离得到G、H、3-4和5-5四株具明显硝化活性的异养硝化细菌,通过形态学和生理生化研究,将上述菌株初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp．)。在外加有机碳源(丙酮酸钠0．01mol/L)的条件下对各菌株进行连续培养10 d后发现,随着各供试菌株生长量的增加,培养基中铵态氮和COD的含量均有明显下降。与对照组相比,铵态氮含量最大降幅达到了8％,COD最大降幅达到了32％。     

循环水养殖用水中反硝化碳源研究现状

通过硝化作用和反硝化作用可以有效控制循环水养殖系统水中的氧氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐.进行水产养殖用水硝化作用的生物过滤器的研究已经系统而深入,而关于养殖用水反硝化作用的脱氮反应器的研究则并未引起相应的关注.水产养殖用水进行异养反硝化必需添加碳源.在已有的研究中,经常使用的甲醇等有机液体碳源存在添加量不易控制、出水有残留等弊端;可生物降解聚合物被证明是比较理想的水产养殖用水异养反硝化碳源的选择之一;近年来对以养殖活动中产生的残饵和粪便作为异养反硝化内供碳源的研究也引起了广泛的关注.总结了近年来循环水养殖系统异养反硝化不同种类碳源的效率、在实际生产中的可操作性的相关研究进展.     

褐煤的碳缓释特征及其对池塘底泥脱氮作用的影响

厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用是底泥生物脱氮的主要过程,碳源是调控厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用的关键因子。本研究以褐煤为对象,对褐煤的静态碳释情况及其对池塘底泥中脱氮作用的影响进行了研究。结果显示,褐煤在室温条件下的碳释放规律符合二级动力学方程,具备作为反硝化碳源的可行性;在脱氮实验中,发现褐煤对底泥上覆水体中的亚硝酸盐氮(NNO₂^--N)的去除具有促进作用,NNO₂^--N的去除率随褐煤浓度的增加而升高,当褐煤质量浓度为40 g/L时,N\${\rm{O}}_2^ - $\-N去除率最高达99.61%,此时硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)的浓度也最低;同时发现,水体中氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)氧化的最适褐煤质量浓度为10 g/L,其去除率达99.39%;对底泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌群进行Illumina高通量测序发现,其中浮霉菌门占比最大(39.6%~71.8%),优势菌属为Candidatus Brocadia (13.9%~35.8%)和Desulfovibrio (17.1%~34.8%),添加褐煤组Candidatus Scalindua菌属比例高于未添加组;荧光定量PCR得出,随着褐煤质量浓度升高,底泥中的反硝化菌丰度呈增长趋势,而厌氧氨氧化菌丰度则低于无褐煤添加组,表明添加褐煤对底泥反硝化有促进作用,而对厌氧氨氧化有一定的抑制作用。研究表明,褐煤具备作为反硝化碳源的条件,可用于池塘养殖底泥脱氮作用。     

罗非鱼循环水养殖系统中一株肺炎克雷伯氏菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮性能研究

实验从山东德州市一罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)养殖场循环水养殖系统的脱氮池中分离到一株具有高效脱氮特性的菌株(编号DZYC02),分别以葡萄糖、蔗糖、可溶性淀粉、丁二酸钠、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠为碳源,研究了碳源种类对菌株DZYC02脱氨氮效果的影响;同时以蔗糖为碳源、NH4Cl为氮源,研究了不同碳氮比、初始pH及盐度对该菌株脱氮效果的影响。结果显示:菌株DZYC02在以柠檬酸钠为碳源、C∶N≥15、pH 5~7、盐度0~15的条件下具有良好的脱氮效果,24 h内对浓度为20 mg/L的NH+4的去除率达100%,48 h内对浓度为20 mg/L的NO-2去除率高达100%;将该菌采用浸泡方式感染斑马鱼(Danio rerio)进行生物安全试验,结果显示菌株DZYC02对斑马鱼表现出较好的安全特性。分别用Biolog细菌鉴定方法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行鉴定,结果显示菌株DZYC02为一株肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)。     

碳源对海水水族箱脱氮系统运行效果的影响

研究不同碳源对海水水族箱脱氮系统运行效果的影响,从而为系统高效运行提供依据。结果表明,当初始硝酸盐浓度为100 mg/L时,分别以乙醇、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠和葡萄糖作为唯一碳源,海水水族箱中硝酸盐去除效果达到99%所需时间分别为8 d9、d1、0 d和11 d。以葡萄糖和柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源时,水族箱中亚硝酸盐呈现出先积累再消耗的变化规律,亚硝酸盐峰值浓度分别为16.7 mg/L和17.6 mg/L,并分别在13d和11 d降解到0.1 mg/L以下;而分别以乙醇和乙酸钠作为唯一碳源时,水族箱中亚硝酸盐氮浓度均维持在0.1 mg/L以下。以乙醇作为唯一碳源时,水族箱中DO迅速下降,8 d时稳定在2 mg/L左右,分别投加其他3种碳源时,水族箱中DO始终维持在6 mg/L以上。除柠檬酸钠外,投加碳源后水族箱中浊度和pH未出现明显变化。     

Startup and effects of relative water renewal rate on water quality and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a unique RAS research platform

The aquaculture industry is growing fast but facing two major challenges: a shortage of suitable locations for growth and the need to reduce environmental impacts. One solution for both these challenges is inland production through recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The RAS technique is rather new, and several practical issues need to be solved. In this study, an experimental platform, consisting of ten individual RAS units, was built for small-scale testing of different RAS designs and operation methods, and two preliminary experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the capability of different chemical additions (sodium nitrite, ammonium chloride and/or cane sugar) to fasten the startup of the nitrification bioreactor was tested. In addition, the suitability and reliability of an online water measurement system in monitoring nitrification process with was evaluated. We demonstrated that when using a combination of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride in a concentration of 5 mg l⁻¹, nitrification started one week before than when using only ammonium chloride or a clean start with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In the second experiment, the effect of different relative water renewal rates (RWR) on water quality, rainbow trout growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were examined at 16 °C. Based on the results, FCR increased when RWR went below 478 l kg⁻¹, and the specific growth rate decreased when RWR went below 514 l kg⁻¹. Furthermore, when RWR decreased, nitrate, nitrite and organic material accumulated in the circulating water. In conclusion, we showed using experimental RAS platform that online water quality monitoring is a useful tool in following the effect of different management practices. Furthermore, we demonstrated that chemical substrate additions provide the fastest biofilter startup, and that water management is still in the key role in defining the fish production in RAS.     

The effects of different combinations of fixed and moving bed bioreactors on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth and health,water quality and nitrification in recirculating aquaculture systems

The effect of bioreactor design on nitrification efficiency has been well studied, but less is known about the overall impacts on water quality. Besides nitrification, submerged fixed bed bioreactors (FBBR) trap fine solid particles, whereas moving bed bioreactors (MBBR) grind solids, possibly increasing solids and particle accumulation in the system. In this experiment, the effects of different combinations of fixed bed and moving bed bioreactors on water quality, solids removal, particle size distribution, fish health based on histopathological changes and nitrification efficiency were studied in laboratory scale recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three set-ups with triplicate tanks were used: 1. two consecutive fixed bed bioreactors (FF); 2. a fixed bed bioreactor followed by a moving bed bioreactor (FM) and 3. two consecutive moving bed bioreactors (MM). Fish performance was not influenced by the design of the bioreactor, specific growth rate (SGR) being between 1.59 and 1.64% d⁻¹ and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between 0.95 and 0.98. Water nitrite concentration was higher in the FF systems compared to FM and MM systems, whereas the average total ammonia nitrogen concentration (TAN) was not influenced by the treatments. Nitrification rate, which was measured in the laboratory, followed the water nitrite levels, indicating highest total ammonium oxidation rates in the MM systems. UV254 absorbance and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were higher in the groups with moving bed systems, indicating accumulation of organic substances in the circulating water. The total volume of particles was higher in the MM systems as compared to the FF systems. The total solids balance was similar in all the bioreactor groups, since the removal of solids by the FBBR backwash was compensated by the drum filter in the FM and MM systems. In general, no significant histopathological difference in gill, kidney, heart and liver tissue were observed between the RAS treatment groups and the flow-through treatment.     

一株异养硝化菌AD-28氨氮去除特性研究

以异养硝化菌——嗜碱假单胞菌AD-28为试验对象,通过单因子试验测定好氧条件下碳源、碳氮比、温度、pH、溶解氧、初始氮质量浓度及盐度等不同因素对嗜碱假单胞菌AD-28生长及氨氮去除的影响。试验结果表明,适用于嗜碱假单胞菌AD-28生长和氨氮去除的最佳条件为:碳源柠檬酸钠、丁二酸钠、乙酸钠,碳氮比20,温度25～35℃,pH 6.0,转速120r/min;在最佳条件下,嗜碱假单胞菌AD-28对初始质量浓度为20～160mg/L的氨氮去除率在24h内达95%以上。嗜碱假单胞菌AD-28能直接以氨氮为底物进行高效的硝化作用,并能耐受较低的温度(15℃)和较高的盐度(NaCl质量浓度为50g/L),在调节养殖水体水质方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

降解亚硝酸盐的大山芽孢杆菌JY-1的分离、鉴定及其作用

为得到稳定高效降解亚硝酸盐的益生菌,通过菌株富集分离培养、菌株鉴定、发酵培养基优化等实验对菌株进行了分离、鉴定,对菌株降亚硝酸盐效果进行了分析,并克隆了亚硝酸盐还原酶基因.结果显示,从养殖池塘、污水处理厂等5处混合水体中分离、筛选出一株具有亚硝酸盐降解能力的菌株,命名为JY-1.菌株生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析显...     

1株好氧反硝化芽孢杆菌的脱氮特性研究

以具有较强反硝化能力的芽孢杆菌D5为出发菌株,研究了其牛长及好氧脱氮特性.研究结果表明,在高浓度的亚硝酸盐环境下其仍具有相当强的反硝化能力,且碳源为乙酸钠时脱氮能力最强.当碳源浓度0.2 mol/L、温度36℃、初始pH 7.0、溶氧5～7 mg/L时具有最佳的反硝化活性.和已报道的反硝化细菌相比,其具有更强的耐氧能力,同时也具有较高的反硝化速率.     

Degradation and effect of hydrogen peroxide in small‐scale recirculation aquaculture system biofilters

From an environmental point of view, hydrogen peroxide (HP) has beneficial attributes compared with other disinfectants in terms of its ready degradation and neutral by‐products. The rapid degradation of HP can, however, cause difficulties with regard to safe and efficient water treatment when applied in different systems. In this study, we investigated the degradation kinetics of HP in biofilters from water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The potential effect of HP on the nitrification process in the biofilters was also examined. Biofilter elements from two different pilot‐scale RAS were exposed to various HP treatments in batch experiments, and the HP concentration was found to follow an exponential decay. The biofilter ammonia and nitrite oxidation processes showed quick recuperation after exposure to a single dose of HP up to 30 mg L^?1. An average HP concentration of 10–13 mg L^?1 maintained over 3 h had a moderate inhibitory effect on the biofilter elements from one of the RAS with relatively high organic loading, while the nitrification was severely inhibited in the pilot‐scale biofilters from the other RAS with a relatively low organic loading. A pilot‐scale RAS, equipped with two biofilter units, both a moving‐bed (Biomedia) and a fixed‐bed (BIO‐BLOK^®) biofilter, was subjected to an average HP concentration of ～12 mg L^?1 for 3 h. The ammonium‐ and nitrite‐degrading efficiencies of both the Biomedia and the BIO‐BLOK^® filters were drastically reduced. The filters had not reverted to pre‐HP exposure efficiency after 24 h, suggesting a possible long‐term impact on the biofilters.