双齿围沙蚕胚胎及幼体发育的研究

2003-2004年，观察了双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)胚胎及幼体发育。结果表明，成熟卵为绿色，卵径175-228μm，多油球；胚胎发育经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期；后担轮幼虫期胚体脱卵膜孵化；幼体从3刚节疣足幼虫开始，在3刚节疣足幼虫后期开始摄食；4刚节疣足幼虫后期纤毛轮消失，进入匍匐阶段；10刚节疣足幼虫形态与生态都与成体相似；从受精卵发育到4刚节疣足幼虫的时间在不同水温情况下变化较大，水温在25-26℃为118h、而水温在27．5～32℃为82h。     

饵料和附着基对双齿围沙蚕人工育苗的影响

对双齿围沙蚕3刚节疣足幼体(均由同一条沙蚕孵化而来)进行饵料种类试验,共设8组有盐藻、亚心形扁藻、角毛藻、球等鞭金藻、微绿球藻、海洋酵母、空白组和混合组(亚心形扁藻+盐藻+角毛藻);用不同密度的球等鞭金藻开始投喂3刚节疣足幼体(均由同一条沙蚕孵化而来),设置梯度为5×107L-1(cells/L),10×107L-1,15×107L-1,20×107L-1;不同幼体期投沙试验:设置梯度为3刚节疣足幼体期、4刚节疣足幼体期、5刚节疣足幼体期;沙粒试验:设置梯度为细沙(100目过滤)、粗沙(80目过滤)和对照组不投沙。不同饵料种类的投喂试验表明:沙蚕幼体在3刚节末(即体节已发育分化成4节,但疣足和刚毛尚未长出)时开口摄食,此时较佳的饵料是球等鞭金藻、盐藻、角毛藻、海洋酵母和混合藻(亚心形扁藻+盐藻+角毛藻)。以球等鞭金藻为幼体主要饵料进行的不同投喂密度的试验表明:以20×104cell/mL组效果最佳。投沙试验试验结果表明:在3刚节幼体末期投细沙效果最好。     

饵料和附着基对双齿围沙蚕人工育苗的影响研究

对双齿围沙蚕3刚节疣足幼体(均由同一条沙蚕孵化而来)进行饵料种类试验,共设8组有盐藻、亚心形扁藻、角毛藻、球等鞭金藻、微绿球藻、海洋酵母、空白组和混合组(亚心形扁藻+盐藻+角毛藻);用不同密度的球等鞭金藻开始投喂3刚节疣足幼体(均由同一条沙蚕孵化而来),设置梯度为5×10~4,10×10~4,15×10~4,20×10~4 cell/ml;不同幼体期投沙试验:设置梯度为3、4、5刚节疣足幼体期;沙粒试验:设置梯度为细沙(100目过滤)、粗沙(80目过滤)和对照组不投沙。不同饵料种类的投喂试验表明:沙蚕幼体在3刚节末(即体节已发育分化成4节,但疣足和刚毛尚未长出)时开口摄食,此时较佳的饵料是球等鞭金藻、盐藻、角毛藻、海洋酵母和混合藻(亚心形扁藻+盐藻+角毛藻)。以球等鞭金藻为幼体主要饵料进行的不同投喂密度的试验表明:以20×10~4 cell/ml组效果最佳。投沙试验结果表明:在3刚节幼体末期投细沙效果最好。     

双齿围沙蚕的研究——生活史及异沙蚕体形态研究

本文报导了双齿围沙蚕这个种的生活史。文中描述异型体(性成熟体)及受精卵、卵裂期、担轮幼虫期、刚节疣足幼体及刚节幼虫至幼沙蚕等各发育阶段的形态特征。为沙蚕人工育苗及增养殖提供依据。     

多齿围沙蚕胚胎及游毛幼虫发育条件的研究

通过控制不同温度、盐度条件及投喂不同的饵料,观察了多齿围沙蚕胚胎、3～8刚节阶段游毛幼虫的发育情况.结果表明,多齿围沙蚕胚胎发育的适宜温度为18～25℃,适宜盐度为25～32;3～8刚节阶段游毛幼虫发育的适宜温度为24～32℃,适宜盐度为20～35;4～8刚节阶段游毛幼虫对微细的饵料均可摄食,蛋黄和酵母组比单细胞藻类组生长速度快,但成活率较低.     

温度、盐度对似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育过程的影响

设置10℃、15℃、20℃、24℃、27℃、30℃6个温度组和0‰、2.5‰、5‰、10‰、15‰、太湖湖水组6个盐度组,探讨了温度和盐度对似刺鳊鮈(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)胚胎发育的影响。温度实验结果表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育的起始温度(生物学零度)为9.5℃,适宜的发育水温为20～24℃。水温10℃时胚胎卵裂异常,未能进入原肠期;水温升至30℃时胚胎在发育至原肠期前后死亡。水温度为24℃时孵化时间仅为73.5 h,孵化率高达80%,畸形率为0,为最适孵化水温;水温对胚胎发育速率的影响后期较前期大。盐度实验表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎对盐度有一定的耐受力,各盐度梯度下的胚胎发育速率差异不大,但孵化率的差异极显著。在水温18℃、盐度为2.5‰的水体中胚胎的孵化率为81.67%,高于太湖湖水组的孵化率,此盐度应为似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育较适盐度。     

温度、盐度和pH对双齿围沙蚕受精卵孵化

为了解温度、盐度和pH对双齿围沙蚕受精卵孵化及幼虫存活的影响,设置不同的温度、盐度和pH值梯度进行了双齿围沙蚕受精卵孵化及幼虫培育试验.结果表明,在23℃时受精卵的孵化率和幼虫的存活率都最高,35℃时受精卵不能孵化,受精卵孵化的最佳温度为23℃,幼虫存活的适宜温度为23-26℃;受精卵孵化的适宜盐度为23-26,幼虫存...     

温度、盐度和pH对双齿围沙蚕受精卵孵化

为了解温度、盐度和pH对双齿围沙蚕受精卵孵化及幼虫存活的影响,设置不同的温度、盐度和pH值梯度进行了双齿围沙蚕受精卵孵化及幼虫培育试验.结果表明,在23℃时受精卵的孵化率和幼虫的存活率都最高,35℃时受精卵不能孵化,受精卵孵化的最佳温度为23℃,幼虫存活的适宜温度为23-26℃;受精卵孵化的适宜盐度为23-26,幼虫存活的适宜盐度为23-35;受精卵孵化的最佳pH值为7.0,而幼虫存活的适宜pH值为 7.0-8.0.     

单环刺螠的繁殖生物学

运用实验生态学和组织学方法研究了单环刺螠的性比、性腺指数、繁殖力、胚胎与胚后发育等繁殖生物学特征,并采用正交实验法分析了单环刺螠受精率和孵化率的最佳环境条件,为单环刺螠的人工增养殖提供科学依据。结果显示,单环刺螠雌、雄比例为1∶1.17,雄性略多于雌性。成熟卵径为(145.16±1.70)μm×(141.27±1.94)μm,处于第1次成熟分裂前期。绝对繁殖力为111 800～720 488(449 684±265 905)粒,相对繁殖力为2 214～12 702(6 849±4 854)粒,怀卵量与体质量呈显著正相关。生物学最小型体长约7 cm,体质量为11.21 g。精子密度为(5.88±0.52)×109个/mL,雄性个体平均精子数为(2.41±0.73)×1010个/只。雌性性腺指数在繁殖季节4—5月份呈现2个峰值,表明单环刺螠为分批产卵类型。在盐度25、水温15°C的条件下,胚胎发育经20～24 h孵化。组织学研究表明,单环刺螠为间黄卵,进行不等全裂,且有螺旋卵裂的特征,形成偏极囊胚,原肠作用方式为外包和内陷。胚后发育经担轮幼虫(孵化后1～10 d)、体节幼虫(11～20 d)、蠕虫状幼虫(21～30 d)发育为幼螠。正交实验结果表明,单环刺螠受精率的最佳环境条件为温度25°C、盐度35、pH 8～9;孵化率的最佳环境条件为温度15°C、盐度25、pH 8～9。     

温度和盐度对羊鲍胚胎发育及幼虫发育的影响

为探究水温和盐度对羊鲍胚胎发育和幼虫发育的影响,以人工驯化后的野生羊鲍为实验材料,采用温度、盐度单一和双因子组合方法设计实验。结果表明,羊鲍孵化率和成活率受温度、盐度影响显著,28°C时,胚胎发育时间最短,孵化率最高,26°C时,幼虫发育时间最短,成活率最高。胚胎发育适宜温度为24~28°C,最适温度为26~28°C。盐度为24时,羊鲍胚胎发育和幼虫发育时间最短,孵化率和成活率最低;盐度分别为30和32时,孵化率和成活率最高。胚胎发育和幼虫发育的适宜盐度为28~32,最适盐度为30~32。温度盐度交互作用对羊鲍孵化率影响差异不显著,对成活率影响差异显著。通过响应曲面模型优化,得出温度为24.61°C,盐度为32时,孵化率和成活率均达到最大值,分别为95.32%和81.20%,满意度为0.848。研究表明,羊鲍胚胎发育和幼虫发育对温度、盐度的敏感性不同,对高温高盐的耐受性强于低温低盐。     

盐度对棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

观察比较了11个盐度梯度[0、5、10、15、20、25、30(自然海水)、35、40、45、50]下,棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lueidus)胚胎的沉浮情况、孵化时间、孵化率和畸形率,并测定了初孵仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI)。结果表明:(1)棘头梅童鱼胚胎在海水盐度为30及以上时100%漂浮;盐度为25时,95%漂浮,5%悬浮;盐度为20时95%悬浮,5%沉底;盐度为15时95%沉底,5%悬浮;盐度为10及以下时100%沉底。在水温18～20℃的条件下,棘头梅童鱼胚胎在盐度5～40范围内经28～32 h能孵化出仔鱼,盐度对孵化时间影响不显著(P>0.05)。但孵化率和畸形率因盐度不同而有显著差异。综合分析表明棘头梅童鱼胚胎孵化的适宜盐度范围为15～35,孵化最适盐度范围在20～30之间。(2)在可孵出鱼苗盐度范围(5～40)内,棘头梅童鱼仔鱼SAI值为(1.80±0.03)～(11.85±0.02),与卵的孵化率呈正相关关系。仔鱼生存的适宜生长盐度为10～30,最适盐度范围为20～25。     

Embryonic and larval development in the semelparous Nereid polychaete Hediste diversicolor (OF Müller, 1776) in Norway: Challenges and perspectives

Knowledge of broodstock manipulation, gametogenesis, artificial fertilization and larval nutrition is a prerequisite to reach a large‐scale production of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. In this study, the characteristics of oogenesis and spermatogenesis and embryonic and larval development were observed. Moreover, the effect of temperature on embryonic development and effect of diets and sediment on earlier juvenile development were tested. Mature oocytes were characterized by a spherical shape with a diameter of about 200 μm. They showed radial symmetry with a large centric nucleus surrounded by four distinctive layers. Embryo cleavage started between 4 and 10 hr after fertilization, and developed to the swimming trochophore stage after 5–6 days after fertilization at 11°C. The rate of embryonic development increased with a temperature increase from 6.1 to 21.2°C. The trochophore larvae increased in length from day 9 and commenced differentiation into 3‐setiger stage larvae at day 12. The length growth of larvae until 7‐setiger stage was 0.43 mm/day when fed with fish feed, while those fed shellfish diet and smolt sludge both grew around 0.21–0.23 mm/day. The results suggest that fish feed is a superior diet compared to shellfish diets and smolt sludge for the early larval stage of H. diversicolor.     

盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

盐度对杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化和卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响

为了研究盐度对褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)♀×清水石斑鱼(Epinephelus polyphekadion)♂杂交后代(简称杂交石斑鱼)受精卵孵化、卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响,将杂交石斑鱼受精卵置于不同盐度水体中,观察盐度胁迫下卵径、油球径、孵化率及畸形率,以及孵化后卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化和活力状况。结果表明,在本研究条件下,受精卵卵径随盐度降低而增大,油球径不随盐度变化而变化。在盐度18~36范围内均能孵化仔鱼,但因盐度不同孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率有显著差异(P0.05);随盐度升高,孵化率呈先升后降的变化,初孵仔鱼畸形率则相反。盐度24~36组孵化后3 d仔鱼卵黄囊几乎完全消耗,组间无显著差异(P0.05)。在盐度24~36范围内,随着盐度的增加,仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI值)呈先升后降的变化曲线;盐度30~33范围内,初孵仔鱼SAI值大于5;5日龄仔鱼全部死亡,半数死亡时间出现在孵化后3.5 d。综上分析表明,该杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化及仔鱼培育的适宜盐度范围为24~36,最适盐度范围为30~33。     

利用低盐度养殖的凡纳滨对虾培育亲虾初探

以在盐度2~3条件下养殖至9月龄的凡纳滨对虾( Litopenaeus vannamei )成虾为材料, 研究低盐度养殖对虾在不同盐度驯养条件下的繁殖性能, 以期为利用低盐度养殖对虾培育亲虾提供科学依据。实验盐度梯度设置为1、8、15、23和30。雌虾经剪切单侧眼柄后进行促熟培育, 促熟期间的雄虾养殖水温控制在(27±0.5)℃, 雌虾水温控制在(28±0.5)℃。定期检查雌虾卵巢和雄虾精荚的发育情况, 采用精荚人工移植技术对不同盐度条件下培育的亲虾进行组合交配, 统计受精率和孵化率, 组织切片观察卵巢发育, 综合评价各实验组合的繁殖性能。结果表明, 在实验盐度梯度范围内, 雌虾卵巢都可发育成熟; 盐度1组雌虾成熟比例仅10%, 且全部死亡; 盐度8和15下发育成熟的雌虾达70%, 可正常产卵, 但产出的卵子受精率较低, 不能孵化出无节幼体; 盐度23和30下发育成熟的雌虾超过76%, 可正常产卵、孵化, 但孵化率较低。组织切片观察, 盐度8~30范围内各组雌虾卵巢发育无明显差异。在盐度8~30范围内, 凡纳滨对虾雄虾精巢都能够正常发育成熟, 但盐度30和23实验组的雄虾精巢发育速度明显快于盐度15和8组; 随着盐度的降低, 精荚发育成熟所需要的时间明显延长; 所有盐度实验组的精荚被移植后都可与卵子受精并孵化出无节幼体。

     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development of the Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

The effect of salinity on the embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis eggs was tested experimentally using S. pharaonis embryos at various developmental stages. The hatching rate, incubation period, hatching period, wet weight of hatchling cuttlefish, and yolk utilization efficiency ratio were quantified at salinities of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36. These variables were significantly affected by salinity. The weight of the eggs first decreased and then increased during embryonic development. The range of suitable salinities for hatching of S. pharaonis eggs was 27–33, and the optimal salinity was 30.     

Effects of salinity on Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus from fertilization to juvenile settlement

The Brazilian flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus, is a promising candidate for aquaculture, especially due to the euryhalinity demonstrated experimentally for large juveniles (3 g) and sub-adults. Flounder are observed in estuaries and were already reared in fresh and salt water, however little is known with respect of salinity tolerance during their early development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of salinity from fertilization to juvenile settlement. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity. In trial 1 adult flounder were captured in the wild, transferred to the laboratory and induced to spawn. The gametes were hand striped, split in four samples and fertilized with water at 10, 15, 25, and 35‰. Eggs were considered fertilized when the first cell divisions were observed under the microscope. For the trial 2 newly hatched larvae were reared in four salinities (5, 10, 20, and 30‰) and their growth and survival were observed until metamorphosis. In trial 3 larvae and juvenile of different ages (6, 16, 30, 45, and 60 dah — days after hatching) were evaluated for their tolerance to fresh water. Although the fertilization rate was directly proportional to salinity, hatching was successful only in full salt water. Larvae did not survive in low salinity water (5‰) longer than 6 days, whereas growth was improved when larvae were reared at 20 and 30‰. Young larvae cannot survive in salinities below 4‰, but at 30 dah juvenile presented 100% survival in fresh water. The present findings demonstrate the need for high salinity water (30–35‰) for the successful reproduction and incubation of P. orbignyanus eggs. Flounder can be reared successfully at intermediate salinities (20‰) during larviculture, but at lower salinities (5 and 10‰) their survival and growth are impaired. However, immediately after flounder metamorphose into juveniles they survive even in fresh water, demonstrating the strong euryhalinity of this species even at early stages of development.     

长牡蛎壳金选育系F4与普通养殖群体摄食和呼吸的比较研究

为了从生理学角度探讨长牡蛎壳金选育系的快速生长机制,本研究以两种规格长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)第4代壳金选育系(简称金1和金2)和两种普通养殖群体(简称对照1和对照2)为材料,比较了不同温度(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35)条件下各实验组的滤水率(FR)和耗氧率(OCR)。结果显示:(1)摄食实验中,4个组长牡蛎的滤水率均随温度或盐度增加先上升后下降,在温度28℃时出现最大值;对照1的滤水率在盐度25时达到最大值,其他3组滤水率在盐度30时达到最大值;方差分析结果显示,温度、群体,盐度、群体对长牡蛎的滤水率均有显著性影响,长牡蛎壳金选育系的滤水率均显著大于普通养殖群体(P0.05)。(2)呼吸实验中,较大规格长牡蛎壳金选育系的耗氧率受温度或盐度变化的影响更小。方差分析结果显示,温度、群体,盐度、群体均对长牡蛎耗氧率有显著性影响。实验温度范围内,金1的耗氧率显著小于对照1,但金2的耗氧率显著大于对照2(P0.05)。实验盐度范围内,壳金选育系的耗氧率均显著大于普通群体(P0.05)。(3)同一壳色群体中,个体越大,单位软体部干重滤水率和耗氧率越低。研究表明,较大规格长牡蛎壳金选育系F4更能适应外部环境的变化,该选育系的快速生长可能是由其较高滤食行为导致的。     

Effect of Salinity on Hatching in Neobenedenia melleni, a Monogenean Ectoparasite of Seawater-Cultured Tilapia

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of salinity on embryonic development and hatching in Neobenedenia melleni , a monogenean ectoparasite of seawater-cultured (37 ppt) Florida red tilapia ( Oreochromis urolepis hornorum × O. mossambicus ). Eggs, collected from adult monogeneans at 37 ppt, were exposed to different salinities (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 37 ppt) for 48, 72 or 96 h. Varying degrees of post-treatment development and hatching occurred when natural seawater conditions were restored. Hatching success generally declined with decreasing salinity and increasing duration of exposure. Under all durations of exposure, hatching success remained relatively high (≥ 69.6%) at salinities of 24 ppt and above, but declined markedly (≤ 32.5%) at lower salinities. Hatching did not occur in eggs exposed to fresh water (0 ppt) for 72 and 96 h. The most effective treatments in preventing hatching, other than prolonged exposure to fresh water, were 96 h exposures to low-salinity brackish water. Percent hatch after 96 h exposure to 6, 12 and 18 ppt was 5.5, 11.9 and 5.8%, respectively.