温度、盐度对条斑星鲽胚胎发育的影响

就温度、盐度对条斑星鲽胚胎发育的影响作了初步探讨。实验表明,胚胎发育的适宜温度为6～12℃,最适水温为8～10℃,在适温范围内胚胎孵化速度与温度呈正相关关系（N=65.925T^-0.9672）。盐度低于27,受精卵下沉,27～30之间悬浮于水体中,盐度高于35,受精卵浮于水面。胚胎孵化的适宜盐度范围、最适盐度范围分别为25～40和28～36;盐度低于25或高于40,孵化率都降低。研究表明,条斑星鲽胚胎发育的生物学零度（阈温度）为-0.1℃,有效积温值为1726.48℃.h。另外,根据其Q10值推算的胚胎发育的适宜水温与实验结果相似。     

温度和盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育的影响

本文以条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)受精卵为试验材料，分析了温度和盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育、胚胎孵化率、幼体畸形率和幼体成活率的影响，拟合了温度与胚胎发育的线形关系，观察了胚胎在不同盐度条件下等分布。试验结果表明：温度在22.2℃~ 24.1℃、盐度31.0‰~ 41.2‰时，胚胎孵化率、幼体成活率均较高且畸形率较低；胚胎孵化温度与孵化时间的关系为：H=0.1199T2-6.6335T-118.79（R2=0.9581）；盐度低于26.4‰，受精卵沉于水中，高于这一盐度则漂浮水面。初孵仔鱼在海水中的分布和受精卵有一定的相似性。     

温度、盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育影响及初孵仔鱼饥饿耐受力

研究了盐度、温度对条石鲷胚胎发育的影响和初孵仔鱼对饥饿的耐受力。结果表明，胚胎发育的适宜盐度范围为20～35，最适盐度范围为25～30，孵化率都在89%以上，盐度低于20或高于35，孵化率都降低。盐度对孵化时间有一定影响，盐度高于35或者低于15条件下孵化时间都延长。胚胎发育的适宜温度范围为21～27℃，孵化率都在77%以上，最适温度范围为23～25℃，孵化率达89%以上，低于19℃或者高于27℃时孵化率降低且初孵仔鱼畸形率升高。胚胎孵化时间与温度成负相关关系，胚胎发育速率与温度成正相关关系。条石鲷胚胎发育的生物学零度（阈温度）为10.06℃，有效积温值为405.3℃·h。对胚胎发育的Q10值进行了计算。饥饿条件下，条石鲷初孵仔鱼8日龄全部死亡，半数死亡时间出现在第6天，饥饿对初孵仔鱼生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

温度、盐度、光照对半滑舌鳎胚胎发育的影响及孵化条件调控技术研究

对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Giinther)胚胎发育与盐度、温度和光照的关系作了初步探讨，并提出胚胎孵化的优化技术以促进半滑舌鳎人工繁育工作的发展。实验表明，受精卵孵化的适宜盐度为25～35，此盐度范围内孵化率都可达88％以上，盐度低于20或高于40孵化率会明显降低，同时初孵仔鱼畸形率会随之升高。胚胎在22～24℃范围内的孵化率最高，达82％以上，且畸形率最低。不同的光照节律和光照强度对胚胎的孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率影响不大，但是对胚胎发育速率和孵化时间具有明显的延滞或促进作用。综合胚胎发育与环境因子的关系，结合实际操作技术，对半滑舌鳎受精卵孵化条件加以优化，提出了工厂化育苗条件下提高半滑舌鳎受精卵孵化率、获得优质仔鱼的孵化方法和技术工艺。     

黄条鰤胚胎发育和早期仔鱼生长的温盐适应特性

采用实验生态学、形态测度和分子生物学的方法,研究了温度、盐度对大洋性经济鱼类黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)胚胎孵化率、初孵仔鱼畸形率、内源性营养吸收利用、生长基因表达、存活指数(SAI)和饥饿不可逆点(PNR)的影响,并对早期仔鱼活力进行了评价。结果显示,在最适水温20~22 ℃条件下,胚胎孵化率最高,达75%~81%,且初孵仔鱼畸形率低于6.7%,胚胎发育的温度系数Q10值最接近2,且初孵仔鱼全长和卵黄囊体积最大。受精卵在盐度＞30时漂浮在水面,而在盐度为20~25时悬浮在水中,在盐度为10~15时下沉于水底部。受精卵胚胎发育的最适盐度范围为30~35,胚胎孵化率达79%~80%,初孵仔鱼畸形率低于6.0%。在4个不同温度条件下(18、20、22、24 ℃)初孵仔鱼卵黄囊吸收利用速率随着温度的升高而加快。不同盐度条件下,初孵仔鱼的SAI值表明,盐度为30~35时,仔鱼的SAI值较高且峰值出现在盐度为30组,而盐度为10组仔鱼SAI值最低。在水温为20~22 ℃时,6 d仔鱼的初次摄食率最高(78%),PNR出现在7~8 d。初孵仔鱼在水温为20~24 ℃、盐度为30~35条件下,IGF-1 mRNA表达水平显著高于其他实验组。饥饿条件下,IGF-1 mRNA在饥饿后第2天显著升高,其后在第3~4天显著下降,但仍保持较高表达水平,随着饥饿的进行继续下降至显著低于开口期表达水平。本研究明确了黄条鰤受精卵孵化的最适温度为20~22 ℃、最适盐度为30~35,并建立了初孵仔鱼活力评价的指标,研究结果可为建立规范化的黄条鰤胚胎孵化和苗种培育技术提供依据。     

渤海湾卤虫卵孵化率与盐度关系的试验

采用实验生态学方法,研究了盐度对渤海湾卤虫卵孵化率的影响。试验结果表明,在孵化用水pH8.13~8.21,温度30℃左右,光照250~450lx的条件下,渤海湾卤虫卵在盐度10‰~60‰范围内,均能孵化,盐度40‰、45‰时孵化率最高;盐度20‰~55‰,24h孵化率均在50%以上;盐度75‰时24h孵化率为0,48h孵化率37.5%。建议试验条件下,渤海湾卤虫卵孵化盐度范围控制在25‰~50‰,实际生产中可根据水资源情况在此范围内适当调整。     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。     

拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎适宜孵化水温研究

为探索拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎适宜孵化水温，设置5℃、9℃、12℃、14℃、16℃、18℃、20℃、22℃8个温度梯度孵化拉萨裂腹鱼鱼卵，统计各温度下发育速度，鱼卵受精率、孵化率，初孵仔鱼畸形率及形体指标情况。结果表明：拉萨裂腹鱼卵裂期发育最快，到囊胚期、原肠期，器官分化期及出膜期，每个发育时期积累时间逐渐增长，随温度的升高，胚胎发育时间缩短，发育速度加快。胚胎不同发育时期在不同温度条件所积累的时间均呈幂函数关系，温度越高各发育时期所需时间越短。孵化积温随温度升高呈现逐渐降低的趋势。水温在9℃-18℃，鱼卵受精率均较高，超过90%。水温在12-16℃，孵化率均较高，超过95%。水温在9-16℃，鱼苗畸形率均较低，均低于4%。初孵仔鱼全长与孵化温度呈二次多项式函数关系；体高没有显著性差异；卵黄囊体积先升高后降低再升高。因此，适当提高孵化水温能缩短胚胎孵化周期，但水温过高，会影响胚胎孵化率及初孵仔鱼畸形率，影响仔鱼对营养物质的吸收利用以及器官发育分化。综合考虑胚胎孵化周期，孵化率，初孵仔鱼畸形率及形体指标，拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎适宜孵化水温为12~16℃。     

异育银鲫胚胎发育的观察与不同温度对其影响的研究

为提高异育银鲫的孵化率,通过观察不同温度下异育银鲫胚胎发育各个时期的形态特征,得出在13~25℃范围内,异育银鲫胚胎都能孵出仔鱼,孵化速度随水温上升而加快,在18~22℃是该鱼胚胎孵化的最适温度,孵化率最高,可达91%。     

不同水温对青鱂鱼胚胎发育的影响

研究了孵化水温对青鱂(Oryzias latipes)胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,在19.69~36.03℃范围内,青鱂胚胎都能孵化出仔鱼,孵化时间随水温上升而缩短。26.03~33.90℃是其胚胎发育的最适温度;其中,在27.58℃孵化率最高,达到83%,仔鱼成活率达到90.9%。当水温低于17.64℃,青鱂胚胎发育极其缓慢,至47d只有1尾仔鱼孵出;当水温高于38.67℃,其胚胎不能孵出仔鱼。青鱂胚胎发育的理论有效积温为112.62℃.d,发育阈温度为17.55℃。     

虎斑乌贼幼体对盐度及pH值耐受力的研究

采集南海水域虎斑乌贼(Sepia pharaonis)受精卵,在室内条件下进行人工孵化。孵化水温23～25℃,盐度29.0‰。研究了虎斑乌贼幼体对不同盐度、pH值的耐受力影响。结果显示,虎斑乌贼的生存适宜盐度为20‰～35‰,25‰组具有最高的饥饿存活系数。虎斑乌贼幼体对pH值的适宜范围有两个,一个是接近中性,另一个是8.4～9.0,且pH=8.4时乌贼幼体有最高的饥饿存活系数。     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development of the Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

The effect of salinity on the embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis eggs was tested experimentally using S. pharaonis embryos at various developmental stages. The hatching rate, incubation period, hatching period, wet weight of hatchling cuttlefish, and yolk utilization efficiency ratio were quantified at salinities of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36. These variables were significantly affected by salinity. The weight of the eggs first decreased and then increased during embryonic development. The range of suitable salinities for hatching of S. pharaonis eggs was 27–33, and the optimal salinity was 30.     

盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

Effect of Salinity on Hatching in Neobenedenia melleni, a Monogenean Ectoparasite of Seawater-Cultured Tilapia

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of salinity on embryonic development and hatching in Neobenedenia melleni , a monogenean ectoparasite of seawater-cultured (37 ppt) Florida red tilapia ( Oreochromis urolepis hornorum × O. mossambicus ). Eggs, collected from adult monogeneans at 37 ppt, were exposed to different salinities (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 37 ppt) for 48, 72 or 96 h. Varying degrees of post-treatment development and hatching occurred when natural seawater conditions were restored. Hatching success generally declined with decreasing salinity and increasing duration of exposure. Under all durations of exposure, hatching success remained relatively high (≥ 69.6%) at salinities of 24 ppt and above, but declined markedly (≤ 32.5%) at lower salinities. Hatching did not occur in eggs exposed to fresh water (0 ppt) for 72 and 96 h. The most effective treatments in preventing hatching, other than prolonged exposure to fresh water, were 96 h exposures to low-salinity brackish water. Percent hatch after 96 h exposure to 6, 12 and 18 ppt was 5.5, 11.9 and 5.8%, respectively.     

Effects of salinity on Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus from fertilization to juvenile settlement

The Brazilian flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus, is a promising candidate for aquaculture, especially due to the euryhalinity demonstrated experimentally for large juveniles (3 g) and sub-adults. Flounder are observed in estuaries and were already reared in fresh and salt water, however little is known with respect of salinity tolerance during their early development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of salinity from fertilization to juvenile settlement. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity. In trial 1 adult flounder were captured in the wild, transferred to the laboratory and induced to spawn. The gametes were hand striped, split in four samples and fertilized with water at 10, 15, 25, and 35‰. Eggs were considered fertilized when the first cell divisions were observed under the microscope. For the trial 2 newly hatched larvae were reared in four salinities (5, 10, 20, and 30‰) and their growth and survival were observed until metamorphosis. In trial 3 larvae and juvenile of different ages (6, 16, 30, 45, and 60 dah — days after hatching) were evaluated for their tolerance to fresh water. Although the fertilization rate was directly proportional to salinity, hatching was successful only in full salt water. Larvae did not survive in low salinity water (5‰) longer than 6 days, whereas growth was improved when larvae were reared at 20 and 30‰. Young larvae cannot survive in salinities below 4‰, but at 30 dah juvenile presented 100% survival in fresh water. The present findings demonstrate the need for high salinity water (30–35‰) for the successful reproduction and incubation of P. orbignyanus eggs. Flounder can be reared successfully at intermediate salinities (20‰) during larviculture, but at lower salinities (5 and 10‰) their survival and growth are impaired. However, immediately after flounder metamorphose into juveniles they survive even in fresh water, demonstrating the strong euryhalinity of this species even at early stages of development.     

温度和盐度对鞍带石斑鱼受精卵发育及仔鱼成活率的影响

研究了在8个盐度梯度(18.3‰、19.7‰、21.2‰、23.5‰、25.6‰、27.1‰、29.5‰和31.7‰)下鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceol受精卵和仔鱼在水中的分布状态、出膜率和仔鱼存活率;在9个温度梯度(18℃、20℃、22℃、24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、33℃和35℃)下,其受精卵孵化率、畸形率和仔鱼成活率。结果表明:(1)在水温为25~26℃,当盐度≤25.6‰时,受精卵表现为沉性;当盐度≥27.1‰时,受精卵表现为浮性。仔鱼的分布与受精卵有相似的特点,当盐度≤21.2‰时仔鱼分布在底层水体;当盐度≥27.1‰时,仔鱼集中分布在上层水体。(2)以孵化率和成活率为指标,鞍带石斑鱼孵化的适宜盐度范围为21.2‰~31.7‰,最适盐度范围为25.6‰~31.7‰。在盐度为31.7‰时仔鱼成活率最高达到75.9%。(3)鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育的适温范围是26~30℃。28℃时受精卵孵化率、仔鱼成活率均最高,畸形率最低。     

疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育观察及盐度对其孵化的影响

采用显微镜观察了疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaeta)胚胎发育不同时期特征,并依据疣吻沙蚕人工孵化经验设置6个盐度梯度组(A:0,B:5,C:10,D:13,E:15,F:20),每组3个平行,研究了盐度对疣吻沙蚕受精率和孵化率的影响。结果表明,疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内三刚节疣足幼虫期和三刚节疣足幼虫期8个时期;盐度对疣吻沙蚕孵化影响显著(P0.05),C组受精率和孵化率最高,与其他组存在显著差异(P0.05)。适宜受精的盐度范围为10~13,最适孵化的盐度为10。     

水温和盐度对黄姑鱼受精卵孵化的影响

黄姑鱼（Nibea albiflora Richardson）是具海水养殖潜力的高价值经济鱼类。本文研究了不同水温（14~32 ℃）和盐度（5~45）条件下,黄姑鱼受精卵的孵化状况。水温低于17 ℃和高于32 ℃时不能孵化;盐度低于15和高于50时也不能孵化。在海水盐度25时,孵化的适宜水温为20~29 ℃,最佳水温为20~23 ℃;在水温22±0.5 ℃时,黄姑鱼孵化的适宜盐度为25~40,最佳盐度为25。通过均匀设计,分析水温（X1）和盐度（X2）对孵化率（Y）的综合影响,获得最佳回归模型为Y=254-4.52 X1-2.78 X2（R2＝0.8808）,水温和盐度对回归的贡献率分别为64.8%和55.1%,预测最佳的孵化条件为水温20 ℃、盐度24。     

曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的初步观察

将曼氏无针乌贼受精卵卵膜剥离,在显微镜或解剖镜下观察胚胎发育的全过程,结合室内人工育苗的孵化技术进行探讨。曼氏无针乌贼卵为粘性卵,呈黑色,类型属端黄卵,卵膜属三级卵膜,卵裂类型为不全卵裂,囊胚呈盘状,发生类型为直接发生型。在水温为23.8～26.2℃、盐度29.3时,最快14d孵出幼体,最慢23天孵出幼体,孵出幼体高峰期为18～21d,高峰期的孵出量占总孵出量的79.4%,孵化率为83.1%。胚胎发育速度与温度高低（20～30℃）成正比,盐度低于22对孵化率有严重影响。