美研究人员发现快速检测口蹄疫病毒新方法

美国麻省理工学院一位研究人员近日称已研究发现了一种新的检测多种细菌和病毒的方法,可以利用经基因工程改造的细胞"快速准确”地检测到口蹄疫病毒. 美国麻省理工学院林肯实验室的托德@赖德说,这种方法"百分之百的准确”,只用大约30秒的时间就能探测出口蹄疫病毒所在. 据介绍,传统人造探测细菌和病毒的方法都不如免疫系统中自细胞来得灵敏和快速.正是基于这一点考虑,将白细胞与电子学结合制造出新型的"传感器”.赖德用水母体内能发光的细胞修改了B细胞,"修改后的细胞在遇到本身已经识别过的细菌或是病毒时,就会发亮”. 赖德说,目前已经拥有了多种能探测不同细菌和病毒的新型细胞,并称他们将在半年至一年的时间内,在包括曾遭受口蹄疫严重打击的英国郊区建立探测口蹄疫病毒的实地实验.     

纳米技术在食品安全快速检测中的应用

纳米技术中的磁性分离技术因其具有操作简便、高效快速等特点,目前已被广泛地应用于生物医学的快速分离纯化和检测等领域中.近年来,食品安全的磁分离快速检测技术发展迅速.介绍了磁分离技术在食品安全快速检测方面的应用研究现状,主要包括快速分离、富集和快速检测的应用研究.     

基于病毒mRNA监测的传染性脾肾坏死病毒灭活快速检验方法建立及其应用

为建立传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)灭活快速检验方法,从ISKNV感染CPB细胞系转录谱筛选并经q RT-PCR验证表达量最高的病毒ORF099基因作为快速检测靶基因。以质粒p MDORF099为标准品,采用q PCR方法绘制了CT值与质粒拷贝数的标准曲线,其线性方程为CT=–3.42lgx+39.455,最低检测限为3拷贝/μL,结果显示组间和组内变异系数均小于2%,表明该方法具有较高的灵敏度和较好的重复性。将ISKNV病毒悬液10倍稀释成100~103拷贝/m L,分别取1 m L病毒稀释液接种CPB细胞,在第7、9和11天提取细胞总RNA,经基因组DNA去除试剂盒去除残留DNA后采用qRT-PCR方法检测ORF099基因转录本,结果显示在第7天即可从接种1个拷贝病毒的细胞中检测出ISKNV ORF099转录本。将3个浓度梯度(0.05%、0.1%、0.2%)的甲醛灭活ISKNV制备的模拟样品以及实验室制备的3批次ISKNV细胞灭活疫苗样品接种CPB细胞9 d,采用上述快速检验方法进行检测。0.05%、0.1%甲醛灭活模拟样品可检测到ISKNV ORF099基因转录本,其他样品均未检测到。而细胞盲传实验显示,0.1%终浓度甲醛灭活ISKNV接种细胞盲传3代未出现CPE,鱼体安全实验显示接种鱼体后无临床发病症状和实验鱼死亡,表明本研究建立的病毒灭活快速检验方法比细胞盲传法和鱼体安全实验具有更高的灵敏度,与传统检测方法相比具有灵敏度高、耗时短、检测效率高等优点,对提高ISKNV灭活疫苗生产效率具有重要意义。     

大鲵虹彩病毒的PCR检测及初步应用

通过了解大鲵虹彩病毒(Giant salamander iridovirus,GSIV)在EPC细胞接毒情况和PCR的实际检测情况,为大鲵的病毒检测提供必要判断依据和检测方法.通过细胞接毒和组织分离分别提取病毒质粒,进行普通PCR扩增,电泳分析,比较病毒细胞培养和组织直接提取结果.Gsiv病毒体外培养:经传代48 h的EPC细胞,25℃培养,12h后可观察到CPE出现,24 h病变明显,CPE达15％,48 h后CPE可达70％,72 h后细胞完全脱落;PCR检测:对3个样本分别从组织提取和经细胞扩增分离的病毒进行普通PCR扩增检测,经细胞培养扩增的3个样本全部呈阳性;经组织提取的3个样本,2个呈阳性,一个呈阴性;电泳观察,病毒的扩增产物在500 bp左右.在体外环境下GSIV是高病力的一种病毒,对EPC细胞在25℃时效应时间为3d,普通PCR经组织的检出率低,经细胞培养扩增可提高检出率但耗时久,不利于实际生产中快速、准确诊断疫情的需要.     

三种赤潮微藻基因组DNA快速制备方法的研究

采用超声波法、煮沸法和微波法3种方法分别对塔玛亚历山大藻、环状异帽藻和角毛藻进行细胞破碎及快速制备基因组DNA的研究。通过细胞计数和DNA浓度测定的手段对三种方法进行了比较,以选择适合不同藻种的细胞破碎方法。结果表明,塔玛亚历山大藻和环状异帽藻用超声波法破碎效果较好;角毛藻用微波法较好。对用该三种方法制备的基因组DNA做了PCR扩增,电泳检测表明,与CTAB法扩增效果一样。本文建立的微藻DNA快速制备方法有望应用在赤潮藻类的快速分子鉴定方面。     

溶藻弧菌单克隆抗体的制备及应用

小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系SP2/0与经溶藻弧菌(1.1587)免疫的BALB3/C雌鼠脾细胞在PEG条件下融合,有45.8%的培养孔有杂交瘤细胞生长,其培养上清液抗体阳性率为77.4%.经反复有限稀释法克隆杂交瘤细胞,获得7株抗溶藻弧菌的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,分别为AC1-C9,AC1-C11,BB4-D4,AD1-A3,AD1-F3,AD2-E7,AD2-F7.取AD1-F3扩大培养,注射小鼠,制备了抗溶藻弧菌的单克隆抗体腹水,滴度为11000.该腹水与其他3株溶藻弧菌菌株有强交叉反应,与其他13株标准菌株无交叉反应.利用制备的单抗腹水,建立了检测溶藻弧菌的单抗-ELISA技术.该反应系统可应用于溶藻弧菌的快速诊断,反应时间为6-7h,检测灵敏度为104cells·-1.并利用该检测方法进行了11份待测菌样本溶藻弧菌的检测.     

推广水产品药残快速检测 加强水产品质量管理

随着社会对水产品质量关注及消费要求的提高,水产品质量安全已成为今后水产品生产、经营必须严肃对待的、最重要的事情.水产品质量检测也就成为水产品质量管理、衡量水产品质量安全水平的首要手段.当前,水产品质量检测主要针对的是药物残留,常用的检测方法有实验室的标准检测方法和快速检测方法两种.实验室的标准检测虽然精确,但成本高、耗时长,而快速检测作为补充,将成为水产品质量管理中必不可少的手段.     

斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒CCRV诱导CCK细胞凋亡的研究

为研究斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒(CCRV)诱导斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞(CCK)发生凋亡的机理,以CCRV感染的CCK细胞为实验材料,采用Hoechst 33258染色、DNA片段化检测、TUNEL反应、亚G1期细胞检测以及线粒体膜电位变化检测等方法进行实验.感染试验结果显示,病毒感染斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞后,细胞变圆、皱缩,随后细胞脱落,细胞单层呈网状,感染72 h后出现典型细胞病变效应(CPE);病毒感染48 h后Hoechst 33258染色结果显示,细胞的染色质固缩、核边缘化或破裂,可观察到凋亡小体,细胞凋亡率随时间增加;DNA片段化检测结果显示,病毒感染细胞12 h后细胞基因组DNA出现片段化,随后逐渐增强,72 h达到最高;TUNEL反应结果表明,病毒感染细胞72 h后细胞基因组DNA断裂,有大量游离3’末端自由羟基(-OH)存在.亚G1期细胞检测结果显示,病毒感染48 h后,约53.44％细胞处于亚G1期;利用JC-1检测试剂盒检测病毒感染细胞的线粒体膜电位变化,病毒感染细胞24 h后线粒体膜通透性发生改变,膜电位变化显著.紫外线灭活与热灭活的斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒不能诱导斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞发生凋亡,表明细胞凋亡依赖于病毒复制.     

促卵泡激素对牙鲆尾部神经分泌系统活动的影响

为探究促卵泡激素(FSH)是否参与调控鱼类特有的尾部神经分泌系统(CNSS)活动,实验利用电生理技术检测FSH是否影响dahlgren细胞放电活动.此外,利用PCR技术检测离体的CNSS在FSH急性灌流后和繁殖季节CNSS主要的相关基因的表达.结果 显示,FSH促进dahlgren细胞放电频率和诱导部分细胞静止型放电转...     

应用PCR方法检测刺参腐皮综合征病原——灿烂弧菌

腐皮综合征是近年来刺参养殖最主要的疾病,导致刺参大批死亡和惨重的经济损失.根据其主要致病原灿烂弧菌(VibrioQQQsplendidus)的16S～23S间隔区序列,设计特异性引物,利用PCR技术,从纯化的V.splendidus DNA中成功地扩增出产物大小为177bp的DNA片断,并对此方法的灵敏度和特异性进行了研究.结果表明,PCR技术对V.splendidus DNA的检测灵敏度为0.5pg,并且对灿烂弧菌的DNA呈现特异性,而与其他细菌V.Fluvialis、V.Anguillarum、V.Alginolyticus、Aeromonas hydrophila、V.Harveyi、V.Parahaemolyticus、V.Vulnificus的DNA均无交叉反应.应用PCR技术对人工感染的以及取自青岛、烟台和威海的腐皮综合征发病海参进行检测,其检出率均为100%.研究结果表明,PCR方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可成功用于快速检测养殖刺参腐皮综合征原灿烂弧菌.在国内,该方法应用于刺参腐皮综合征的检测尚属首次,它将为刺参腐皮综合征的快速诊断及防治提供又一新的方法.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.