室内受控条件下黄海鳀鱼的生殖生态学特征

在实验室群体培养条件下探讨了黄海鳀鱼Engraulis japanicus的生殖生态学特征。结果表明,当年生鳀鱼在次年6月下旬发育至性成熟。卵巢发育程度与对应时间的关系可以用指数函数予以描述;同一时间内不同体长鳀鱼的卵巢发育程度存在显著差异。鳀鱼卵巢内的卵细胞有着显著同步、批次发育现象;对受精卵胚体发育的连续观察进一步证明,鳀鱼卵巢内卵细胞的发育是序列式的,且每一个发育阶段卵细胞是以同步的、成批的方式排出体外的。鳀鱼产卵活动受光周期控制,主要是在日落后2～3h开始,持续时间约3h。如以初次发育成熟卵巢内能够予以计数的卵细胞计,其个体平均批生殖力为(11.3±5.9)×103粒/ind.,且个体批生殖力与体长之间呈正相关关系。除排卵前期,90%以上的鳀鱼卵存在卵裂现象,但其中的(35.4±10.3)%发育至囊胚期前死亡;进入原肠期后,直至孵化前,存活率趋于相对稳定。如采用囊胚期胚胎的存活率计算鳀鱼的受精率,其平均受精率为(54.8±15.1)%。     

乌江泉水鱼个体生殖力的研究

2011年3-6月和9-12月,在乌江思林江段采集性腺达Ⅲ期的泉水鱼(Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus)雌鱼个体,测量了卵径,并研究了其个体生殖力及其与多项生物学指标的关系,调查样本由1+～3+龄组成.结果表明,泉水鱼的绝对生殖力(F)平均值为3 606粒,体长相对生殖力(FL)平均值为19.4粒/mm,体重相对生殖力(FW)平均为27.0粒/g;个体绝对生殖力和体长相对生殖力与体重和净体重均呈二次函数相关,与性腺重呈幂函数相关,体重相对生殖力与性腺重和成熟系数分别呈幂函数和对数函数相关.依据卵径频数分布结果推测,泉水鱼属于分批产卵鱼类.     

呼伦湖蒙古油[歺又鱼]繁殖生物学的研究

对蒙古油[歺又鱼]（Hemiculter bleekeri warpachowskyi）的繁殖季节、繁殖习性、繁殖力、性比等繁殖生物学指标进行了研究。结果表明：蒙古油[歺又鱼]属敞水性产卵类型,粘性卵,为一次产卵类型。蒙古油[歺又鱼]初次性成熟年龄为1龄,繁殖季节为6月中旬至7月下旬,以7月中旬为产卵盛期。蒙古油[歺又鱼]个体绝对生殖力F为2021～15470粒,个体体长相对生殖力FL为230～1137粒/cm,个体体重相对生殖力FW为273～700粒/g;个体体长相对生殖力、个体体重相对生殖力分别和体长、体重成二次方程和三次方程关系。繁殖前期雌雄性比1∶0.83,繁殖期雌雄性比为1∶1.11。     

范厝库区鲂性腺发育周年变化的观测

范厝库区鲂雌性成熟年龄为3龄，雄鱼2龄；性成熟后，鲂性腺发育具有明显周年变化规律，卵巢精巢可分为六个发育时期：冬季，达性成熟的鲂卵巢为Ⅲ期，精巢为Ⅳ期；每年5月份雌鱼成熟系数提高，是该库鲂鱼的主要产卵期；3～5龄鲂绝对生殖力均值为157000粒，相对生殖力均值为218粒。     

黄海中南部鳀鱼生殖习性的研究

1.黄海中南部鳀鱼属洄游产卵型鱼类。春季向近岸方向移动,产卵后向外海方向移动。产卵场分布广泛。 2.黄海中南部鳀鱼在产卵盛期开始前达到性成熟度Ⅴ期雌鱼的最小叉长为9.0厘米,纯体重为5.0克,主要叉长范围为10.3～11.7厘米;主要年龄组成为1～2龄。 3.黄海中南部鳀鱼的产卵期为5月上旬至10月上中旬。产卵盛期为5月中旬至6月下旬。产卵期长。 4.黄海中南部鳀鱼的性腺发育分3个阶段。生长期从3月初到5月上旬;产卵期从5月上旬到10月上中旬;恢复期从10月中旬到翌年2月末。 5.黄海中南部鳀鱼的排卵类型为多峰连续排卵型,一年产卵一次。 6.黄海中南部鳀鱼的个体绝对生殖力在600～13600粒之间,平均为5500粒;主要叉长组的个体绝对生殖力为2500～11000粒,平均为5700粒。     

渤海矛尾复鰕虎鱼生殖力的研究

从渤海采集卵巢发育到Ⅳ和Ⅴ期的矛尾复鰕虎鱼32尾,采用重量法进行了生殖力的研究。结果表明:矛尾复鰕虎鱼为分批产卵类型,卵子呈卵圆型,卵径0.726mm±0.291mm;矛尾复鰕虎鱼的个体绝对生殖力为33 609±14 022粒,单位净体重生殖力为439.92±139.50粒/g,单位体长生殖力为1 176.08±227.08粒/mm。矛尾复鰕虎鱼个体绝对生殖力与体长、体宽、体重、净重、性腺重及肥满度相关关系密切,而与成熟系数相关关系不密切;体长相对生殖力与除成熟系数以外的其他生物学指标相关关系一般,与成熟系数相关关系不密切;净重相对生殖力与体长、体重、净重、性腺重、肥满度关系密切,与其他生物学指标相关性不强。     

西江广东鲂繁殖生物学的初步研究

本文分析研究了广东鲂卵巢各期发育的特征、成熟系数变化、生殖力及与体长体重的关系、群体组成和繁殖习性等。结果表明,广东鲂绝对怀卵量平均为131,024粒,产卵个体的平均体长297.37毫米,平均体重604.6克,主要年龄组为Ⅲ-Ⅵ龄。生殖季节主要在4月,产卵要求水温在20℃以上并与水位、流速诸因子有关。此外,广东鲂还有集群产卵和生殖洄游习性,一般在水流较急的河道产卵。     

水库大银鱼个体生殖力初步研究

对大银鱼个体生殖力及其雌亲体的形态学指标进行了研究。结果表明：大银鱼的绝对生殖力Ｆ随体长、体重增加而增大，体长每增加１ｍｍ，卵粒增加６３６粒；体重每增加１ｇ，卵粒增加１０６８粒。大银鱼存在两群发育程度不同的大型卵母细胞，首批产卵数占生殖力总数的４８．３％，第２批为５１．７％。     

乐清湾斑(鱼祭)人工繁殖和育苗技术研究

为了进一步了解乐清湾斑鰶的繁殖习性,实现斑鰶苗种规模化人工繁育,于2018年在浙南乐清湾斑鰶繁殖季节捕捞产卵亲鱼,采用湿法人工授精获得受精卵,在室内水泥池进行了育苗试验。人工繁育时海水水温16.3~20.1℃,比重1.017~1.019。育苗饵料系列为轮虫-丰年虫幼体-配合饲料。海上人工授精共获得发育出现胚体的斑鰶受精卵1 998 g,每千克受精卵约53.7万粒。人工授精单日的次日浮卵率最高为13.4%,单日的每千克鱼次日浮卵量最高为15.2 g。2018年共育出平均全长为4.97 cm的斑鰶苗28.16万尾,育苗成活率约为31%。     

乐清湾斑鱼祭鰶人工繁殖和育苗技术研究

为了进一步了解乐清湾斑鰶的繁殖习性,实现斑鰶苗种规模化人工繁育,于2018年在浙南乐清湾斑鰶繁殖季节捕捞产卵亲鱼,采用湿法人工授精获得受精卵,在室内水泥池进行了育苗试验。人工繁育时海水水温16.3～20.1℃,比重1.017～1.019。育苗饵料系列为轮虫—丰年虫幼体—配合饲料。海上人工授精共获得发育出现胚体的斑鰶受精卵1 998 g,每千克受精卵约53.7万粒。人工授精单日的次日浮卵率最高为13.4%,单日的每千克鱼次日浮卵量最高为15.2 g。2018年共育出平均全长为4.97 cm的斑鰶苗28.16万尾,育苗成活率约为31%。     

瘤背石磺两性腺周年发育规律的研究

研究了江、浙、沪地区瘤背石磺（Onchidium struma）两性腺周年发育规律。结果显示,瘤背石磺雌雄同体,雄性先熟,生物学最小型为体长2.81cm,体质量1.81g。其两性腺发育为1年1个周期,发育经历增殖期、精子发生期、精卵同步发生期、排放期和休止期。其中排放期又分精子排放、精卵排放和卵子排放,体现了精卵发生的异时性。精子的发生包括精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子;卵子的发生包括卵原细胞期、无卵黄期、卵黄形成期、卵黄形成后期和成熟期。成熟系数周年呈明显单峰分布,峰值出现在7～9月间;蛋白腺系数、卵黄腺系数与成熟系数具有一定的相关性,蛋白腺系数基本随着成熟系数变化而变化,卵黄腺系数随着成熟系数变化的过程中出现3个峰值,分别在6、8和12月。     

江黄颡鱼卵细胞膜的结构特征

Using conventional histochemical methods and scanning electron microscope, the egg surface of mature oocyte of Pelteobagrus vachelli was observed. The micropyle is funnel-like and consists of micropylar vestibule and micropylar canal. The opening of micropylar vestibule is about 11.35μm in diameter while entrance of the micropyle to the oocyte is only about 2.6 μm. There are plenty of micropores on the surface near the micropyle. Micropyle might act as an apparatus leading spermatozoa to penetrating an oocyte. Regular cord-like structures between basal membrane (the outermost layer of egg surface) and plasmic membrane (the inner layer of egg surface) are found. These cord-like structures, each about 16.75 to 18.50μm in length, 5μm in diameter, comprised small balls whose diameters vary from 2.18 to 2.5μm and are arranged cornpactly under the basal membrane. These kinds of structures are zona radiata and act as special eggshell. After activation of the oocytes, the cord-like structures would partially transform into mucoprotein. To our best knowledge, this paper is the fast report on stereo view of the zona radiata of teleost oocyte.     

Oocyte recruitment and fecundity type in fishes: Refining terms to reflect underlying processes and drivers

Only with new technology and the ability to simulate systems are we beginning to understand fish reproductive processes at the individual scale over time. Traditionally, oocyte recruitment and fecundity type in fishes have been based on a “snapshot” approach, that is a histological micrograph and/or oocyte size frequency distribution of a spawning capable female has been assumed to indicate oocyte recruitment processes over time. This has important implications as the asynchronous and group‐synchronous oocyte recruitment patterns are associated with indeterminate and determinate fecundity types, respectively, and thus affect estimates of reproductive potential and spawning biomass (if using egg production methods). However, a historic review of these terms revealed that they are not applied consistently, with the same oocyte recruitment pattern often assigned to both of these by different scientists. The intent of this study is to develop a conceptual model of oocyte recruitment processes over time, key drivers, and resulting “snapshots” to refine oocyte recruitment terms, definitions, and the methods needed to identify them.     

Ultrastructure of the oocytes of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica during artificially induced sexual maturation

ABSTRACT: Morphological changes in the oocytes of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica , induced to undergo ovarian development by repeated injections of salmon pituitary homogenate, were examined using electron microscopy. Oil droplets were closely associated with organelles, especially mitochondria, and increased in number as oocyte growth proceeded. They fused at the migratory nucleus stage. During vitellogenesis, two types of cortical alveoli were distinguished, one having filamentous contents, the other having latticated contents. As oocytes reached maturity, the structure of the cortical alveoli was exclusively filamentous. Yolk globules were homogeneous and highly electrondense, but electrondensity decreased during hydration. The structure of the zona radiata of previtellogenic oocytes consisted of two layers, and an additional reticular network structure was formed on the inside of the zona radiata during the vitellogenic stage. The zona radiata lost the reticular network structure and assumed a layered structure of uniform electrondensity at the migratory nucleus stage. These structural changes during oocyte development were mostly comparable to those in other teleosts. Results of the present study should assist in developing improved methods for full control of artificial maturation in the Japanese eel.     

Life‐history variation in a species complex of nonmigratory galaxiids

Life‐history theory predicts that the optimal strategy in the trade‐off between egg size and number varies in relation to resource availability and environmental disturbance. We assessed interspecific differences in egg size, fecundity and other life‐history traits in a species complex of stream‐resident galaxiid fish, which are distributed across a range of contrasting habitat types on the South Island, New Zealand. Oocyte size, fecundity and reproductive effort were measured from gravid females collected immediately before spawning. Proxy measures of stream productivity, flow variability and predation pressure were extracted from modelled data sets. A suite of different egg sizes were identified across species within the Galaxias vulgaris complex, with mean oocyte volume differing by up to 133% between species. The species with the smallest eggs showed mean size‐relative fecundities 246% higher than the species with the largest eggs. A significant negative relationship was found between species’ mean egg size and size‐relative fecundity, suggesting a trade‐off between these traits. Species with larger eggs had larger maternal body size, lower reproductive effort and delayed maturity compared to ‘small‐egg’ species. Consistent with the predictions of life‐history theory, species with larger eggs, lower size‐relative fecundity, lower reproductive effort and delayed maturity were associated with low productivity, stable streams, whereas species exhibiting the opposite set of traits occurred in relatively productive but disturbed systems.     

Impact of long‐term dietary exposure to lead on some reproductive parameters of a female Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

During a long‐term 3‐year dietary exposure of mature carp females to lead, its bioaccumulation in the brain, changes in the neurohormonal activity at the level of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland as well as the growth and maturation of ovaries were analysed. Moreover, an analysis of the effectiveness of hormone‐stimulated spawning during two subsequent spawning seasons was carried out. The results of the analyses show that chronic exposure of maturing and mature carp females to lead in feed results in its accumulation in the brain (1.365 μg g^?1). This impairs the endocrine activity of the hypothalamus, which is manifested by, among others, an increased secretion of dopamine and impaired spontaneous secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). The observed decrease in the concentration of gonadotropin in blood inhibits vitellogenesis, which is manifested by a lower degree of the maturity of oocytes, lower fecundity (as measured by egg number, egg weight, egg maturity and egg survival) and lower gonadosomatic index values. The final negative impact of lead is the impairment of reproductive functions, as manifested by a smaller number of spawning females and in their lower fecundity during spawning.     

Patterns of oocyte development in natural habitat and captive <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salminus hilarii</Emphasis> Valenciennes, 1850 (Teleostei: Characidae)

Fecundity and oocyte development in Salminus hilarii female brood stock were analyzed with the aim of investigating the impact of migration impediment on oogenesis. Histological analyses of the ovaries were performed in adult females caught in two different environments—the Tietê River (natural) and captivity—and the gonadossomatic index, oocyte diameter and fecundity determined. Five germ cell development stages (oogonium, perinucleolar, cortical alveoli, vitellogenic, ripe) and two other structures (postovulatory follicles and atretic oocytes) were observed in females caught in the river. Captive animals lacked the ripe oocytes and postovulatory follicles and had a relatively higher number of atretic oocytes. Females in captivity are known to produce larger oocytes, and they release fewer eggs in each spawn (absolute fecundity) when compared with animals that are able to migrate. Our results suggest that the Tietê River is undergoing alterations which are being reflected in the reproductive performance of S. hilarii, mainly due to the presence of atretic oocytes in females caught in the river. The lack of postovulatory follicles and ripe oocytes in captive animals reveals that migratory impediment negatively impacts final oocyte maturation. However, the stage of maturation reached is adequate for ovulation induction with hormone manipulation.     

汀江似鮈(Pseudogobio vaillanti)生态环境和繁殖特性的调查

2014—2015年对宣成到官庄境内似鮈生活的汀江河段进行实地考察和采样,结果表明该江段水温、溶解氧和pH分别在17.2~28.5℃、7.03~8.63 mg/L和6.75~6.83之间变化;似鮈喜欢栖息多砾石或沙石的环境,一般隐蔽在石缝里。汀江似鮈每年4—7月为繁殖期,产卵盛期为5—6月;性成熟年龄为1~2龄,体重在8.1~56.3 g之间;雌鱼怀卵量为213~550粒/尾,相对繁殖力为20~120粒/g·体重,成熟系数为1.07%~8.37%,雄鱼成熟系数为0.41%~4.85%;产沉性卵,深黄色,卵径为(0.762±0.015)mm。产卵场水深约1.5~2.5 m,溶解氧为7.85~8.41 mg/L,水温为18.6~26.7℃,pH在6.8~7.2之间,底质以沙砾为主。     

Volitional Spawning of Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata Induced with Pelleted Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone-Analogue

The black sea bass is a high‐value marine serranid and is a prime candidate for intensive cultivation. Reliable methods for controlled spawning are needed to accelerate the development of hatchery technologies that result in mass production of healthy juveniles. During 1998–2001, spawning studies were conducted at The University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNCW) and at the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR), Charleston, using pelleted luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRH‐a). From April through July 2001, 28 vitellogenic‐stage females, with mean oocyte diameters (MOD) ranging from 277–448 μm, were implanted with a 95% cholesterol‐5% cellulose pellet containing LHRH‐a (‐50 μg/kg body wt) at UNCW. In 10 individual spawning trials, females with MOD of 305–448 μm and maximum oocyte diameter × 475 μm spawned volitionally beginning 2–3 d post‐implantation (PI) and continued spawning over an average of 1.9 d (range = 1–4 d). Individual females released a mean total of 149,000 eggs (117,000 eggs/kg) with a mean buoyancy rate of 40.5% (floaters). Fertilization and hatching rates were 98% and 27.2% of floaters, respectively, yielding 14,600 yolksac larvae/female (12,600 yolksac larvae/kg body wt), and overall egg viability averaged 8.9%. In eight group spawning trials (2–3 females/group), average performance of females, including fecundity (103,800 eggs/female; 105,500 eggs/kg body wt), buoyancy rate (42.5%), fertilization and hatching rates (97.7% and 24.3% of floaters), numbers of yolksac larvae produced (10,900 yolksac larvae/female; 10,100 yolksac larvae/kg body wt), and overall egg viability (10.6%) was comparable to what was seen in individual spawning trials. From 1998–2000, a total of 58 vitellogenic stage (70% of oocytes 500 pm) females were implanted with pelleted LHRH‐a (‐50 μg/kg body wt) in nine group spawning trials (2–19 females/group) at SCDNR. Volitional spawning typically began 18–42 h PI and recurred every 1–3 d for an average duration of 9 d. Female groups released a mean of 560,000 eggs (84,000/female; 132,000/kg body wt) over the spawning period, with mean buoyancy rate of 25.7% floaters. Fertilization and hatching rates were 17.7% and 11.6 % of floaters, respectively, yielding 4,300 yolksac larvae/female (4,600 yolksac larvae/kg body wt). Overall egg viability was 2.9%. Captive wild‐caught black sea bass were induced to undergo repetitive volitional spawning by implantation of pelleted‐LHRH‐a, consistent with a multiple clutch group synchronous pattern of ovarian development. Group spawning appears to be a practical way to compensate for variable fecundity and egg viability of individual females. Research is needed to identify optimum hormone treatments and eligibility requirements.     

Oogenesis in the common Japanese conger Conger myriaster

ABSTRACT:    We investigated the process and characteristics of oogenesis in the common Japanese conger Conger myriaster . Young fish caught in November 1996 were reared for use in this experiment. Fish were sampled monthly from December 1997 to August 1998. Some were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin to stimulate ovarian maturation from May to August 1998. Oocytes from the chromatin nucleolus stage to the secondary yolk globule stage were obtained from non-hormone-treated fish; those of more advanced stages were obtained from hormone-treated ones. We divided oocyte development into eight stages from the chromatin nucleolus stage to the maturation stage. The yolk vesicle stage was not separated because yolk vesicles began to appear just after appearance of yolk globules. Oocyte, oil droplet, yolk globule and nucleus diameters all increased concomitant with oocyte development. Oil droplet and yolk globule diameters increased remarkably at the maturation stage. However, zona radiata thickness peaked at the secondary yolk globule stage, decreasing gradually thereafter. Increased gonadosomatic index was related to oocyte development as found in European and Japanese eels receiving hormone treatment to mature. The present study is the first report describing oogenesis characteristics in congrid eels. It indicates that oogenesis is almost identical to that of other anguillid eels.