熟制与贮藏对凡纳滨对虾挥发性成分的影响

为研究熟制与贮藏对凡纳滨对虾挥发性成分的影响,采用电子鼻及固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术分析虾肉的挥发性成分,并采用相对气味活度值和感官评定法评价虾肉风味的变化。结果显示,熟制与贮藏对虾肉中的挥发性成分影响显著。凡纳滨对虾生虾、熟虾、熟虾冷却、熟虾冷却过夜及二次熟制虾分别被检出50、68、63、49和41种挥发性成分。二次熟制后,虾肉中的挥发性成分有所减少,感官上虾的特征鲜香气也略微减弱;一次熟制对虾肉的风味影响不大。生虾肉中检测出的挥发性成分如壬醛和癸醛等对风味有显著性影响;熟虾肉中检测出壬醛、癸醛和十四醛等;二次熟制的虾肉中检测出对风味影响较大的挥发性成分主要是十八醛、二丁基羟基甲苯等。熟虾经过夜(4°C)放置后,其中检测出的挥发性成分种类和总量均减少,但总量差异不显著。研究表明,熟制可显著增加挥发性风味成分种类和总量,二次熟制与一次熟制相比,凡纳滨对虾的关键风味物质种类和含量显著降低;熟虾冷却后4°C贮藏12 h风味差异不显著。     

仿刺参性腺酶解过程风味变化

生物酶解是提高水产品蛋白质利用率的有效手段，且酶解过程往往伴随肽类、氨基酸、小分子挥发性成分等的生成或反应，进而引起酶解液风味变化。仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)性腺富含蛋白质和多种功效成分，具有良好的开发利用前景。为探究仿刺参性腺酶解过程中蛋白质和风味的变化规律，采用中性蛋白酶对其进行酶解，对酶解过程中可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸态氮、游离氨基酸组成、挥发性成分的变化情况进行了检测分析。结果显示，仿刺参性腺匀浆液中可溶性蛋白质和氨基酸态氮的初始含量分别为1.14和0.15 g/100 g，可溶性蛋白质在酶解前30 min内迅速增加，之后基本保持不变，氨基酸态氮含量在前90 min内随时间延长而逐渐增加，90 min后略有下降，90 min时水解度最大，达43.66%。随着酶解时间的延长，酶解液的鲜味有所增强，腥味减弱，甜味和苦味也略有增强。酶解后游离氨基酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)，其中，呈鲜味的谷氨酸含量最高，其次为呈甜味的甘氨酸和丙氨酸。仿刺参性腺酶解过程气味发生明显变化，烃类种类和相对含量均明显增加，二甲基硫醚含量显著降低，这可能是酶解液腥味减弱的主要原因     

The Fermentation of Antarctic Krill Juice by a Variety of Microorganisms

In order to produce a fermented seasoning of Antarctic krill juice with pleasant taste and unique flavor, the Antarctic krill juice was fermented by application of Aspergillus oryzae, Streptococcus thermophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus licheniformis, respectively. Organic acids and the composition of amino acids in these fermented products were analyzed, as well as the sensory evaluation and taste components analysis. It was found that all four kinds of fermented liquor of Antarctic krill had better flavor, higher amino acid content, unique organic acid content, and higher antioxidant activity. The best flavor and the most abundant nutrition were in the Antarctic krill juice fermented by S. cerevisiae. The amino acid content was up to 1,368.30 mg/100 mL, the scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was 71.308%, and there was a variety of amino acids in this fermented liquor, which contained all eight of the essential amino acids not manufactured by the human body.     

渔光一体养殖模式对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和性腺气味品质的影响

渔光一体养殖模式(photovoltaic fishery breeding mode, PM)是一种采用水下养殖、水上发电的新兴环保养殖模式。本研究比较了渔光一体养殖模式与普通池塘养殖模式(common pond breeding mode, CM)养殖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在基本营养成分、感官评价和气味品质等方面的差异。对雌蟹肝胰腺和性腺进行人工及电子感官评价，测定挥发性物质的含量，并对气味品质进行综合评价。结果表明，渔光一体养殖模式能提高雌蟹的性腺指数、增加粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量；PM组肝胰腺表现青草味，电子鼻的响应值最高，PM组性腺的青草味和油脂味更明显；在肝胰腺中，鉴定出44种(PM组)和33种(CM组)物质，PM组总挥发性物质的含量[(70.53±2.91) ng/g]显著高于CM组[(16.63±0.73) ng/g] (P<0.05)，是CM组的4.2倍，其中油脂味和青草味的物质含量更高；而在性腺中，鉴定出了31种(PM组)和47种(CM组)物质，PM组和CM组总挥发性物质含量分别为(68.80± 1.86) ng/g和(71.50±4.17) ng/g，并无显著差异(P>0.05)，但CM组的三甲胺为PM组的17倍，且CM组检测到含硫化合物，异味物质较多，CM组气味品质不如PM组。渔光一体养殖模式能提高肝胰腺中的青草气味和油脂气味，降低性腺中的异味物质含量，对中华绒螯蟹雌蟹的气味品质有促进作用。本研究为优化及推广渔光一体养殖模式提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同种类酵母抽提物对调理乌鳢鱼片风味及品质的影响

为探究添加不同种类酵母抽提物对生鲜鱼片风味及质构的影响,实验以调理乌鳢鱼片为原料,通过同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取挥发性成分,利用GC-MS联合电子鼻、电子舌对6组调理乌鳢鱼片(空白对照CK组、FA02组、KU012组、FG10组、FA39组和F55组)进行风味成分分析,再结合感官、色度和质构进一步评价了6组调理乌鳢鱼片的品质。结果显示,CK组检测出42种挥发性物质,而添加5种酵母抽提物后(FA02、KU012、FG10、FA39、F55),挥发性物质的种类显著增多,分别为60、66、56、52、46种。鱼片中主要特征挥发性物质为醛类,如庚醛、癸醛以及(E, E)-2, 4-癸二烯醛等;添加不同种类酵母抽提物后,各组鱼片挥发性物质增加了(E)-4-癸烯醛、2-壬酮和3-壬烯-2-酮等。其中KU012组挥发性物质种类及含量增加最多,如具有清新气味的(E)-2-戊烯醛、黄瓜味的(E, Z)-2, 6-壬二烯醛以及提高整体风味的(Z)-2-(2-戊烯基)呋喃。电子鼻和电子舌的测定结果显示,各酵母抽提物组与CK组在气味、滋味方面存在显著差异。相对于CK组,添加酵母抽提物调理的乌鳢鱼片色泽呈浅黄,质构略有降低,但感官评分有所升高。研究表明,不同种类酵母抽提物均能一定程度改善调理乌鳢鱼片的风味、质构及感官品质,其中KU012组综合表现最佳。本研究为酵母抽提物在水产品中的调味应用提供了参考,具有实践价值。     

Structural Changes,Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Maillard Reaction Products Derived from Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) Female Gonad Hydrolysates

In order to improve the utilization of scallop byproducts, scallop female gonad hydrolysates (SFGHs) were prepared using alcalase and ribose at a mass ratio of 1:2 and pH 7.0 (95°C, up to 12 h) to develop heterogeneous Maillard-type antioxidant and flavor compounds. The formation of Schiff’s base as well as modification of the amide bands in Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were investigated using ultraviolet–visible, fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The significant decrease of amino acid residues explained the strong Maillard reactivity of SFGHs. MRPs with enhanced ABTS⁺ radical scavenging capacity over SFGHs promoted the survival of HepG2 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, 19 new volatile compounds were produced by the reaction of SFGHs with ribose. These results suggest that SFGHs–ribose MRPs can be potentially used as antioxidants with flavor properties.

Abbreviations: SFGs: scallop female gonads; SFGHs: scallop female gonad hydrolysates; ABTS: 2?2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene; Trolox: 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; MRPs: Maillard reaction product; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; HS-SPME/GC/MS: Headspace solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.     

不同烤制时间对沙丁鱼片风味及品质的影响

为探讨烤制时间对沙丁鱼片风味及品质的影响,以沙丁鱼为研究对象,研究经不同烤制时间处理的沙丁鱼片的色泽、质构特性及挥发性成分的变化。采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取—气质联用技术分析沙丁鱼片在不同烤制时间过程中挥发性成分的变化。结果表明,随着烤制时间的延长,沙丁鱼肉的硬度、咀嚼度均有提高,弹性下降;电子鼻能够较好区分不同烤制时间得到的沙丁鱼片制品的风味。主成分分析显示各个样品间差异明显,电子鼻区分度良好;采用气—质联用技术分析表明,180°C条件下沙丁鱼块在不同烤制时间(0、1、2、3、4 min)下的挥发性成分发生明显变化,主要挥发性物质有醇、醛、酮、酸、酯、烃、芳香族和含氮化合物等。不同烤制时间下,样品中检出的挥发性化合物种类分别为43、47、47、54和46种;酸类、酯类、烃类及芳香族类等化合物的相对含量呈先上升后下降趋势;而醇类、醛类、酮类等化合物的相对含量呈先下降后上升趋势;烤制的同时产生了大量的吡嗪类、吡咯类、噻唑类等呈香化合物,这些杂环化合物对烤制沙丁鱼片的风味具有重要贡献。     

混合乳酸菌发酵改善罗非鱼蛋白酶解液风味的研究

通过嗜热乳链球菌（Streptococus thermophilus）和保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactococcus bulgarcus）混合发酵,改善罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）下脚料蛋白酶解液风味,采用响应面设计试验考察乳酸菌发酵时间（X1）、温度（五）及接种量（恐）对酶解液风味感官评分值（Y）的影响,并利用同时蒸馏萃取与气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）联用技术测定挥发性成分。结果表明,响应面分析法（RSM）优化的乳酸菌发酵条件为时间9h,温度45℃,接种量16％,预测风味感官评分值为4．1;酶解液发酵后的挥发性成分由原来的27种增加至33种,增加的主要是酯类物质,另外产生了辛酸及十六醛等风味物质。乳酸菌发酵能减弱罗非鱼酶解液的腥味,但脱苦效果不明显。     

电子鼻结合GC-MS分析不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味成分的影响

为了解不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味物质的影响,为罗非鱼片加工提供参考依据,采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析了经超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透热泵干燥(UAPOHPD)、热泵干燥(HPD)、超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透真空冷冻-热泵联合干燥(UAPOVFHPCD)和真空冷冻干燥...     

利用大口黑鲈加工上海熏鱼的工艺及风味特点

上海熏鱼是以青鱼或草鱼为原料,经过浸渍和油爆过程制作出的传统中式菜肴。为解决青鱼养殖量下降和草鱼肌间刺多、土腥味重的问题,弥补加工上海熏鱼的不足,以大口黑鲈替代草鱼制作上海熏鱼,采用单因素试验设计和正交试验设计改良上海熏鱼的加工工艺,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法（SPME-GC-MS）分别测定油爆后的上海熏鱼、用不含香辛料的油爆后浸渍液处理的上海熏鱼及上海熏鱼成品中的挥发性风味活性物质,通过GC-MS的定性定量分析得出上海熏鱼的主要风味化合物,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定呈味核苷酸。结果表明,优化工艺参数为油爆时间6 min,油爆后浸渍液中酱油∶白砂糖=4∶3（鱼块质量的20%∶15%）。3个样品中的挥发性化合物分别有37、47和55种,其中醛酮类、醇类、烃类、芳香类和含氮含硫类物质是上海熏鱼的主要风味化合物。肌苷酸是主要鲜味核苷酸。研究表明,高温油爆过程中发生的美拉德反应、热降解、脂肪酸氧化有助于去除鱼腥味,形成上海熏鱼的特色风味。浸渍和油爆是提高鱼肉制品品质的优良加工工艺。     

Optimization of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Assisted by Ultra-high Pressure Processing of Alaska Pollock Frame for Improving Flavour

ABSTRACT

In order to improve the flavor of aquatic enzymatic hydrolysate, this study determined the effect of ultra-high pressure processing (UHP) coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis on the flavor of Alaska pollock frame (APF) hydrolysates. The optimal conditions for UHP enzymatic hydrolysis were as follows: pressure time was 60 min, pH value was 7.5, and pressure was 150 MPa. The content of soluble peptide, total-free amino acid, and delicious amino acid (DAA) content of atmospheric pressure and UHP hydrolysates were 11.37 vs 16.70 mg/mL, 5 528 vs 6 234 mg/100 g, and 2145 vs 2411 mg/100 g, respectively. The major compounds in the enzymatic hydrolysates of UHP included seven types of ketones (18.31%), 8 types of aldehydes (6.35%), 3 types of alcohols (2.61%), one type of ester (0.38%), and one type of furan (7.89%). The results of electronic tongue (e-tongue) demonstrated good agreement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In conclusion, UHP enzymatic hydrolysis can be a potential tool to improve the flavor compounds of hydrolysates.     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱嗅觉测量联用初探鲢肉的挥发性风味物质

为探明鲢肉挥发性气味特征物质，通过顶空固相微萃取法提取和浓缩了鲢肉中的挥发性物质，并利用气相色谱质谱联用以及气相色谱〖CD*7/9〗嗅觉测量法对气味物质进行了定性分析及气味特征的评价。由8人组成的评价小组通过检测频率法进行嗅觉测量。结果表明，经GCMS分析鉴定得到了29种挥发性气味物质，主要是一些羰基类和醇类化合物，占了总挥发性物质的88%。通过检测频率分析法鉴定出12种化合物具有气味特征，表现为鱼腥、金属、青草、油脂氧化、蘑菇等特征。另外有4种未知物也显示了较强的风味特性，它们协同作用构成了鲢的特殊气味。     

基于电子鼻与HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析不同处理方式腌干带鱼挥发性风味成分

为探究不同生产工艺对腌干带鱼挥发性风味物质的影响,实验采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取—气质联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对新鲜带鱼、传统和发酵腌干带鱼的风味物质进行定性定量分析。结果显示,电子鼻能对不同处理方式腌干带鱼的挥发性风味成分进行有效区分,第一主成分贡献率为96.44%,第二主成分贡献率为2.60%。采用HS-SPME-GC-MS法在新鲜带鱼、传统腌干带鱼和发酵腌干带鱼中分别检测出27、45和56种挥发性物质,醛类、醇类和酮类是构成腌干带鱼挥发性风味差异的主要化合物。研究表明,鱼肉的特征风味物质包括己醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醇、3-甲基丁醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮和三甲胺等。新鲜带鱼以鱼腥味和水果香味为主,传统腌干带鱼以脂肪味、蘑菇—泥土味和水果香味为主,而发酵腌干带鱼的奶油味、青草—脂肪味和水果香味更加浓郁,味觉分布更加均匀。     

南极磷虾主要过敏原的分离纯化及性质研究

为了探究南极磷虾致敏问题,从南极磷虾中筛选、鉴定、分离纯化其主要过敏原,并对过敏原的性质进行研究,实验通过缓冲盐溶液提取南极磷虾蛋白;采用SDS-PAGE和Western blot(WB)筛选南极磷虾过敏原;使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定过敏蛋白;通过等电点沉淀、硫酸铵盐析、阴离子交换柱层析分离纯化过敏原;采用SDS-...     

Krill fisheries: Development,management and ecosystem implications

There are currently at least six commercial fisheries harvesting six different species of euphausiid, or krill: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), fished in the Antarctic; North Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica), fished off Japan and off western Canada; Euphausia nana, fished off the coast of Japan; Thysanoessa inermis, fished off the coast of Japan and off eastern Canada; and Thysanoessa raschii and Meganyctiphanes norvegica which have been experimentally harvested off eastern Canada. The current world catch of all species of krill is over 150 000 tonnes per annum but few fisheries are being exploited to their maximum theoretical potential. The size of the world krill harvest is currently limited by lack of demand, although some fisheries are being deliberately managed at low levels because of ecological concerns. We have outlined the history of these krill fisheries to determine where there are common trends and issues which will affect their future development. Krill products are currently mostly used for the aquaculture and sport fishing market but considerable effort has also been put into developing products for human consumption, particularly from Antarctic krill. The future development of krill fisheries is examined in the light of information on trends in krill products which include pharmaceutical and industrial uses in addition to nutritional products. Because of the central ecological role of krill in many marine ecosystems, the subject of krill harvesting is a sensitive issue and krill fisheries require careful management. This requirement has spawned an innovative international management regime in the Antarctic — the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) — which has developed procedures for managing the harvest of Antarctic krill that may be applicable to other fisheries. The common problems of managing krill fisheries are outlined particularly those relating to the role of krill in many coastal ecosystems, and as prey for many other species which are commercially fished.     

南极磷虾粉作为鲽形目鱼饲料蛋白源的营养价值评价

分析商品南极磷虾粉、自制酶解磷虾粉的主要营养成分(氨基酸和脂肪酸)组成,同时采用生化方法比较了5种鲽形目鱼肉蛋白的氨基酸组成。以5种鲽形目鱼肉蛋白为参比蛋白,利用必需氨基酸指数、氨基酸比值系数分和关联度分析法评价南极磷虾粉作为鲽形目鱼饲料蛋白源的营养价值,同时对2种磷虾粉的氟含量进行了分析。结果显示,鲽形目鱼肉(干样)中含有16种常见氨基酸,其中,7种为人体必需氨基酸,4种为呈味氨基酸(总量分别为28.52%–38.03%、25.26%–33.56%);5种鲽形目鱼氨基酸组成均符合 FAO/WHO 的理想模式。南极磷虾粉和酶解磷虾粉的粗蛋白分别为60.84%和68.60%,粗脂肪分别为12.08%和10.79%,达到了规定鱼粉的一级品甚至特级品的指标。酶解处理后蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05),脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05),灰分含量无差异(P>0.05)。从必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)来看,EAAI 均大于0.95,磷虾粉的必需氨基酸与鲽形目鱼的必需氨基酸拟合度较高。从氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)和关联度分析法来看,2种磷虾粉对于鲽形目鱼的必需氨基酸平衡性较好,相关系数与鱼粉相差不大。氟含量方面,酶解后磷虾粉的氟含量[(331.21±6.70) mg/kg]显著降低(P<0.05),低于欧盟标准(350 mg/kg)。综合来看,2种磷虾粉氨基酸平衡性较好、营养价值较高,是优质蛋白源。     

Characterization of Flavor Properties from Fish (Collichthys niveatus) Through Enzymatic Hydrolysis and the Maillard Reaction

ABSTRACT

Collichthys niveatus (C. niveatus) is an abundant but underutilized fish species caught in China. In this study, flavor properties of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) obtained from C. niveatus protein hydrolysates were determined. The optimized fish protein hydrolysates were prepared using commercial Alcalase, and the optimum values of temperature, pH, and enzyme/substrate ratio were 55.6°C, 8.7, and 1.03%, respectively. In addition, the volatile compounds of the MRPs were evaluated using headspace solid–phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A total of 80 volatile compounds were separated and identified. Priazines, alcohols, and aldehydes were the major flavor contributors to the aroma of the MRPs (accounting for 38.86, 9.21, and 8.23%, respectively), while pyrazines were the most abundant group of volatile compounds present, with 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, methylpyrazine, and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine being found in highest quantities (19.83, 5.81, and 5.70%, respectively). Other components—including alcohols, aldehydes, furans, ketones, and esters—were also identified in the MRPs. This study provides a systematic strategy for marine products processing and volatiles characterization. The results point to the information in the volatiles from the MRPs of protein hydrolysis from C. niveatus and pave the way for full utilization of this species.     

致死方式对养殖草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响

采用电子鼻技术和固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术研究了抽血和急杀致死草鱼肉挥发性成分的差异。通过电子鼻检测分析,抽血致死对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分有影响,对红肉部分无影响或影响不大;固相微萃取技术可以有效地吸附草鱼肉中的挥发性成分,经NIST质谱数据库检索和文献对照,抽血致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定出27、29和47种挥发性成分,急杀致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定42、41和43种挥发性成分,可见致死方式对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分影响较大,相对来说对红肉的影响较小;鱼血中确定46种挥发性成分,其中34种为芳香族化合物,相对含量达75.59%。因此,建议草鱼加工或食用前采用抽血致死方式。     

青海湖裸鲤特征挥发性成分分析

为分析青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)特征挥发性成分,以体重为20g的青海湖裸鲤作为研究对象,剖取肌肉后采用固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对裸鲤肌肉挥发性成分进行分离鉴定。结果表明,在青海湖裸鲤肌肉中检测出60种化合物,包括8种醇类化合物、9种醛类化合物、5种酮类化合物、2种酸类化合物、8种酯类化合物、12种烃类化合物、12种芳香族化合物及4种其他类物质,其中芳香族化合物含量最高。结合气味活度值(OVA)分析,青海湖裸鲤肌肉挥发性气味的主要贡献化合物为1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、辛醛、壬醛、2-癸烯醛及2,4-癸二烯醛。