不同氮源对铜绿微囊藻增殖的影响

在实验室条件下,利用单细胞藻一次性培养方法,研究了硝酸氮、铵氮和尿素对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)增殖的影响。结果表明:以硝酸氮作为氮源时,铜绿微囊藻增殖速率优于另外2种氮源条件下的,其最适增殖浓度为1.5～5.0mmol/L。低浓度铵氮(0.5mmol/L)即适宜铜绿微囊藻生长,而高浓度时会抑制铜绿微囊藻生长。尿素氮浓度0.5～1.5mmol/L时最利于铜绿微囊藻生长。试验结果提示在监测水体氮营养盐时应该包括多种无机氮和有机氮,只测总氮难于准确预测水华。     

温度和光照对铜绿微囊藻、大型溞和金鱼藻共同培养的影响

为了解温度和光照对生物操纵和水生植被植物恢复的影响,将选择铜绿微囊藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,将其在含有11mg/L的氮浓度和不同磷浓度（0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5mg/L）的培养液中共培养,研究不同温度（15、20、25、30℃）和光照强度（1000、2200、3400、4500lx）对藻-溞-草三者共培养的影响。结果表明：温度对生物操纵和水生植被物恢复影响显著。温度为15℃时,磷浓度的改变对控藻效果的影响不大,但金鱼藻的增长率较其它温度时低,磷浓度在0.2～1.5mg/L时,金鱼藻的增长率均高于铜绿微囊藻;温度介于20～25℃时,大型溞的增长率比较大,生物操纵效果较好,且磷浓度为0.2mg/L的磷浓度时对金鱼藻的生长最有利,控藻效果较好;30℃时,大型溞增长率最较小,在此温度下,且当磷浓度达到1.5mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻出现正增长,此时不能有效控制铜绿微囊藻。光照强度介于1100～2200lx时,所有磷浓度下金鱼藻和大型溞的增长率都高于铜绿微囊藻,控藻效果明显;光照强度介于3400～4500lx时,磷浓度对生物操纵和水生植被恢复的影响要高于光照因素,且磷浓度在0.2～0.5mg/L时控藻效果好,更有利于恢复水生植被植物。     

铜绿微囊藻生长特征及营养盐对其生长的影响

从洋河水库分离出野生铜绿微囊藻,研究了铜绿微囊藻在室内不同氮、磷浓度及不同氮磷比值下的生长特征。在总氮质量浓度为16.0 mg/L、总磷质量浓度为1.60 mg/L、TN/TP值为14时,铜绿微囊藻的日增长率分别达到最大值。铜绿微囊藻“水华”的形成不仅与氮、磷营养盐的浓度有关,而且还与TN/TP值有关。根据实验结果和限制因子的定义,磷是铜绿微囊藻生长的主要限制因子。     

氮、磷营养盐对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

通过室内试验,分别研究了相同磷水平下不同氮磷比(质量比,下同)和相同氮磷比下不同氮、磷质量浓度对形成水华的主要蓝藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响。试验结果:在不同氮磷比条件下,从第5天开始,铜绿微囊藻在低氮磷比(N/P=5∶1)下密度均为最低,从第13天开始,随着氮磷比增大,铜绿微囊藻的密度逐渐升高;在相同氮磷比条件下,从第5天开始,氮、磷质量浓度分别为0.03、0.006 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻的密度均为最低,从第11天开始,铜绿微囊藻的密度随着氮、磷质量浓度的增大呈先升高后下降趋势,当氮、磷质量浓度分别为2.65、0.53 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻的密度达到最大值;叶绿素a含量的变化与铜绿微囊藻细胞密度的变化基本一致。结果表明,在防控微囊藻水华时,不仅要控制水中的氮磷比,同时还需控制氮、磷的质量浓度。     

氮、磷营养盐组成对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

应用室内培养实验方法研究了不同组成氮盐(TN)和磷盐(TP)对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻的生长状况很好地符合Logistic生长模型,进一步研究表明,铜绿微囊藻存在营养盐生长阈值CTP、CTN,分别为1.8mg/L和25.0mg/L,当TP、TN的初始浓度分别小于CTP和CTN时,随其初始浓度的增加会促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,但当初始浓度大于营养盐生长阈值时,随营养盐初始浓度的增加反而会逐渐限制其生长,表明铜绿微囊藻存在一个适宜生长的(TN∶TP)最佳值,为TN/TP=14∶1。     

两种有机碳源对铜绿微囊藻生长 和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨水体中不同有机碳源对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响,以葡萄糖和冰乙酸分别作为铜绿微囊藻生长的有机碳源,将铜绿微囊藻置于光照培养箱中培养,并对叶绿素荧光动力学参数进行测定。结果表明:一定质量浓度的葡萄糖可以促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,2 mg/L和5 mg/L葡萄糖处理组铜绿微囊藻的细胞密度分别增加到2.68×10~7和2.94×10~7个/m L,极显著高于不添加碳源的对照组(P0.01); 0.1 m L/L冰乙酸处理组铜绿微囊藻的细胞密度与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),其他浓度组(1、2、5m L/L)均显著低于对照组(P0.05);铜绿微囊藻叶绿素荧光参数的变化趋势与细胞密度变化趋势相似,一定质量浓度(2～5 mg/L)的葡萄糖可以提高铜绿微囊藻细胞的光合作用速率。     

铜离子对铜绿微囊藻的急性毒性效应

以BG11为基础培养基研究了实验室条件下重金属Cu^2＋在不同质量浓度下对铜绿微囊藻的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明，Cu^2＋对藻类的抑制效应随Cu^2＋质量浓度的增加而增加：质量浓度为0．3～1．2mg／L的Cu2^＋对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用不显著，且48h后出现藻细胞密度反弹现象，杀藻效果不理想。质量浓度为1．5mg／L的Cu^2＋对铜绿微囊藻细胞产生很强的毒性，可有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长，96h时杀藻率高达97．4％，Chll_a含量抑制率达87．7％，光合放氧量明显降低，抑制率达83．3％，呼吸耗氧量明显增强。不同质量浓度Cu^2＋可影响铜绿微囊藻的生长及生理活动，1．5mg／L的Cu^2＋是抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的最有效质量浓度。     

Mn2+ 对铜绿微囊藻生长和养分吸收的影响

在不同Mn2+浓度(0、10、100、1 000、10 000、30 000 nmol/L)条件下,研究了Mn2+对铜绿微囊藻的生长以及N、P、Mg等营养元素的吸收的影响.100 nmol/L的Mn2+处理获得最大的牛物最,30 000 nmol/L时的生物量最小;100 nmol/L Mn2+处理的铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a含鼍最高,30 000 nmol/L Mn2+处理的叶绿素a含量最低;不同M2+浓度处理对铜绿微囊藻的N吸收影响不大,但明显影响P的吸收:100 nmol/L的Mn2+处理培养基中P减少量是30 000 nmol/L的Mn2+处理组P减少最的5倍左右;过高的Mn2+浓度也影响了铜绿微囊藻对M2+的吸收.结果表明Mn2+浓度为100 nmol/L时铜绿微囊藻在各个方面的表现最好.     

铁离子对海带配子体克隆系生长发育的影响

为了探究Fe³⁺在不同氮、磷条件下对海带（）配子体生长发育的影响，以海带''黄官1号''雌、雄配子体克隆系为材料，以含有不同浓度的氮（N）、磷（P）营养盐的灭菌海水为培养液，添加不同浓度（0μmol/L、0.36 μmol/L、3.60 μmol/L、8.90 μmol/L、17.80 μmol/L）的铁离子（Fe³⁺），通过测定光系统Ⅱ的最大荧光产量（）观察配子体营养生长状况，通过计算发育率（包括卵囊形成率、排卵率、幼苗形成率）观测配子体发育与生殖状况。结果显示，N、P浓度分别为0.825 mmol/L、0.0336 mmol/L的条件下，浓度为3.60 μmol/L的Fe³⁺对海带配子体营养生长阶段的促进作用最大；在不同N、P浓度条件下，Fe³⁺浓度为3.60~17.80 μmol/L时能够提高海带配子体的最大荧光产量，且各浓度组之间没有显著性差异（3+能够促进海带配子体由营养生长转向生殖生长，Fe³⁺浓度为3.60~17.80 μmol/L时可显著促进海带配子体的生殖生长，且各浓度组之间没有显著性差异（>0.05）；即使N、P浓度达到0.825 mmol/L、0.0336 mmol/L，在无铁条件下所有的海带配子体维持在营养生长状态；即使Fe³⁺浓度达到3.60 μmol/L，在N、P浓度0.007 mmol/L、0.0003 mmol/L条件下，大部分海带配子体（65%）维持在营养生长状态，虽然小部分海带配子体（35%）进入了生殖生长状态，但生殖生长明显滞后于实验中的其他各个N、P浓度组。本研究表明，铁和N、P营养盐对海带配子体的营养生长和生殖生长具有协同促进作用，铁是海带配子体由营养生长到发育成熟再到有性生殖过程中的关键因素；在添加适宜浓度的氮（0.275 mmol/L）、磷营养盐（0.0112 mmol/L）条件下，浓度为3.60 μmol/L的Fe³⁺对海带配子体的生长发育促进作用最大。该结果可为提高海带育苗效率提供理论依据。     

氮素对小球藻生长的影响

将淡水小球落在不同浓度的氮素中培养，每天用分光光度计检测培养液在662nm和632nm的吸光度值，计算小球藻叶绿素的含量变化。研究结果表明，氮素浓度对淡水不球落的影响因添加的氮源不同而异，以尿素（NH2CONH2）的为氮源，浓度在20mmol/L以下时生长速度较快；而当NaNO3作为氮源时，生长速度较快的浓度在100mmol/L左右。     

Initial influence of fertilizer nitrogen types on water quality

Using different sources of nitrogen as fertilizers in nursery ponds may affect water quality and plankton responses. We evaluated water quality variables and plankton population responses when using different nitrogen sources for catfish nursery pond fertilization. We compared calcium nitrate (12% N), sodium nitrite (20% N), ammonium chloride (26% N), ammonium nitrate (34% N) and urea (45% N) in 190‐L microcosms at equimolar nitrogen application rates. Sodium nitrite‐fertilized microcosms had higher nitrite and nitrate levels during the first week; no other differences in the water quality were detected among fertilizer types (P>0.05). No differences in green algae, diatoms or cyanobacteria were detected among treatments; desirable zooplankton for catfish culture was increased in urea‐fertilized microcosms. Based on these results, any form of nitrogen used for pond fertilization should perform similarly without causing substantial water quality deterioration. Ammonium nitrate and urea contain a higher percentage of nitrogen, requiring less volume to achieve dosing levels. If both urea and ammonium nitrate are available, we recommend using the one with the least cost per unit of nitrogen. If both types of fertilizer have an equal cost per unit of nitrogen, we recommend using urea because of the potential advantage of increasing desirable zooplankton concentrations.     

Batch and fed-batch cultivations of Spirulina platensis using ammonium sulphate and urea as nitrogen sources

The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis is an attractive source of chlorophyll, a green pigment used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and other high-value cell components. Moreover, it can be easily and cheaply recovered by filtration from the cultivation medium. In this work, the replacement of potassium nitrate with ammonium sulphate (A) and urea (U) as cheaper nitrogen sources has been investigated: previous research work did in fact demonstrate that urea has no effect on the final chlorophyll content of the cultures. Several batch and fed-batch protocols were tested, modelled and compared in this work for the first time. It was demonstrated that the kinetics of S. platensis growth at 30°C, using urea as nitrogen source, can be comparable and even better than the one achievable with the classic nitrate-based culture media. Adoption of an appropriate slowly increasing urea feeding rate prevented the accumulation of ammonia in the medium as well as its well-known inhibition of biomass growth; therefore, the use of urea should be recognized as a possible way to decrease the costs of a large-scale plant for the production of this cyanobacterium.     

Optimization of cultivation conditions for enhancing biomass,polysaccharide and protein yields of Chlorella sorokiniana by response surface methodology

On the basis of multiple single‐factor studies, the best conditions for each factor were selected by comparison. Taking the biomass, polysaccharide and protein yields of chlorella as response values, the four‐factor and three‐level response surface design experiment was performed on four parameters that significantly affected the response values to further determine the optimal conditions. The optimal parameters of the culture process were nitrogen source (urea), carbon source (sodium carbonate), nitrogen concentration (15.80 mmol/L), carbon concentration (0.36 mmol/L), phosphorus concentration (0.2 mmol/L), magnesium concentration (0.33 mmol/L), calcium concentration (0.25 mmol/L), iron concentration (0.02 mmol/L), initial pH (7.0), inoculation amount (6%) and ventilation capacity (40 L/hr). According to this process, the biomass, polysaccharide and protein yield of Chlorella sorokiniana obtained from indoor culture were close to the predicted value, which were more than three times as much as before, reaching 3.58, 0.52 and 0.46 g/L respectively. Chlorella sorokiniana, which was cultured outdoor according to the optimized process, increased its biomass, polysaccharide and protein yield by more than 1.5 times. Chlorella sorokiniana was significantly different before and after optimized culture. This provides a good source for the research of polysaccharide and protein of C. sorokiniana and helps the further study of its structure and biological activity, which makes the further development of its function more possible.     

Agricultural fertilizers as alternative culture media for biomass production of Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) under semi-controlled conditions

The red alga Chondracanthus squarrulosus was cultured under semi-controlled conditions to evaluate growth (biomass production) with agricultural fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea) vs. analytical grade inorganic salts; sodium nitrate (analytical grade) and seawater were used as controls. The concentration of each agricultural fertilizer used was 1.95 mg l⁻¹ week⁻¹. Growth of C. squarrulosus with agricultural fertilizers and sodium nitrate as control showed no significant differences (P<0.05). A maximum growth of 5.4% per day and thallus nitrogen content of 3.4% dry weight were obtained with ammonium sulphate. The results suggest that commercial agricultural fertilizers can be substituted for analytical grade nutrients with no significant effect on the culture.     

氮营养盐对极北海带幼苗生长和生理生化特性的影响

为研究不同质量浓度硝态氮对极北海带生长、生理特性的影响,在实验室条件下将极北海带培养在硝态氮质量浓度梯度为0、0.5、2、4、6、8、10 mg/L的灭菌海水中,10 d后分别测定各培养条件下藻体的生长和生化参数。试验结果表明:(1)硝态氮质量浓度为2~8 mg/L时极北海带的相对生长速率和可溶性蛋白含量较高,表明极北海带幼苗适于在此营养盐水平下生长。低氮环境时藻体的丙二醛含量较高,且与相对生长速率呈显著负相关,表明低氮胁迫可引起细胞膜脂过氧化,导致极北海带的相对生长速率降低;(2)在低氮营养盐水平(0~0.5 mg/L)时,藻体超氧阴离子水平明显升高,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性均升高,表明这3种抗氧化酶尤其是过氧化物酶在清除藻体内自由基时起关键作用,同时丙二醛有较明显的积累,表明在低氮营养盐水平下抗氧化酶的作用可能受到限制。在高氮营养盐水平(10 mg/L)时,藻体超氧阴离子含量较低,且丙二醛无明显积累,3种抗氧化酶活性在高氮环境时均明显升高,表明高氮环境时藻体的抗氧化酶系统发挥作用,清除积累的活性氧。高氮和低氮营养盐胁迫对极北海带幼苗的抗氧化酶系统的影响不同。(3)在高氮和低氮环境时,类胡萝卜素和叶绿素a含量均低于适宜的氮含量条件时的含量,表明类胡萝卜素和叶绿素a对氮胁迫无明显响应。本试验结果可为极北海带苗种生产及人工养殖提供理论参考。     

氮浓度对海绿球藻生长及总脂含量的影响

用叶绿素荧光分析技术和生物化学方法,研究了不同氮浓度[0.22、0.44、0.66、0.88mmol/L(对照组)]对海绿球藻叶绿素荧光特性、细胞密度、叶绿素含量、相对生长率、干质量、总脂含量及总脂产率的影响。试验结果表明,第4～7d,0.22mmol/L处理组的主要荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转换效率Fv/Fm,光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性Fv/Fo,相对电子传递效率rETR,光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ)显著低于其他处理组。该藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a、b含量、相对生长率及干质量随起始氮浓度的增加而增加,0.22mmol/L处理组上述各项值最低,0.88mmol/L对照组上述各项值最高,其细胞密度、相对生长率和干质量分别为16.37×106个/ml,0.56、0.48g/L。0.22mmol/L处理组总脂含量(占干质量的41.84%)显著高于其他处理组,而对照组总脂含量仅为35.16%。总脂产率与起始氮浓度成正相关,0.22mmol/L处理组最低,仅为0.0095g/(L.d),而0.88mmol/L对照组总脂产率最高,为0.0189g/(L.d)。研究结果表明,氮浓度为0.22mmol/L最适合海绿球藻油脂的积累;氮浓度为0.88mmol/L最适合海绿球藻的生长。     

碳、氮、磷营养对7种海洋微藻种群增长的影响研究

文章采用批次培养方式研究双胞旋沟藻(Cochlodinium geminatum)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)和眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)在不同碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)条件下的生长特性,以期为养殖尾水的原位处理筛选优良藻种(株)。结果表明,这7种微藻的比生长速率与C、N、P浓度总体呈正相关。相较对照组,C对旋沟藻、骨条藻和拟微绿球藻比生长速率的促进作用分别为35%、19%和19%,P对比生长速率的最大促进作用介于25.01%~446.60%,硝酸盐为16.54%~77.52%,铵盐为15.79%~88.82%,尿素为25.16%~71.43%。7种微藻的最大比生长速率与细胞体积总体呈负相关,棕囊藻的比生长速率最高,拟微绿球藻和扁藻最大比生长速率与其他藻华种相比无显著差别。微藻的氮磷吸收速率随细胞体积增加呈升高趋势,单位氮磷利用效率随细胞体积增加呈降低趋势。培养液中P吸收速率显著高于N,氮磷比均呈升高趋势。眼点拟微绿球藻和亚心形扁藻可用于养殖尾水氮磷的快速去除。     

环境因子对链状亚历山大藻生长的影响

链状亚历山大藻是一种能产生麻痹性贝毒的有害赤潮藻类,研究环境因子对链状亚历山大藻生长特性的综合影响,找到链状亚历山大藻生长的适宜条件,对有效预报赤潮形成具有十分重要的意义.本文设计了四因素三水平的正交实验,研究了温度、盐度、营养盐、光照强度等环境因子对链状亚历山大藻生长特性的影响.结果表明,在实验范围内,链状亚历山大藻...     

Water quality control using Spirulina platensis in shrimp culture tanks

A cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis) was co-cultured with black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) for water quality control. We evaluated the effects of: (1) three S. platensis trial conditions on inorganic nitrogen concentrations at one shrimp density (S. platensis trial conditions included: absent, nonharvested and semicontinuous harvesting) and (2) two shrimp densities on inorganic nitrogen concentrations, with and without S. platensis. Semicontinuous harvesting of S. platensis at one shrimp density resulted in significantly reduced (P<0.05) inorganic nitrogen concentrations (NH₄, NO₂ and NO₃). With S. platensis absent, ammonium and nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 mg l⁻¹, while nitrate concentrations ranged from 16 to 18 mg l⁻¹ by day 44. With nonharvested S. platensis, considerable variability occurred with nitrogen concentrations. Semicontinuous harvest of S. platensis reduced nitrate to 4 mg l⁻¹, while ammonium and nitrite ranged from 0.0 to 0.15 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The factorial evaluation of shrimp density versus presence and absence of S. platensis resulted in greatly reduced nitrogenous compounds with S. platensis present regardless of shrimp density, and only moderately increased nitrogen with greater shrimp density. Without S. platensis, all nitrogen compounds were substantially elevated and shrimp survived was significantly reduced at high shrimp density.