盐度对脉红螺卵袋幼体的孵出及浮游幼体存活和生长的影响

实验设7个盐度梯度，在室内就不同盐度对脉红螺卵袋内幼体的发育(卵袋的颜色变化)、卵袋内幼体的孵出、孵出幼体的壳高及孵出幼体在不同盐度下的生长情况进行观察和测量，结果表明：水温22℃时，脉红螺卵袋在盐度20～39．5都可以孵出幼体；盐度14，卵袋内的幼体可以发育，但不能孵出；盐度8，卵袋内的幼体6d全部死亡。孵出后的浮游幼体存活和生长的适宜盐度为29．5～35．5，高于或低于此盐度范围，幼体9d全部死亡。     

金乌贼和曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育及其盐度耐受能力的比较研究

采集金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)及曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)受精卵,观察了金乌贼胚胎发育过程,比较分析了2种乌贼受精卵和仔乌的形态特征;分别研究了金乌贼受精卵在盐度20,25,30(对照)、33,36及曼氏无针乌贼受精卵在盐度15,20,25,30(对照)、36条件下的孵化率,分析了2种乌贼受精卵在192 h盐度突变过程中卵液渗透压和受精卵Na~+/K~+-ATPase活力的变化,比较了其在相同盐度20,25,30,36条件下的孵化率及耐受盐度突变的生理适应过程.结果表明,金乌贼胚胎发育第7天器官开始分化,第14天器官开始形成,盐度30、水温22～24℃时,其孵化时间为20～21 d;盐度30处理组,2种乌贼受精卵的孵化率均显著高于其他盐度处理组(P<0.01);在192 h盐度突变过程中,2种乌贼受精卵卵液渗透压随环境盐度的变化而变化,金乌贼受精卵卵液渗透压与环境渗透压相等,而曼氏无针乌贼受精卵卵液渗透压比环境渗透压平均高出60 mOsm/kg,2种乌贼受精卵均未检测到Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性.比较发现,虽然2种乌贼受精卵调节渗透压能力均较弱,但曼氏无针乌贼受精卵比金乌贼能更好地适应盐度变化.本研究旨在探明两种乌贼受精卵对盐度的适应性,为开展规模化人工繁育与资源增殖提供基础依据.     

盐度对棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

观察比较了11个盐度梯度[0、5、10、15、20、25、30(自然海水)、35、40、45、50]下,棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lueidus)胚胎的沉浮情况、孵化时间、孵化率和畸形率,并测定了初孵仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI)。结果表明:(1)棘头梅童鱼胚胎在海水盐度为30及以上时100%漂浮;盐度为25时,95%漂浮,5%悬浮;盐度为20时95%悬浮,5%沉底;盐度为15时95%沉底,5%悬浮;盐度为10及以下时100%沉底。在水温18～20℃的条件下,棘头梅童鱼胚胎在盐度5～40范围内经28～32 h能孵化出仔鱼,盐度对孵化时间影响不显著(P>0.05)。但孵化率和畸形率因盐度不同而有显著差异。综合分析表明棘头梅童鱼胚胎孵化的适宜盐度范围为15～35,孵化最适盐度范围在20～30之间。(2)在可孵出鱼苗盐度范围(5～40)内,棘头梅童鱼仔鱼SAI值为(1.80±0.03)～(11.85±0.02),与卵的孵化率呈正相关关系。仔鱼生存的适宜生长盐度为10～30,最适盐度范围为20～25。     

大鳞鲃的人工繁殖、胚胎发育和耐盐碱测定

2008-2010年进行大鳞鲃的人工繁殖和胚胎发育观察,并测定了胚胎、仔鱼的耐盐碱能力。结果表明,大鳞鲃是产漂流性卵的鱼类,繁殖性周期为1年产卵1次类型。水温19～23℃时,催产药物的效应时间在21～26 h,1.4～2.3 kg的雌性亲鱼产卵量在8×105～1.4×106粒,人工繁殖的催产率、受精率和孵化率平均为63.9%、81.5%、86.6%。大鳞鲃的卵为灰白色,直径约1.5 mm,遇水后卵膜会迅速吸水膨胀,1 h后达到最大为4.5 mm。水温20～23℃时,从卵授精到仔鱼孵出需要的积温为49.82℃.d,到仔鱼平游摄食需要积温125.14℃.d,刚出膜的仔鱼全长(6.07±0.18)mm,当达到(8.30±0.47)mm开始平游摄食。在耐盐碱实验中,测得大鳞鲃的胚胎72 h在盐度3.2以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体中对成活率无影响;仔鱼96 h在盐度5.1以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体对成活率无影响。     

单环刺螠的繁殖生物学

运用实验生态学和组织学方法研究了单环刺螠的性比、性腺指数、繁殖力、胚胎与胚后发育等繁殖生物学特征,并采用正交实验法分析了单环刺螠受精率和孵化率的最佳环境条件,为单环刺螠的人工增养殖提供科学依据。结果显示,单环刺螠雌、雄比例为1∶1.17,雄性略多于雌性。成熟卵径为(145.16±1.70)μm×(141.27±1.94)μm,处于第1次成熟分裂前期。绝对繁殖力为111 800～720 488(449 684±265 905)粒,相对繁殖力为2 214～12 702(6 849±4 854)粒,怀卵量与体质量呈显著正相关。生物学最小型体长约7 cm,体质量为11.21 g。精子密度为(5.88±0.52)×109个/mL,雄性个体平均精子数为(2.41±0.73)×1010个/只。雌性性腺指数在繁殖季节4—5月份呈现2个峰值,表明单环刺螠为分批产卵类型。在盐度25、水温15°C的条件下,胚胎发育经20～24 h孵化。组织学研究表明,单环刺螠为间黄卵,进行不等全裂,且有螺旋卵裂的特征,形成偏极囊胚,原肠作用方式为外包和内陷。胚后发育经担轮幼虫(孵化后1～10 d)、体节幼虫(11～20 d)、蠕虫状幼虫(21～30 d)发育为幼螠。正交实验结果表明,单环刺螠受精率的最佳环境条件为温度25°C、盐度35、pH 8～9;孵化率的最佳环境条件为温度15°C、盐度25、pH 8～9。     

多棘海盘车诱导排卵最佳KCl剂置以及水温和盐度对胚胎和幼虫发育的影响

海星的大量繁殖与入侵可对滩涂养殖贝类造成极大威胁.对海星繁殖生物学的研究可为有效控制海星过度增殖提供信息,同时也可为其胚胎和幼虫培育以及发育生物学的深入研究奠定基础.本研究以韩国和中国沿海常见的多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)为材料,研究KCl诱导海盘车排放生殖细胞的最佳剂量,以及水温和盐度对胚胎和幼虫发育的影响.采用不同剂量(1.0mL、3.0mL、5.0mL和7.0mL)0.5mol/L KCl注入性成熟海盘车体腔,皆可诱导生殖细胞的排放,3mL注射组的排放个体比例最高(80%),雌性个体排卵量最大(536.5×104个/ind),同时用诱导获得的精/卵进行人工授精后也获得了较高的受精率(92.7±2.9)%.水温和盐度对多棘海盘车胚胎和幼虫的存活率具有显著的影响.在盐度为35时,20℃时多棘海盘车羽腕幼虫的存活率最高(90.1±2.1)%,15℃时次之(84.4±5.2)%.在温度为15℃时,盐度为35时幼虫培养60 h后存活率最高(87.6±4.1)%,盐度为30时次之(85.4±4.0)%.多棘海盘车各期胚胎和幼虫的发育速度(1/t,h-1)随水温升高而加快,在一定温度范围内有明显的正相关性,其关系式为:至2-细胞:1/t=0.110 8Tw-0.599 7(r2=0.946 5);至8-细胞:1/t=0.045 4Tw-0.233 4(r2=0.947 7);至桑椹胚:1/t=0.017 9Tw-0.067 9(r2=0.868 7):至囊胚:1/t=0.004 2Tw(r2=0.89);至羽腕幼虫:1/t=0.000 6Tw-0.008 7(r2=0.878 4).盐度为35时,胚胎和幼虫的发育速度最快,发育至羽腕幼虫需55.4 h.根据不同水温和盐度条件下,胚胎和幼虫的存活率和发育速率,确定15～20℃是多棘海盘车发育的适宜温度,最适温度为20℃;适宜盐度为30～35,最适盐度为35.     

波吉卵囊藻对养殖水体溶解态氮吸收规律的研究

利用15N稳定同位素标记物,研究在不同盐度下波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)对溶解态氮的吸收速率和选择性。结果表明:盐度对波吉卵囊藻氮吸收速率影响显著(P<0.05)。当盐度为15时,波吉卵囊藻对氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)等均有较大的吸收速率,分别为1.69、0.112、0.028μgN/(g.h);盐度为30时,对尿素氮(Urea-N)有较大的吸收速率,为0.074μg N/(g.h)。不同盐度下,波吉卵囊藻对4种溶解性氮的选择性吸收的先后顺序为:氨氮>亚硝酸盐氮>尿素氮>硝酸盐氮。因此,可通过在对虾养殖环境中接种波吉卵囊藻,以吸收水体中过高浓度的氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮,改善虾池养殖水质,促进健康生态养殖。     

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼对水温、盐度和溶解氧的耐受研究

为研究珍珠龙胆石斑鱼对海水温度、盐度、溶解氧等主要环境因子的耐受,选择健康活泼的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼个体,采用渐变式方法达到设计的要求,进行试验。结果表明:珍珠龙胆石斑鱼对水温、盐度和溶解氧耐受范围较广,适宜水温为20～35℃,临界下限水温为10℃,临界上限水温为39℃;适宜盐度为11～40,临界下限盐度为3,上限盐度可到45以上;耐受低氧:DO_1为0.70 mg/L,DO_(50)为0.67 mg/L,DO_(100)为0.60 mg/L。     

两种微藻在无菌和带菌状态下生长特点比较研究

对无菌和带菌的波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borge)和小球藻(Chlorella sp.)生长特点进行比较研究,并且研究光照和盐度对无菌和带菌的波吉卵囊藻和小球藻生长的影响.结果表明:与带菌藻相比,无菌藻更加稳定,不易老化. 光照和盐度对无菌和带菌的波吉卵囊藻和小球藻的生长均有显著影响(P<0.05),但在相同条件下,无菌和带菌藻的增殖率差异不显著(P>0.05).这说明可以直接利用无菌化微藻代替自然带菌藻进行微藻的生理特征以及微藻与其它生物之间关系的研究.     

温度和盐度对锈斑蟳卵孵育时间的影响

锈斑蟳为一种海产大型经济蟹类，可以作为海水养殖和人工增殖放流的对象，研究温度和盐度对锈斑蟳卵孵育时间的影响，并建立相关模型，所得结果可为锈斑蟳人工培育、创造其胚胎发育生长的适宜环境条件提供理论依据，预测锈斑蟳抱卵孵育时间。本文在2006年10月至2007年2月期间，取分布在东海的锈斑蟳抱卵亲蟹，在实验室水族箱（80×45×55cm）内饲养，然后在温度14℃～36℃、盐度15～35之间设置梯度，进行温度和盐度对锈斑蟳卵孵育时间的影响试验。结果表明，温度和盐度这两个环境因子都对锈斑蟳的卵孵育时间有显著影响。锈斑蟳卵孵育适宜温度范围为21-29℃，在此范围内，温度越高，胚胎发育速度越快，孵育时间越短，最适培育温度为27-29℃，其生物学零度为15.68℃；适宜盐度范围内20-35，在此范围内，盐度越高，胚胎发育速度越快，孵育时间越短。最适培育温度为25-35，盐度与锈斑蟳卵孵育时间的关系拟合曲线方程为： D=0.53+200.24-0.14S+0.24S (R2=0.99，P<0.01)。     

卤虫胚胎和无节幼体超低温冷冻保存的研究↑（*）

用玻璃化液作为低温保护剂，对卤虫胚胎和无节幼体进行超低温冷冻保存实验。通过实验筛选出５种适宜卤虫胚胎保存的玻璃化液，找出了影响胚胎成活的降温温层和升温温层，使胚胎经－１９６℃保存后的成活率稳定在９０％。建立了较为完善的卤虫胚胎冷冻保存的程序。卤虫无节幼体经超低温冷冻保存后，获得３－５％的成活率。     

次致死浓度Cu2+对罗非鱼呼吸生理的影响

本文研究次致死浓度Cu~(2+)对罗非鱼呼吸生理的影响。通过比较15天里各污染组鱼呼吸频率、振幅和鳃盖运动的变化,得出罗非鱼异常鳃盖运动频率随Cu~(2+)浓度的增加而递增,咳嗽运动先于驱逐反射(expulsion reflex),提示鱼类的咳嗽运动和驱逐反射可作为次致死浓度下Cu~(2+)污染的敏感生物学监测指标。     

THE FUTURE OF U.S. SEAFOOD SUPPLY

The United States today imports most of the seafood it consumes. Half of these imports are from aquaculture. Domestic wild capture production is limited and U.S. aquaculture production has declined in recent years. Policy, socioeconomic, and regulatory obstacles stand in the way of expanded U.S. aquaculture production. In this article, we examine the implications of two future paths for seafood supply: an increasing reliance on imports, and a shift toward increased domestic aquaculture production. We examine global trends, likely future developments in U.S. seafood demand and supply, and implications of the path of U.S. aquaculture development for U.S. seafood supply and prices, employment, ecological footprint, and seafood supply security and safety. We conclude with recommendations for a path forward that serves the interests of the nation and the global community in the search for economically sound and sustainable ways to feed a growing population.     

三角帆蚌瘟病的生态学防治

采用石灰超细微颗粒悬浮法为主控制池塘生态环境，中草药针剂注射为辅的方法，成功的控制了由嵌砂样病毒（Ａｒｅｎａｖｉｒｕｓ）引起的暴发性三角帆蚌瘟病。７０００只育珠蚌两周年成活率９７３％，药物费用仅占产珠成本的二十分之一。结果表明，提高生态环境的ｐＨ并增加其钙浓度可以抑制蚌瘟病。后来应用此法控制鱼、贝类病毒病，推广面积达１２００公倾。     

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FREQUENCY OF PURCHASE OF CATFISH BY U.S. HOUSEHOLDS IN SELECTED CITIES

Increased understanding of the factors that influence the frequency of purchase of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by U.S. households would provide guidance for catfish marketing programs. A household survey was conducted to analyze consumer preferences and consumption trends of U.S. farm-raised catfish in Birmingham, Memphis, Chicago, Jackson (MS), New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Little Rock, Oklahoma City, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. An ordered probit model was developed to examine the variables influencing frequency of catfish purchase. Household respondents in all cities except Jackson, New Orleans, Oklahoma City, and San Antonio were found to be more frequent buyers of catfish products. Respondents who preferred fresh catfish had a greater likelihood of frequent catfish purchase while buyers of frozen catfish were less likely to purchase catfish frequently. Method of preparation and serving had no influence on catfish purchase frequency. Buyers purchasing from supermarket outlets had a higher probability of being more frequent buyers of catfish products than those who purchase from other market outlets. Product origin labels and vacuum-sealed packaging influenced the frequency of catfish purchase. Caucasians and African Americans were found to be more frequent buyers of catfish products while Hispanics were found to be significantly less frequent buyers of catfish products. Married couples had a greater likelihood of purchasing catfish more frequently than unmarried couples. Age of the respondents as well as number of household members had no significant effect on frequency of catfish purchase. The results from this study support the importance of country of origin labeling, supplying high-quality fresh products, and alternative packaging to enhance sales of U.S. farm-raised catfish in supermarkets.     

魁蚶工厂化育苗技术

当魁蚶栖息水温达14～20℃时采捕亲贝,使用浮筏式网箱进行暂养。催产时及时挑出雄贝以防止精液密度过大,提高受精率和孵化率。人工催产除采用阴干、流水、升温法,使用漂白液处理海水法也可获得理想的效果。幼虫培育密度以6～10个/ml 为宜。投喂叉鞭金藻加小球藻混合饵料效果最佳。当出现雏形足的幼虫占10%～20%,且壳长大于240μm 的个体占30%以上时投放附着基,附着基以红棕绳最好。     

COMPETITIVENESS OF U.S. AQUACULTURE WITHIN THE CURRENT U.S. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Increased attention has been paid in recent years to both positive and negative effects of increasing numbers of regulations on businesses in the United States. The decline in U.S. aquaculture has been attributed in part to increasing volumes of imports and high feed prices. However, there is increasing concern that the U.S. regulatory environment, as compared to that of international competitors, may also have contributed to this decline. More than 1,300 laws apply to U.S. aquaculture and even though the majority has been issued by individual states and apply only to specific types of aquaculture businesses in that state, the cumulative regulatory burden has increased over time. Major compliance categories include: 1) environmental management; 2) food safety; 3) legal and labor standards; 4) interstate transport of aquatic products; 5) fish health; and 6) culture of commercially harvested species. A substantial portion of the regulatory burden is the managerial and labor time spent on compliance in addition to the direct cost increases. The streamlined one-stop process adopted in Norway appears to have allowed growth of aquaculture within a comprehensive regulatory framework, yet the lack of such a streamlined approach in the United States appears to have contributed to the decline of existing industries and to serve as a deterrent to investment in newly emerging technologies. Favorable regulatory environments in countries that export to the U.S. contrast sharply with the increasingly inefficient, cumbersome and/or restrictive U.S. environment. Such disparities have created competitive disadvantages for U.S. producers. Attention is needed by policy makers to search for streamlining mechanisms and by the scientific community to address the growing competitive disadvantage to U.S. aquaculture to respond to increased global demand for farmed seafood.