波罗的海希瓦氏菌和杀鲑气单胞菌致腐性及TorA还原酶差异比较

为了研究冷藏海产品中腐败菌希瓦氏菌和气单胞菌的致腐性差异，本实验比较分析了大黄鱼源波罗的海希瓦氏菌和杀鲑气单胞菌在28℃和4℃下的生长及三甲胺（TMA）、生物胺和挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）的生成；通过PCR技术扩增2种腐败菌的氧化三甲胺还原酶基因（torA），利用生物信息学比较TorA蛋白的相似性、理化特性和蛋白空间结构。结果显示，杀鲑气单胞菌在28℃生长较快，而波罗的海希瓦氏菌在4℃生长更快。相对于杀鲑气单胞菌形成较高的尸胺，波罗的海希瓦氏菌产生更多TMA和腐胺，在冷藏鱼汁中积累更高TVB-N。同时在波罗的海希瓦氏菌和杀鲑气单胞菌中分别扩增出2 490和1 959 bp的torA基因，2种TorA蛋白与同属菌相似性高于97%，而二者相似性仅为36.90%。波罗的海希瓦氏菌TorA蛋白的分子量和等电点分别为92.3 ku和6.52，甘氨酸含量最高，而杀鲑气单胞菌中TorA蛋白的分子量和等电点分别为90.6 ku和6.74，丙氨酸含量最高，蛋白结构差异明显。且希瓦氏菌中torA 和鸟氨酸脱羧酶（DOC）基因表达量分别为气单胞菌的1.26和19.04倍。可见，波罗的海希瓦氏菌和杀鲑气单胞菌为海产品嗜冷腐败菌，其中希瓦氏菌胺类代谢能力更强，与其TorA特定理化特性和高表达量相关。本研究为揭示海产品微生物的致腐机制提供理论支持。     

冷藏大黄鱼SSO希瓦氏菌致腐能力差异机制初探

为探讨特定腐败菌(SSO)希瓦氏菌(Shewanella)致腐能力的差异机制,采用生化和16S rDNA鉴定冷藏大黄鱼货架期终点的产H2S菌,在灭菌鱼汁和无菌鱼块筛选4株致腐差异的希瓦氏菌,扩增氧化三甲胺(TMAO)还原酶基因及分析其表达量,并预测其蛋白质的理化性质。结果显示,22株产H2S菌均为希瓦氏菌属,其中 S.baltica占54.5%,为S. putrefaciens占40.9%,S. hafniensis占4.5%。希瓦氏菌在灭菌鱼汁中致腐能力存在显著差异,其中S. balticaXH2和XH8的缺点评分和TVB-N最高,S. putrefaciensXH14和XH17菌最低。接种无菌鱼块的4株希瓦氏菌中XH2的样品在72h出现腐败气味,48h细菌高于107cfu/g,产生较高的TMA、TVB-N、尸胺和腐胺和,XH8菌次之,XH14和XH17菌最慢。四株希瓦氏菌都扩增出2490bp的torA基因,且torA基因的表达量与致腐能力密切相关,S.balticaXH2最高。预测的TorA蛋白中S.balticaXH2的分子量和不稳定指数最大,理论等电点和总平均疏水性最小。可见,S. baltica XH2为冷藏大黄鱼的SSO,其强致腐能力与torA基因高表达量和TorA蛋白理化性质有关。研究为阐明希瓦氏菌致腐机制奠定了良好的基础。     

亚东鲑细菌性鳃病病原菌的分离鉴定

2020年9月西藏自治区日喀则市亚东县某养殖基地的亚东鲑出现鳃病症状，主要临床症状为鳃盖打开、鳃丝充血、病鱼离群及呼吸困难。为探究此次疾病的病因，寻找其治疗方法，自患有鳃病症状的亚东鲑鳃组织中分离到1株优势菌YDX-1,采用常规细菌分析、16S rRNA基因序列比对分析和人工感染试验等方法对此株优势菌进行鉴定，同时查明菌株YDX-1的耐药性。试验结果表明，菌株YDX-1为革兰氏阴性菌，在16S rRNA基因序列比对构建的系统发育树中，其与杀鲑气单胞菌聚为一支，相似度达99%以上，结合该菌的形态学特征、生化特性和测序鉴定结果，综合鉴定菌株YDX-1为杀鲑气单胞菌。通过人工感染试验发现，杀鲑气单胞菌YDX-1对亚东鲑的致死率较高，且该菌具有传染性。药敏试验结果显示，杀鲑气单胞菌YDX-1对使用的6类(21种)药物普遍敏感，仅对复方新诺明中介。试验结果对西藏地区亚东鲑细菌性鳃病的防治具有指导意义。     

LC-MS/MS检测水产品源致病菌和腐败菌群体感应AHLs信号分子

为分析水产品源致病菌和腐败菌中群体感应信号分子AHLs的含量和种类,实验建立液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)同时检测细菌群体感应11种AHLs类信号分子的技术,并与生物报告菌法比较。结果显示,报告菌紫色杆菌CV026和根癌农杆菌A136检测发现嗜水气单胞菌和2株铜绿假单胞菌是AHLs产生菌。建立的LC-MS/MS能完全分离和检测11种AHLs,并发现假单胞菌和嗜水气单胞菌产生的AHLs信号分子含量较高,其中ATCC 9027和ATCC 15692产生3-oxo-C12-HSL,嗜水气单胞菌A2产生C4-HSL,而腐败希瓦氏菌XH4分泌的C4-HSL信号分子含量较低,沙门氏菌ATCC 14028-3、大肠杆菌O157:H7和3种弧菌的AHLs很低。随着细菌浓度的增加,铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 9027产生的AHLs含量逐步增加,在12 h达到最高。研究表明,LC-MS/MS可用于多种AHLs信号分子的定性和定量检测,具有灵敏性与准确性更高的优点。在11株水产品源致病菌和腐败菌中,假单胞菌和气单胞菌分泌的AHLs含量最高。     

杀鲑气单胞菌一新亚种的生物学特性及系统发育学分析

从石鲽（Kareius bicoloratus L．）细菌性败血感染症的病鱼（濒死及死亡不久）中分离到相应病原菌，进行形态特征、理化特性等较系统的表观分类学指征鉴定及代表菌株DNA中G＋Ct001％的测定。同时，选择代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因的分子鉴定，测定16S rRNA基因序列、分析相关细菌相应序列的同源性，构建系统发生树。结果表明，分离鉴定的60株菌为杀鲑气单胞菌的一个新亚种（subsp．nov．），定名为杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲽亚种（Aeromonas salmonicida subsp．flounderacia subsp．nov．）。代表菌株HQ010320-1及HQ010320-5的16S rRNA基因序列与GenBank数据库中的杀鲑气单胞菌的同源性在99％和100％。     

植物精油对冷藏大黄鱼优势腐败菌的抑制作用及其机制

为探讨天然植物精油对冷藏大黄鱼贮藏过程中优势腐败菌的抑制作用及其机制,实验首先对冷藏大黄鱼的优势腐败菌进行分离纯化,并通过16S r DNA序列分析及生理生化实验进行菌株鉴定;采用纸片扩散法和微量肉汤稀释法检测14种植物精油或其组分对腐败菌株的抑菌活性;在阐明植物精油抗菌活性的基础上,再对植物精油处理后的大黄鱼气味进行感官可接受度检验,以筛选出具有高效抗菌活性和良好感官接受性的精油保鲜剂;实验通过细菌形态扫描电镜观察、胞内乳酸脱氢酶及核酸释放研究山苍子精油对不同腐败菌株的膜损伤作用,以初步阐明其抗菌机制;最后,通过检测微生物数量、产硫菌数量、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)及组胺含量变化来考察山苍子精油对冷藏大黄鱼潜在的保鲜效果;从冷藏大黄鱼中分离得到6株优势腐败菌,分别为腐败希瓦氏菌4株,热杀索丝菌1株,温和气单胞菌1株;14种植物精油对腐败菌株具有不同抑制活性,其中肉桂醛抑菌活性最强,最低抑菌浓度为0.125μL/mL,其次为丁香酚、百里香酚、柠檬醛、柠檬草及山苍子精油,最低抑菌浓度均≤0.5μL/mL;丁香酚、百里香酚、柠檬醛、柠檬草及山苍子精油使用后未导致大黄鱼气味的感官劣化,且可矫正大黄鱼肉的腥味;山苍子精油可破坏腐败菌株的细胞膜,并导致胞内蛋白酶和核酸外泄。经4μL/mL山苍子精油处理后,冷藏过程中大黄鱼片的菌落总数、产硫菌数、TVB-N及组胺含量显著降低。研究表明,肉桂醛、丁香酚、百里香酚、柠檬醛、柠檬草及山苍子精油对大黄鱼特定腐败菌具有显著抑制作用,芳香酚和富含柠檬醛的精油使用后不影响大黄鱼的感官接受性,有望作为天然保鲜剂用于冷藏海产品的保鲜。     

不同来源杀鲑气单胞菌毒力因子的比较基因组学研究

自凡纳滨对虾养殖水体中分离得到1株杀鲑气单胞菌YK-48,为确定YK-48与在鞍山养殖场金鱼体内分离出来的AS.17和烟台大西洋鲑体内分离出来的S68和S121等不同来源的杀鲑气单胞菌的毒力基因特征之间是否存在差异,对YK-48的形态、生理生化特征和药物敏感性进行分析,随后进行全基因组测序,对4株杀鲑气单胞菌进行基因组...     

比较基因组学分析鱼源荧光假单胞菌的致腐和适应性

为探究荧光假单胞菌的强致腐和环境适应性,实验通过分析2株海水鱼源荧光假单胞菌的蛋白酶活性和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的形成,并采用比较基因组学方法解析致腐和适应机制。结果显示,荧光假单胞菌PF07和PF08在冷藏鱼汁中的蛋白酶活性强,积累较多TVB-N。经全基因组测序、组装和功能注释后,得到PF07基因组长度为6.13 Mb,GC含量61.4%。通过泛基因组分析可知,PF07与PF08核心基因共4 980个,独特基因分别有516和470个。COG和KEGG注释显示2株致腐菌基因组中参与氨基酸代谢基因占比最高,PF07独特基因参与无机离子转运代谢居多。碳水化合物活性酶CAZy注释表明,2株荧光假单胞菌基因组中糖苷转移酶与糖苷水解酶基因均占比最高,还鉴定得到大量分解碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质等多种底物的酶和相关蛋白基因,特别有碱性金属蛋白酶AprA、多胺ABC转运蛋白渗透酶PotC、精氨酸与鸟氨酸脱羧酶等多种降解蛋白酶。另外,2株致腐菌分布有rpoS、rpoN和rpoD多种σ因子。2株鱼源荧光假单胞菌表现出强的致腐性,研究通过比较基因组学方法解析荧光假单胞菌分布多种编码蛋白酶和腐胺形成的氨基...     

养殖大黄鱼冷藏过程中细菌菌相的变化

采用感官、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、菌落总数对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)在0℃、5℃冷藏过程中的品质变化特征进行分析,并对细菌菌相进行定性和定量研究。结果表明,冷藏初期、高品质期和货架期终点菌落总数N(CFU/g)的对数值(lgN)分别为5.40±0.17、6.98±0.17、7.38±0.09,TVBN分别为(7.00±1.82)mg.100-1.g-1、(13.00±1.42)mg.100-1.g-1、(29.92±1.75)mg.100-1.g-1。冷藏初期分离获得211株菌株,84.8%是革兰氏阴性菌,出现少量革兰氏阳性菌(6.2%),优势菌群是肠杆菌科细菌(6.6%)、气单胞菌属(14.2%)、不动杆菌属(13.3%)、摩氏杆菌属(11.8%),并出现了一定比例的假单胞菌属、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和其他细菌。冷藏过程中细菌菌相逐渐变得单一,腐败希瓦氏菌上升趋势明显。高品质期时,0℃冷藏大黄鱼优势菌群为腐败希瓦氏菌(45.8%)和缺陷短波胞单胞菌(13.6%);5℃冷藏大黄鱼优势菌群为腐败希瓦氏菌(37.9%)和假单胞菌属(15.6%)。货架期终点时,0℃、5℃冷藏大黄鱼优势菌为腐败希瓦氏菌,比例分别为75.5%和59.6%。     

美洲红点鲑溃烂病的病原菌研究

对从患病美洲红点鲑(Salvelinus fontinalis)体表患病部位和肾脏分离到菌株进行了鉴定及药物筛选。结果显示:人工感染试验证实为病原菌,该菌革兰氏染色阴性,菌体呈短杆状。综合该菌形态、生理生化分析结果初步鉴定两株菌均为杀鲑气单胞菌(American salvelinus)杀鲑亚种。用引物AP1和AP2对纯化后的细菌进行PCR扩增,结果扩增出长度为550 bp的DNA片段,对扩增片段进行测序,用NCBI BLAST在GenBank中搜寻相似序列,结果与杀鲑气单胞菌各株A层蛋白部分编码基因有99%以上的序列同源性。进一步证明了鉴定结果。该菌对强力霉素、左氟沙星、氟罗沙星、庆大霉素等13种药物均敏感。     

冷藏养殖大黄鱼指数腐败货架期模型的构建与评价

通过感官、化学、微生物学分析对0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼鲜度和货架期进行研究,构建和验证了指数腐败货架期模型。结果表明,0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼货架期终点时菌落总数、假单胞菌数、嗜冷菌数和产H2S细菌数分别为6.64~7.60、6.24~6.96、6.16~6.90、6.14~6.62 lg cfu/g,挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺分别为27.15~30.12 mg/100g和8.44~10.83 mg/100g。0、5、8和10℃冷藏大黄鱼的货架期分别为17.8±2.5、9.3±1.1、7.0和5.4±1.3 d,并用于构建指数腐败货架期模型。用0、3、7℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼货架期验证指数腐败货架期模型,相对误差为?6.1%~4.6%,显示该模型可以快速有效预测0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼的剩余货架期。     

Non-pigment-producing isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida: isolation, identification, transmission and pathogenicity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Four non-pigment-producing isolates and two pigment-producing isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida sp. salmonicida were isolated from the head-kidney of diseased farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The cultural, morphological and biochemical features of the isolates were compared with those of reference strains. Injection and cohabitation experiments were performed. The only difference between the non-pigment-producing isolates and the pigment producing reference strains of A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida was the inability of the former to produce pigment. In the injection experiments, the investigated non-pigment-producing isolate produced a significantly higher mortality compared with the mortality caused by the reference strain, whereas no difference in mortality was detected in the cohabitation experiments.     

Dominant pathogenic species of mesophilic aeromonads isolated from diseased and healthy fish cultured in Poland

Aeromonas isolates were collected from cultured fish, characterized phenotypically and identified to species using 16S rDNA. The pathogenicity of all isolates was assayed on the basis of haemolytic and proteolytic activity and challenge tests were performed for isolates from healthy fish. A total of 131 Aeromonas isolates were obtained and identified as follows: A. hydrophila (13), A. bestiarum (23), A. salmonicida (motile biogroup) (19), A. caviae (2), A. sobria (18), A. veronii bt. sobria (42), A. jandaei (1), A. encheleia (11) and A. allosaccharophila (2). All isolates of A. hydrophila and A. bestiarum and most isolates of A. salmonicida and A. veronii were classified as pathogenic. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated only from diseased trout except for one isolate obtained from carp fry. The other potentially pathogenic Aeromonas species were present in diseased as well as healthy fish. The pathogenicity of isolates from healthy fish was correlated with their enzymatic activity and was also tested by challenge experiments. The dominant pathogenic species were A. veronii bt. sobria, A. bestiarum and A. salmonicida in common carp and A. hydrophila in rainbow trout.     

实时荧光定量PCR扩增特异性vapA基因检测杀鲑气单胞菌

为实现杀鲑气单胞菌早期快速准确定量检测,研究旨在建立杀鲑气单胞菌的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)检测方法。根据GenBank中杀鲑气单胞菌毒力阵列蛋白基因(vapA)保守序列设计并合成一对特异性引物,对其特异性、灵敏度、可重复性和应用性进行评价。结果显示,研究设计的引物具有良好的种间特异性,仅对杀鲑气单胞菌及其亚种有阳性扩增,与其他细菌不发生交叉反应。构建的Real-time PCR标准曲线质粒拷贝数与循环阈值呈良好的线性关系,扩增所得标准曲线分别为y=–4.8345x+42.535,相关系数R~2为0.998,最低检测限为34拷贝/μL,较常规PCR的灵敏度高出约1000倍。应用建立的方法检测人工感染的虹鳟病样,15个被检样品呈阳性反应,与细菌常规鉴定方法结果一致。研究表明,所建立的基于实时荧光定量PCR技术的杀鲑气单胞菌检测方法快速、特异、灵敏,可用于临床诊断和疫病监测。     

Characterisation of Aeromonas strains and species by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and principal components analysis

Aeromonas genomes were investigated by restriction digesting chromosomal DNA with the endonuclease Xba I, separation of restriction fragments by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and principal components analysis (PCA) of resulting separation patterns. A. salmonicida salmonicida were unique amongst the isolates investigated. Separation profiles of these isolates were similar and all characterised by a distinct absence of bands in the 250kb region. Principal components analysis represented these strains as a clearly defined homogeneous group separated by insignificant Euclidian distances. However, A. salmonicida achromogenes isolates in common with those of A. hydrophila and A. sobria were shown by principal components analysis to be more heterogeneous in nature. Fragments from these isolates were more uniform in size distribution but as demonstrated by the Euclidian distances attained through PCA potentially characteristic of each strain. Furthermore passaging of Aeromonas isolates through an appropriate host did not greatly modify fragment separation profiles, indicative of the genomic stability of test aeromonads and the potential of restriction digesting/PFGE/PCA in Aeromonas typing.     

Amoxycillin resistance in Scottish isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida

Abstract. Eighty isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida , recovered from separate outbreaks of furunculosis in farmed and wild salmon in Scotland during 1988 and 1989, were examined for susceptibility to the β-lactam antibiotic amoxycillin. Susceptibility was determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All of the A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates investigated were susceptible to amoxycillin, with MICs of 0.30–1.50mg1^-1. All of the A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes isolates tested were resistant to amoxycillin, with MICs in excess of 500mgl^-1. The A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes produced a β-lactamase enzyme with a pI of approximately 8.0. The enzyme was inducible and its production was unaffected by plasmid curing with ethidium bromide, suggesting that resistance was chromosomal rather than plasmid mediated.     

Aetiology of an ulcerative disease in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.): characterization of the causative agent

Abstract. A bacterium resembling Aeromonas salmonicida and determined to be the aetiologic agent of a cutaneous ulcerative disease in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) was further characterized in this study.
Forty-five isolates of the bacterium (43 from the United States and one each position (moles % guanine plus cytosine) and DNA homology. The bacteriological atypical A. salmonicida previously described. Several important biochemical characteristics distinguished the goldfish isolates from typical A. salmanicida , but the DNA binding experiments indicated a high degree of relatedness between the goldfish isolates and typical A. salmonicida strains.     

Effects of temperature on biochemical reactions and drug resistance of virulent and a virulent Aeromonas salmonicida

Abstract. Incubation temperatures of 11°, 18° and 28° did not substantially affect biochemical reactions of either virulent or avirulent forms of Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida. The only change observed, amygdalin fermentation, was positive at 11° and 18° but negative at 28°C. Several isolates utilized sucrose, a characteristic not normally recognized for A. salmonicida subspecies salmonicida. Antimicrobial susceptibility screening indicated resistance to novobiocin increased at the higher incubation temperatures. Standardized drug sensitivity testing procedures and precise zone diameter interpretive standards for bacterial fish pathogens are needed.