脂肪酸营养对鱼类生长、脂代谢及免疫性能影响的研究进展

脂肪酸在鱼类营养中起着重要的作用，脂肪酸作为能源物质为鱼类的生长发育等各项活动提供能量，并协助脂溶性维生素的吸收和体内运输。不同鱼类因其生活环境不同，对必需脂肪酸的需求种类也不同。由于不同脂肪水平与不同脂肪酸来源的饲料因其脂肪酸含量或脂肪酸组成不同，不同鱼类或鱼类的不同生长阶段对脂肪源的利用也不同，那么饲料的脂肪水平或脂肪酸组成不同就对鱼类的生长、脂代谢及免疫性能产生一定的影响作用。必需脂肪酸作为鱼类重要的脂肪酸营养物质同样影响鱼类的生长、脂代谢及免疫性能。本文从脂肪酸营养对鱼类生长、脂代谢及免疫性能的影响等方面进行综述，并对今后的研究重点进行了展望。’     

海水鱼对脂肪的需求及脂肪源替代研究进展

<正>脂肪是海水鱼组织细胞的重要组成成分,也是重要的储能物质,作为一种有机溶剂对体内脂溶性物质的消化吸收和转运有着极其重要的作用。饲料中的脂肪不仅保证了海水鱼对能量的需求,也为鱼类提供了生长发育必需的脂肪酸;饲料中适当提高脂肪水平还可以节约蛋白质。因此,脂肪在鱼类营养中起着重要作用。海水鱼的脂肪源以鱼油最佳,伴随着近几年全球鱼油资源的紧缺,探寻饲料中适宜脂肪添加量及替代鱼油的合适脂肪源成为     

不同营养素配比对点篮子鱼幼鱼生长及肌肉组成的影响

采用"金字塔"设计法,用蛋白质、脂肪、糖作为饲料组成变量配制21组饲料,对不同配比饲料影响平均体重(6.43±0.17)g的点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼的生长效果进行研究,确定点篮子鱼幼鱼饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和糖的最佳拟合比例。各试验组饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和糖的范围分别设为27%~45%、3%~18%和15%~24%,实验共持续56 d。结果表明,饲料中蛋白质水平对鱼体的特定生长率和相对增重率影响最大,脂肪水平的降低对鱼体生长有利,糖水平对鱼体生长的影响较小。低蛋白水平下,即饲料蛋白质水平低于40.38%时,饲料中脂肪水平和糖水平的升高或降低均不利于鱼体的生长;蛋白质水平高于43.75%的高蛋白低脂肪低糖饲料不能明显提高鱼体生长性能。当饲料中蛋白质水平为40.38%~42.49%、脂肪水平为6.33%~7.87%、糖水平为19.52%~21.14%时,鱼体生长性能和饲料效率最为理想。肌肉测定结果表明,点篮子鱼这种杂食性鱼类,饲料中蛋白质水平大于38.44%时,蛋白质就能在点篮子鱼肌肉中较好地沉积,高蛋白低脂肪低糖饲料不会显著提高肌肉中蛋白质的沉积,却会使脂肪和糖原的沉积量增加。综合点篮子鱼的生长性能和肌肉营养组成的研究结果,确定点篮子鱼饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和糖的最佳拟合比例为42.49%、6.33%和21.14%。     

鱼类利用脂肪节约蛋白的研究进展

通常,鱼类由饲料中摄入的部分蛋白是作为能量来源而被消耗掉的。如果饲料中脂肪含量适当增加,则可以减少蛋白的比例,从而降低饲料成本,这一研究已经成为国际水产养殖领域的热点。国外学者对不同的鱼类进行了大量的尝试性研究,结果表明多种鱼具有利用脂肪节约蛋白的能力。脂肪节约蛋白对鱼类的生长摄食状态、机体的营养组成、免疫功能等具有明显的影响。介绍了脂肪和蛋白之间的转化及能量关系,综述了脂肪节约蛋白对鱼体的各种影响,并对该研究方向存在的问题和发展前景提出了一些建议。     

鱼类糖营养生理的研究进展

蛋白质、脂肪和糖类是鱼类饲料中的三大营养物质,糖类作为重要的能量物质,不仅价格低廉,还具有节约蛋白质、保护环境等作用。饲料中添加适量的糖类可以促进鱼类生长、提高饲料效率。而糖类的过量添加会导致鱼类血糖升高,甚至产生一系列的病理反应,影响其生长和健康。因此,糖类物质在饲料中的正确使用十分重要。近30年来,人们对鱼类糖营养生理领域进行了广泛的研究,特别是近10年来在鱼类对糖的利用能力和特点、影响因素和最适添加水平等方面取得了一系列成果。本文通过对国内外相关研究的回顾和总结,对这一领域的研究成果和研究方法进展进行综述,以期为鱼类的糖营养生理研究提供文献数据。     

饲料脂肪水平对吉富罗非鱼体脂沉积及脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了饲料脂肪水平对吉富罗非鱼(Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia,GIFT)的部分形体指标、肌肉肝脏及腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪沉积及脂肪酸组成的影响,同时探讨了鱼体对饲料脂肪酸的吸收利用能力.实验设置饲料脂肪水平分别为1.73%,3.71%,5.69%,7.67%,9.64%,16.55%共6个梯度组,每组3个重复,饲养90 d.结果显示:5.69%,7.67%及9.64%脂肪组吉富罗非鱼肥满度较高1.73%和16.55%脂肪组的肝体指数显著高于其他实验组(P<0.05);除了1.73%脂肪组,其他各组中饲料脂肪水平越高,鱼体的脏体指数越高.7.67%脂肪组吉富罗非鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著高于3.71%组(P<0.05),同时显著低于16.55%组(P<0.05),但是其肝脏中脂肪含量与其他各组差异均不显著(P>0.05);饲料脂肪水平越高,鱼体的脂肪含量越高,同时不饱和脂肪酸在总脂肪酸中的比例越高.结果表明,饲料脂肪水平影响吉富罗非鱼的部分形体指标,尤其对肝脏形态的影响较为明显.饲料中过多的脂肪容易在肌肉和肝脏组织中沉积,同时鱼体的脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成能够反映饲料的脂肪水平和脂肪酸组成.本研究旨在为饲料脂肪水平的合理设置及脂肪营养对脂肪代谢的调控提供参考.     

鱼类饲料中适宜蛋白质能量比研究的进展

能量是鱼类饲料组成定量的基础指标之一, 但与畜禽不同,鱼类对饲料蛋白质的需要量较高[1],在饲料中往往被优先考虑.已有研究证实,碳水化合物与脂肪有节约蛋白质的作用[2].     

乌龟的生物学及养殖技术（五）

5乌龟的营养物质及饲料5．1乌龟对营养物质的需求5．1．1蛋白质蛋白质是构成乌龟身体的主要成分。在生长和繁殖中，要不断地利用蛋白质来建造新组织，更新旧组织。蛋白质在身体代谢过程中释放出能量，是体内热能的来源。所以，饲养乌龟的饲料中要有一定量的蛋白质，一般35％～42％为好。5．1．2脂肪脂肪是乌龟生长发育不可缺少的成分之一。它主要是作为体脂贮存在体内或用于运动的能源。脂肪在消化器官内被消化酶分解为脂肪酸和甘油而吸收，一部分脂肪酸和甘油吸收后合成体脂肪保存于组织中，另一部分变为热能。脂肪在乌龟体内氧化放出的热…     

鱼类葡萄糖耐量研究进展

<正>糖类又称碳水化合物,是自然界存在最多、分布最广的一类重要的有机化合物[1]。陆生哺乳动物通常是以糖类作为主要能量来源,对糖的利用能力较高;但鱼类主要以蛋白质和脂肪作为主要能量来源,对糖的利用能力较低,是先天性的"糖尿病患者"[2]。适宜的饲料糖水平可以起到减少蛋白质供能、提高蛋白质沉积、促进鱼类生长及节约饲料成本的作用[3]。如果饲料中糖类水平超过一定限度,鱼类生长缓慢、抗病力低、死亡率高[4]。糖耐量最     

淡水养殖鱼类饲料专题讲座——第二讲 主要淡水养殖鱼类对营养物质的需求

鱼类对营养物质的需求和其它动物一样均需求蛋白质、脂肪、糖(碳水化合物)、维生素和无机盐等五大类营养物质。不同种鱼类和同一种鱼的不同生长阶段,对营养物质的需求量不同。本讲介绍主要淡水养殖鱼类对蛋白质、脂肪、糖、维生素及无机盐的需要量。这些资料对构成配合饲料各营养素的适当含量,编制合理配合饲料的配方提供理论依据。一、蛋白质:蛋白质是鱼类生长和维持生命的物质基础。鱼的生长主要是指蛋白质在体内的积累。鱼类对蛋白质的需要量比较高,一般说来是哺乳动物和     

中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢的脂类及脂肪酸组成

中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢中的脂类以２种形态存在,即脂肪滴（Ｌ）和卵黄体（Ｙ）。脂肪滴为中性脂,卵黄体主要是磷脂。成熟卵巢的总脂含量约占卵巢湿重的１７．７８％,且中性脂（ＮＬ）大于磷脂（ＰＬ）。成熟卵巢的ＮＬ依次主要由甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、胆固醇（ＳＬ）和胆固醇脂（Ｅｓ）组成;ＰＬ主要由卵磷脂（ＰＣ）和脑磷脂（ＰＥ）组成,且ＰＣ含量高于ＰＥ。中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢的ＮＬ和ＰＬ脂肪酸组成明显不同,ＰＬ短链的饱和与不饱和酸（＜１８个碳）含量显著低于ＮＬ（ｐ＜０．０１）,长链的多不饱和酸（＞１８个碳）含量显著高于ＮＬ（ｐ＜０．０１）,而一烯酸含量在这２种脂类中基本上无大变化。ＰＬ和ＮＬ的主要脂肪酸组成皆为：Ｃ１６∶０、Ｃ１６∶１、Ｃ１８∶１、Ｃ１８∶２、Ｃ２０∶４、Ｃ２０∶５和Ｃ２２∶６。     

食物对养殖鱼类脂肪代谢的影响

目前,养殖鱼类的重要问题之一是鱼体沉积大量的脂肪组织。鱼类的脂类一般以脂肪(甘油三酯)的形式累积于腹腔(内脏周围)、头盖腔、皮下、腹侧等脂肪组织[1-2],也可存在于肝脏、红肌等其他器官组织中。脂肪除为鱼体储存大量能量外,还供给鱼体所需要的必需脂肪酸,作为某些维生素和     

亲鱼脂类营养对鱼类生殖性能的影响

亲鱼饲料的营养质量是影响生殖性能的主要因素之一,目前的研究大多集中在脂类营养方面。本文主要综述了饲料脂类成分对亲鱼的产卵量、卵和仔鱼质量、胚胎发育、精卵的脂肪酸构成的影响,以及营养成分影响生殖性能的机制。     

鲨类的脂质代谢及其生理生态作用

鲨类生活过程中的能量来源于脂质代谢。肝脏是鲨类储存脂质的最主要器官,其储存的甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸为主要能量来源。消化吸收食物中的脂质是鲨类脂质积累的外源性途径,而肝脏内合成脂质是脂质积累的内源性途径。鲨类体内脂质的储存和代谢途径与硬骨鱼类相比,具有特异性,鲨类血液中游离脂肪酸与脂蛋白结合运输;将脂质储存在肝脏内;肝外组织脂肪酸氧化有限,更依赖于酮体的代谢产能,这些特征均与硬骨鱼类的脂质代谢途径相异。繁殖过程中,鲨类通过脂质以卵黄的形式为后代提供生长发育所需的营养。此外,肝脏和肌肉内的脂肪酸组成可用于分析鲨鱼的摄食信息。掌握鲨类的脂质代谢途径,对了解其生活史,揭示鲨类物种进化过程,制定有效的物种资源保护策略,具有重要的指导意义。     

Lipid Changes During Long-Term Storage of Canned Sprat

Lipid changes during canning and 3-years storage of oil and brine canned sprat were studied. Thermal treatment during precooking and sterilization produced an increase in free fatty acid content. Secondary oxidation product showed a considerable increase in canned samples after storage time. A significant increase was found by comparing the fluorescence shift measured in both canned samples with cooked fish. The fluorescence compound in both filling media was increased after 3 years. Oil canning affected the sprat fatty acids composition. Results showed the amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and Σω3 significantly decreased in oil canned samples. However, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and Σω6 had the opposite behavior. The latter effect was more marked with increased storage time. Results showed the amount of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, and Σω3 did not alter in brine canned samples. After storage, the amount of MUFA and Σω3 decreased, and the content of SFA increased in brine canned samples.     

日本鲐鱼油在不同条件下的脂质氧化

粗制与精制日本鲐鱼油贮藏于以钨丝灯泡为光源或避光条件下，分析了光氧化对鲐鱼油精制前后的氧化稳定性以及丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)和叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)的抗氧化性，并观察其过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值在5℃和40℃下18天内的变化。结果表明，可见光是加速鲐鱼油氧化的重要促进因素，抗氧化剂能明显延缓其氧化，其中TBHQ比BHA效果更好，其氧化速率的顺序光照＞光照+BHA＞避光＞光照+TBHQ＞避光+BHA＞避光+TBHQ；精制鲐鱼油的POV和TBA值较粗制鲐鱼油高；高温贮藏的精制鲐鱼油只在光照条件下氧化速度加快。     

Lipid distribution in branching coral Montipora digitata

>ABSTRACT: The lipid profile was studied along the branch length, from the top, middle to base portion, of coral Montipora digitata to gain more insight into the physiological significance of lipids in the coral energy budget. The lipids of M. digitata consisted of seven major lipid classes: polar lipid, sterol, free fatty acid, unknown lipids 1 and 2, triacylglycerol (TG), and wax ester. The concentration of storage lipids, TG, and wax ester showed a top–base gradient along the length, whereas the levels of free fatty acid and unknown lipids showed a base–top gradient. The proportions of polar lipid and sterol in the top portion of the branch were slightly higher than those in the base portion. This observation appeared to be compatible with the view that the increased energy expenditure for proliferation enhanced the mobilization of the storage fuel lipids of wax ester and TG rather than the structure lipids of polar lipids and sterols at the top portion of the branch. Compositions of fatty acid also showed a length-wise diversity. The top portion had a lower proportion of palmitic acid (16   :   0) in all lipid classes of fatty acid ester, suggesting that this fatty acid was preferentially mobilized at the top portion, probably for the growth of coral cells.     

Lipid and fatty acid composition of likely zooplankton prey of spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) phyllosomas

Several of the world's major spiny lobster fisheries, including Jasus edwardsii in Australasia, have gone into dramatic decline due to decreasing recruitment of their lecithotrophic postlarvae. There is evidence that the decline is related to poor nutritional condition of the postlarvae, especially lipid that is accumulated in large quantities during the preceding pelagic larval stage. Therefore, characterizing the lipid composition of the likely potential zooplankton prey of the larvae (phyllosomas) of spiny lobsters will provide new insights into their nutritional requirements. The lipid class and fatty acid composition of more than 30 species of likely zooplankton prey of the larvae of the spiny lobster, J. edwardsii, were determined. These results showed that most zooplankton prey had a high proportion of their lipid content as polar lipid (PL) (range of 9.4–94.8%, mean of 76.1 ± 2.6%). Zooplankton prey provide phyllosomas with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for growth and development, as well as a range of other important fatty acids that are accumulated as PL and used for fuelling the migration of the subsequent lecithotrophic postlarvae across the continental shelf. Overall, these results indicate that phyllosomas consume prey with wide ranging lipid content, but dominated by PL, and high in docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and the key fatty acids used for energy storage.     

Lipid distribution patterns of nine commercial fish in Thailand

Lipid distribution pattern is an important trait, which is related to flesh quality and the yield rate of aquaculture products. Here we investigated lipid distribution patterns by oil red O staining for nine economically important fish in Thailand. The most remarkable feature was that Siluriformes species had a thick layer of subcutaneous lipids, possibly to compensate the evolutionary loss of scales. In addition, we found several other characteristic staining patterns: (1) dotted stains at the boundary of red and white muscles and along the subcutaneous tissue in crystal‐eyed catfish, (2) double lines of staining along the subcutaneous layer in crystal‐eyed catfish, (3) dotted stains along the horizontal septum lines in hybrid catfish, (4) pronounced retroperitoneal fat accumulation in Nile tilapia and red tilapia, (5) pronounced fat accumulation in the inclinator muscle of the fins in Indian spiny turbot, (6) intense staining under the scales of common carp and (7) three dotted stains in soft finrays in clown knifefish. Although lipid distribution patterns are known to be affected by environmental conditions, the observed species differences suggest the strong genetic control of lipid distribution. This trait should be considered as a target of selective breeding especially for Siluriformes, in addition to commonly used parameters such as growth rate and disease resistance.     

Lipid metabolism responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to mulberry leaf meal in diet

This study investigated the lipid metabolism responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to mulberry leaf meal (MLM) replacing of some fish meal in diet. Six iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐energetic diets containing different levels of MLM (0%, 6.3%, 12.6%, 18.9%, 25.2% and 31.5%) were prepared and fed to common carps in tanks for 56 days. Analysis showed that serum total protein, albumin contents and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activities were not significantly different among treatments, blood glucose, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein but triglyceride concentration depicted a declining trend in MLM supplementation groups compared with control. Liver and muscle lipid content decreased with increased supplementation of MLM in the diet. Hepatic lpl showed an up‐regulated trend in the MLM groups, apo‐a1 was up‐regulated in common carp fed 31.5% MLM diet, pparα was up‐regulated in 18.9% and 25.2% MLM groups, while apo‐a4, pparβ and pparγ were down‐regulated in all the MLM‐treated groups compared with control, fabp1 was down‐regulated in fish fed high‐MLM diets (≥25.2%). The results revealed that half of fish meal in common carp diet could be replaced by MLM with no hepatotoxicity; MLM promoted the reversal of cholesterol transport thereby reducing the cholesterol in blood; MLM elevated the ability of fatty acid oxidation of the common carp, but did not activated the activity of lipoprotein lipase fully, and the suppressed transportation of fatty acid affected the degradation of triglyceride in blood together; MLM reduced liver lipid contents might through suppressing the isolation and proliferation of adipocytes.