饲料中添加姜黄素对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长和四氯化碳诱导肝损伤的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中姜黄素对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生长性能的影响和对四氯化碳(CCl_4)诱导鱼体急性肝损伤的保护作用,为筛选治疗鱼类肝脏综合征的绿色药物提供理论依据。在基础饲料中分别添加不同水平(0、15 mg/kg、30 mg/kg、60 mg/kg、120 mg/kg和240 mg/kg)的姜黄素,连续饲喂鱼体8周后进行采样,探讨姜黄素对尼罗罗非鱼生长的影响,并采用CCl_4诱导鱼体急性肝损伤,72 h后采集血液和肝组织,检测相关抗氧化指标以及肝组织切片的变化。结果显示,饲料中添加60 mg/kg和120 mg/kg姜黄素可显著增加鱼体的增重率和特定生长率(P0.05);当罗非鱼经CCl_4诱导72 h后,60 mg/kg和120 mg/kg姜黄素组的血浆谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),而血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、肝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力却显著高于对照组(P0.05);姜黄素在一定程度上可保护鱼体肝不受损伤,且以添加120 mg/kg水平时效果最佳。综上,饲料中添加60～120 mg/kg姜黄素可促进尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能的提高,而当饲料中添加120 mg/kg姜黄素时,对其肝的保护作用最强,可有效地抑制肝组织的脂质过氧化。     

饲料中添加杜仲提取物养殖奥尼鱼的试验

选取 45g左右的奥尼罗非鱼 (尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂) 540尾, 随机分为 6个处理,即饲料中分别添加 3个不同剂量杜仲提取物的试验组 (1000mg/kg、1500mg/kg、2000mg/kg)、抗生素对照组 (杆菌肽锌和抗敌素) 和空白对照组。每个处理 3个重复, 每个重复 30尾 (雌雄比例为 2∶28), 研究杜仲提取物对各阶段奥尼鱼的生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果表明: 杜仲提取物能促进试验动物的生长,降低其饵料系数; 同时能降低试验动物血清心肌酶如谷草转氨酶GOT、谷丙转氨酶GPT、血清乳酸脱氢酶LDH的活性, 提高血清中球蛋白的含量, 增强其抗病力和免疫能力; 其中以添加 1500mg/kg的杜仲提取物的效果较好。     

饲料中添加蛋氨酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和抗氧化功能的影响

以奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼为试验对象,以蛋氨酸锌为饲料锌源,研究了在饲料中添加6种浓度的锌(0、5、10、20、40和80 mg/kg)对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肌肉抗氧化功能的影响。试验周期56d。试验结果显示:饲料转化率、全鱼脂肪含量、肝脏中水分和脂肪含量随锌添加浓度的升高而降低;增重率、特定生长率、脊椎骨中锌离子含量和血液红细胞数量在锌添加浓度为10 mg/kg时达到最大值;肌肉中硫代巴比妥酸底物(TBARS)值在锌添加浓度为5 mg/kg时达到最小值。饲料中锌添加浓度为5~10 mg/kg时,奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长迅速,鱼体抗氧化功能增强。     

木聚糖酶和复合酶制剂PS对尼罗罗非鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫能力的影响

采用单因子浓度梯度法,以基础饲料为对照组,分别将木聚糖酶和复合酶制剂PS以0.05%、0.10%、0.15%的剂量添加到基础饲料中,饲养尼罗罗非鱼(初重32.65±4.16g),60d后测定鱼体的生长性能和非特异性免疫能力。结果表明:饲料中添加木聚糖酶、复合酶制剂PS能显著促进尼罗罗非鱼的生长;添加酶制剂实验组的超氧化物歧化酶活性、溶菌酶活力和抗活性氧能力均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),添加酶制剂能够提高尼罗罗非鱼的非特异性免疫能力。木聚糖酶或复合酶制剂PS在尼罗罗非鱼饲料中的的适宜添加量是0.1%。     

加大饲料中维生素C含量可防治鱼病

为测定维生素C对患病尼罗罗非鱼生长和病理的影响,埃及水产科研人员进行了试验。 试验鱼平均体重20g,分别投喂添加维生素C0mg/kg、50mg/kg、150mg/kg、250mg/kg、500mg/kg、1000mg/kg的饲料,试验12周。测出投喂不添加维生素C饲料的鱼生长差,添加维生素C 50mg/kg防止了鱼体缺乏症状,添加150mg/kg提高了罗非鱼的增重、饲料转换率、特定生长率和蛋白质效     

虎杖提取物对尼罗罗非鱼脂肪肝的干预作用

为探究虎杖提取物对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)脂肪肝的干预作用,选取120尾健康尼罗罗非鱼,随机分为4组,分别投喂基础饲料(正常组,粗脂肪6%),高脂饲料(高脂组,粗脂肪21%),以及含2.5、5 g/kg虎杖提取物的高脂饲料。饲养60 d后,采集尼罗罗非鱼血液和肝组织,并测定血脂水平、抗氧化状态和基因表达。结果显示:与正常组相比,高脂饲料投喂显著提高了尼罗罗非鱼血脂水平、引起了氧化应激和炎症反应、最终导致了肝损伤发生。与高脂组相比,虎杖提取物组明显抑制了血清血脂水平和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性上升,以及肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平的下降;同时虎杖提取物显著降低了肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)和肝脂肪含量;此外,基因表达数据显示,虎杖提取物显著阻碍了白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的上调和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPAR-α)下调。结果表明虎杖提取物可明显缓解高脂饲料引起的尼罗罗非鱼脂肪性肝损伤。     

云芝多糖对奥尼罗非鱼生长、血清溶菌酶活性和补体活性的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.5 g/kg、1.0 g/kg、1.5 g/kg、2.0 g/kg、2.5 g/kg的云芝多糖,饲喂(9.0±1.0)g奥尼罗非鱼(rom is niloticus×O.aureus)56 d后,测定罗非鱼增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、血清溶菌酶活性和血清补体替代途径溶血(ACH50)活力。结果表明:添加量为0.5 g/kg时,试验组罗非鱼增重率和特定生长率显著增高,饵料系数显著降低;添加量为1.0 g/kg时,血清溶菌酶和ACH50活性达到最高,但与对照组差异不显著,而添加量为2.5 g/kg组的血清溶菌酶活性显著低于对照组。     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对吉富罗非鱼生长、组织生化指标和非特异性免疫相关酶的影响

为研究饲料中添加谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)生长性能、组织生化指标和非特异性免疫相关酶活性的影响,实验选用720尾体质量为(3.27±0.04)g的罗非鱼,随机分为6组,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)和5种添加80、160、240、320和400 mg/kg GSH的试验饲料,养殖期为7周。结果显示,与对照组相比,320 mg/kg组罗非鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质沉积率(PDR)和肝脏RNA/DNA比值分别显著升高,饲料系数显著降低;各添加组罗非鱼肝体比高于对照组,但差异不显著。160～320mg/kg组罗非鱼粗蛋白和240～300 mg/kg组粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组,均在240 mg/kg组达到最高值。320 mg/kg组血清尿素氮(UN)含量与对照组相比显著降低。160～400mg/kg组血清和肝脏类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)显著高于对照组和80 mg/kg组。240～400 mg/kg组血清溶菌酶(LZM)、320～400 mg/kg组肝脏LZM活性分别显著高于其它各组;与对照组相比,320 mg/kg组血清一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性显著升高;各添加组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酚氧化酶(PO)、肝脏AKP、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和NOS活性均高于对照组,但差异不显著。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的谷胱甘肽能显著提高吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的生长性能,提高全鱼粗蛋白与粗脂肪含量、血清和肝脏IGF-Ⅰ水平以及非特异性免疫相关酶活性。以增重率为评价指标,计算出吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中谷胱甘肽的最适添加量为355.13 mg/kg。     

3种饲料添加剂对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和肝、肠组织结构的影响

为探讨中草药提取物、胆汁酸、微生态制剂对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、消化酶活性和肝、肠组织结构的影响,以基础饲料为对照,分别在每千克基础饲料中添加中草药提取物(1、2 g)、胆汁酸(0.1、0.2 g)、微生态制剂(1、2 g)配制成6种试验饲料,选取平均体质量为(32.75±5.75)g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼483尾,随机分为7处理,每处理3平行,每平行23尾,共进行养殖实验45 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,低剂量使用此3种添加剂均有改善实验鱼生长和饲料利用的趋势。饲料中添加胆汁酸显著提高了吉富罗非鱼的增重率和特定增长率;饲料中添加微生态制剂组的吉富罗非鱼的肥满度最大,但各处理组之间差异不显著;中草药组的增重率与特定生长率与对照组之间无差异。饲料中添加微生态制剂和0.1 g/kg胆汁酸的实验鱼肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于中草药提取物2 g/kg的处理组;各组间的肠道淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性差异不显著。与对照组相比,各处理组实验鱼的前肠绒毛个数和肌肉层厚度有增加的趋势;添加1 g/kg微生态制剂的实验鱼中肠绒毛长度显著高于中草药组。结果表明:饲料中添加1 g/kg中草药提取物,0.2 g/kg胆汁酸,1 g/kg微生态制剂可在一定程度上提高吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的生长性能。     

复方中草药对尼罗罗非鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

研究了在饲料中添加一种以鱼腥草为主要成分(占40%)的复方中草药制剂对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)非特异性免疫指标的影响。将鱼腥草、黄芩、板蓝根、连翘、金银花等10种中草药按一定比例充分粉碎后混匀制成以鱼腥草为主要成分的复方中草药制剂,按质量分数0%(对照组)、1%(A组)、3%(B组)和6%(C组)分别添加到基础饲料中饲喂尼罗罗非鱼,饲养12周。分别在第4、8和12周采集各组尼罗罗非鱼血液,测定相关非特异性免疫指标。结果显示:从第8周开始,B组尼罗罗非鱼血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,C组尼罗罗非鱼血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、一氧化氮(NO)含量显著提高,MDA含量显著降低。在第12周,B组和C组尼罗罗非鱼白细胞吞噬百分比、吞噬指数和血细胞呼吸爆发活力、血清SOD活力、LSZ活力、NO含量都显著提高,MDA含量则显著降低。结果表明:在饲料中添加3%和6%质量分数的以鱼腥草为主要成分的复方中草药制剂均能增强尼罗罗非鱼的非特异性免疫力,其中以添加比例为6%的效果最好。     

Dietary nucleotide‐rich yeast supplementation improves growth,innate immunity and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide (NT)‐rich yeast supplementation on growth, innate immunity and intestinal morphology in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 g/kg of NT‐rich yeast, respectively. A total of 480 shrimp with an average initial body weight of 1.86 ± 0.02 g were randomly allocated into four groups, with four replicates per group and 30 shrimp each replicate. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast had significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the control diet, and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplemental diet. However, there was no significant difference in survival among all treatments. The crude protein of whole shrimp in the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group was higher than that in the control group. Total protein, triglyceride concentrations, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were significantly influenced by the dietary NT‐rich yeast supplementation. The activities of serum phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) of shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast were higher than those in shrimp fed the other diets. Relative expressions of alp and lzm significantly upregulated in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group compared to the control group. The intestinal fold height and fold width in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group were significantly higher than those fed the control diet; and the highest microvillus height occurred in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast diet. In summary, dietary 30–50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplementation promotes growth performance, enhances innate immunity and improves intestinal morphology of Litopenaeus vannamei.     

Iron Methionine and Iron Sulfate as Sources of Dietary Iron for Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

The dietary iron requirement for normal growth and optimum hematological values and bioavailability was determined for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings using egg-white based diets supplemented with 0,5,10,20,60, and 180-mg iron/kg from iron methionine or 20, 60, and 180-mg iron/kg from iron sulfate. The basal diet which contained 9.2-mg iron/kg, 34% crude protein and 3.1 kcal of digestible energy/g was fed to channel catfish fingerlings (8.5 g) in triplicate flow-through aquariums to satiation twice daily for 8 wk. Fish fed the basal diet without iron supplementation exhibited poor growth throughout the 8-wk period. Fish fed iron-supplemented diets did not differ with regard to final weight gain. Survival, feed conversion, total blood cell count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were not significantly affected by dietary iron level. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly lower in fish fed the basal diet. These values were also consistently lower for fish fed diets with 5 and 10-mg iron/kg from iron methionine. However, differences were not always significant. Results of this study indicate that supplementation of 5-mg iron from iron methionine was sufficient for growth. However, a supplemental iron level of 20-mg/kg diet or a total iron level of 30-mg/kg of diet appeared to be needed for optimum hematological values. Iron methionine and iron sulfate were equally effective in preventing anemia in channel catfish.     

Effect of Dietary Ginseng Herb (Ginsana® G115) Supplementation on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Hematological Indices of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Fingerlings

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary ginseng herb (Ginsana^® G115) supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, and hematological indices of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings. A total of 378 Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average body weight of 24.4 ± 0.2 g were divided in the six experimental treatments (three replicates each). The experiment was conducted for 17 wk. Six isonitrogenous, 27.2% digestible protein and isocaloric, 12.3 MJ/kg digestible energy experimental diets were formulated. The control diet had no Ginsana G115 added. Diets 2–6 each contained Ginsana G115 at levels of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg, respectively. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of Nile tilapia were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in all treatments receiving Ginsana G115‐supplemented diets than the control diet. Red blood cells counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased with increasing dietary Ginsana G115 levels compared to those of the control diet. The same trend was observed for total plasma protein and total plasma globulin levels. The results of present study suggested that Nile tilapia fingerlings fed diets containing at least 200 mg/kg Ginsana G115 for 17 wk had enhanced growth performance, diet utilization efficiency, and hematological indices.     

Effects of dietary administration of Echinacea purpurea on growth indices and biochemical and hematological indices in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Echinacea purpurea (EP) on growth and some hematological and blood biochemical indices of rainbow trout fingerlings. A basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g EP kg?1 to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with an initial average weight of approximately 8 g. After 8 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diets with 0.25 and 0.5 g EP kg?1 showed highest final weight and SGR and fish fed with the control diet indicated the lowest final weight and SGR. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in FCR between the control group and the groups fed with diets of 0.25 and 0.5 g EP kg?1. Biochemical parameters such as serum total protein content, albumin content, globulin content, and albumin/globulin ratio in the fish were evaluated. There were significant differences between hematological parameters including RBC, WBC, HB, lymphocyte, and neutrophil percentage in fish fed with dietary nucleotide compared with control treatment (P < 0.05). The results suggest that EP administration at 0.25 and 0.5 g EP kg?1 exerted positive effects on growth and biochemical and hematological indices in rainbow trout.     

Effects of dietary chlorogenic acid on growth,flesh quality and serum biochemical indices of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The study was to investigate effects of dietary chlorogenic acid (CGA) on growth performance, flesh quality and serum biochemical indices of grass carp (95.1 ± 0.3 g) (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed seven different diets, including control diet, Eucommia ulmoides (EU)‐supplemented diet (20 g kg^–1) and CGA‐supplemented diets containing 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg CGA. Contents of collagen and alkaline‐insoluble collagen in muscle and skin were significantly increased by dietary CGA and EU (p < .05). Total essential amino acids (TEAA) and total amino acids (TAA) in muscle of grass carp fed EU diet or 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg CGA diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed control diet and 100 and 200 mg/kg CGA diet (p < .05). Fish fed 200–800 mg/kg CGA showed significantly lower muscle crude lipid content than EU, control and 100 mg/kg CGA groups (p < .05). Fish fed CGA‐supplemented diets (100–800 mg/kg) had significantly higher muscle fibre density and lower muscle fibre diameter than control group (p < .05). In conclusion, supplementation of CGA improved flesh quality of grass carp, and supplemental level of CGA for improving flesh quality and growth was estimated to be 400 mg/kg diet.     

Optimizing zinc supplementation levels of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed practical type fishmeal‐ and plant‐based diets

Rainbow trout (23.1 ± 0.4 g) were fed either a fishmeal‐ or plant‐based diet supplemented with various levels of zinc (0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 mg kg^?1) for 12 weeks. Trout fed the fishmeal diet had significantly higher weight gain than with the plant‐based diet. Zinc supplementation in the fishmeal diet had no effect on growth performance, suggesting that additional dietary supplementation of zinc is not required. However, in trout fed the plant‐based diet, growth increased significantly up to 30 mg kg^?1 zinc after which growth was not affected. Trout fed the plant‐based diet containing no zinc exhibited severe growth retardation, and in fish fed the 0 and 15 mg kg^?1 zinc diets, cataracts were present. Use of broken‐line quadratic modelling suggests that dietary supplementation of zinc needed to prevent deficiency and promote adequate growth in rainbow trout fed the plant‐based diet in this study was 30.1 mg kg^?1 (80 mg kg^?1 total dietary zinc). This is higher than the NRC (2011, Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp) dietary recommended level of 15 mg kg^?1 for rainbow trout. Following the NRC recommendation could lead to zinc deficiency in rainbow trout fed a plant‐based diet.     

Preliminary study to evaluate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant ingredient‐based diets

A 9‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs) on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) based on the evaluations of growth performance and parameters relevant to lipid metabolism. Each of five vegetable protein‐based diets containing BAs at a level of 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45 or 1.35 g/kg diet was fed to three replicates with 40 fish (8.2 g per fish). The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased significantly with the increase in BAs from 0 to 0.15 g/kg diet and then decreased significantly at a higher BA supplementation. Dietary BAs significantly reduced the crude lipid content in the whole body, muscle and liver tissue of GIFT. Fish fed diet with 1.35 g BAs/kg diet developed serious nuclear migration and vacuolization in hepatocytes. Gall bladder appeared to contain white solid and has fragile capsules. Dietary BA supplementation had significant effects on serum biochemical indices and activities of lipid metabolism enzymes in liver and intestine. In conclusion, dietary bile acid supplementation (0.15 g/kg) can facilitate the lipid metabolism and therefore promote the growth of tilapia. However, overdosed dietary BAs induced gallstone development, disrupted lipid metabolism and depressed the growth performances of GIFT.     

Evaluation of shrimp or tilapia protein hydrolysate at graded dosages in low fish meal diet for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A study was carried out to examine and optimize the inclusion levels of shrimp hydrolysate (SH) or tilapia hydrolysate (TH) in low fishmeal diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A fishmeal (FM)‐based diet was considered as a high FM (HFM) diet, and a diet containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a FM replacer at 50% substitution level was regarded as a low FM (LFM) diet. Six other experimental diets were prepared by dietary supplementation of SH or TH to LFM diet at different inclusion levels of 15 g/kg, 30 or 45 g/kg in the expense of FM (designated as SH‐1.5, SH‐3.0, SH‐4.5, TH‐1.5, TH‐3.0 and TH‐4.5, respectively). After 10 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of fish were significantly higher in fish fed HFM, SH‐3.0, SH‐4.5, TH‐1.5 and TH‐3.0 diets compared to those of fish fed LFM diet. Intestine diameter, villus height and goblet cell counts of fish were significantly increased by dietary inclusion of SH or TH into LFM diet. Dry matter and protein digestibility of diets were significantly improved by SH or TH incorporation. Innate immunity of fish was significantly enhanced by dietary SH or TH supplementation into LFM diet. Disease resistance of fish was significantly increased against Edwardsiella tarda by dietary inclusion of SH and TH at the highest inclusion level (45 g/kg). The optimum inclusion level of SH or TH in a SPC‐based LFM diet could be ~30 g/kg and 15–30 g/kg, for olive flounder.     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对草鱼生长、生理指标和抗病力的影响

选用初始体质量约8.50 g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella),在56 d的饲养期中分别投喂添加5种不同剂量谷胱甘肽(GSH)(添加量分别为0 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、300 mg/kg和400 mg/kg)的试验饲料,观察GSH对草鱼生长、生理指标和抗病力的影响。结果表明,饲料中添加GSH能够提高草鱼特定生长率、存活率和饲料效率。其中,300 mg/kg GSH组草鱼的特定生长率和400 mg/kg GSH组草鱼的存活率显著高于对照组;添加GSH各组草鱼的饲料效率均显著高于对照组,当添加量为200 mg/kg时草鱼饲料效率达到最高。与对照组相比,饲料中添加GSH的各组草鱼肝胰指数明显升高,其中200 mg/kg组达到显著水平。饲料中添加GSH能够提高血清IGF-1水平,其中300 mg/kg和400 mg/kg组显著高于对照组。与对照组相比,各实验组草鱼血液白细胞数目有不同程度升高,其中300 mg/kg和400 mg/kg组均达到显著水平。饲料中添加GSH可以提高草鱼对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗能力,其中200 mg/kg GSH组草鱼攻毒后存活率达到最高。以特定生长率为判定指标,GSH在草鱼饲料中的适宜添加量为350 mg/kg。     

Effect of vitamin C and astaxanthin on stress and disease resistance of postlarval tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius)

Postlarvae of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), were fed semipurified diets supplemented with various levels of astaxanthin (AX) and ascorbic acid-polyphosphate (ApP): three groups were fed 230 mg AX kg^?1 diet combined with 100, 1700 and 3400 mg ascorbic acid (AA) kg^?1 diet, respectively; two diets contained 810 mg AX kg^?1 mixed with 200 and 1700 mg AA kg^?1, respectively. Each treatment was run in four replicates. Incorporated levels of AA and AX, production output, and physiological condition were recorded after 4 weeks of feeding. Whole-body AA (21-47 μg g^?1) and AX, concentrations (19-35 μgg^?1) were linked to dietary ApP and AX supply, respectively, although not significantly for the latter. The biomass of the group receiving the lower dietary ApP-AX combination was significantly lower than for all other treatments, i.e. 3.1 versus 3.9 g, respectively. In the groups fed 230 mg AX kg^?1 diet, significant differences in stress resistance were observed according to the dietary ApP level, i.e. raising the vitamin C content in the feed from 100 to 3400 mg AA kg^?1 resulted in a concomitant drop in mortality after an osmotic shock. For the treatments receiving 810 mg AX kg^?1 diet, the beneficial effect of extra dietary vitamin C was not significant. An increase in the dietary AX for shrimp fed comparable ApP levels resulted in a significant drop of the stress index from 56 to 33 (cumulative mortality index). An increased resistance to salinity shock was demonstrated in association with supplementation of high dietary AA or AX levels. No conclusive results regarding possible improved disease resistance could be made since no mortality was observed after a disease challenge with Vibrio harveyi.