鲢和奥尼罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

２００４～２００５年在广州市一个富营养化浅水池塘中开展原位围隔试验，研究放养鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼对蓝藻水华的控制效果及对水质的影响。结果表明，鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼可以有效控制蓝藻水华，使围隔水体中的浮游植物优势种由蓝藻渐变为裸藻、绿藻和硅藻。鲢鱼、奥尼罗非鱼围隔水体中总悬浮物浓度较池塘水体分别下降２９.７％和１８．６％；叶绿素ａ浓度分别下降２６．６％和１５．９％。同时，围隔水体透明度显著提高。但鱼类放养对水体中的总氮、总磷浓度没有显著影响，并会造成水体中悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布范围变宽，使水体中新增加了直径 大于５００μｍ的悬浮颗粒物。     

罗非鱼对蓝藻的摄食消化及对富营养化水体水华的控制

2000年至2003年实验研究尼罗罗非鱼对铜绿微囊藻摄食、消化特性的基础上,在宁波月湖等富营养化景观水体进行了罗非鱼控制蓝藻水华的应用试验。研究表明,罗非鱼对水华蓝藻有很强的摄食与消化能力。25℃条件下,罗非鱼鱼种对铜绿微囊藻的平均消化率达67.5%,摄食率则随鱼体体重及水温的升高而增加。1999年至2000年蓝藻泛滥的月湖水体,2001年和2002年先后放养鲢鳙蚌(9.8g.m-3)和罗非鱼鱼种(3~5g.m-3)后,蓝藻水华不再出现,浮游藻类年平均细胞数量分别比2000年下降67.5%和79.6%,年平均生物量分别下降48.6%和63.8%;蓝藻占浮游植物生物量的比例由2000年的70.0%分别下降至22.1%和11.2%,水体透明度则由之前的20~50cm上升至55~137cm。在已经发生严重蓝藻水华的镇海公园等水体中,放养罗非鱼鱼种(8~15g.m-3)20d左右,水华消失,叶绿素含量和浮游植物数量显著下降,水体透明度明显提高。罗非鱼放养对水体氮、磷等营养盐指标的影响存在较大的不确定性,可能与系统初始的群落结构、营养状态及水体所承受的营养物负荷存在更大的关系。罗非鱼放养应是控制富营养化水体蓝藻水华的理想措施之一。     

在南京利用豆粕型膨化浮性饲料养殖奥尼罗非鱼试验

本养殖试验是为了示范在中国南京地区利用豆粕型全植物蛋白饲料从大规格鱼种养殖奥尼罗非鱼商品鱼而进行的.试验鱼放养在3口2.5亩(0.17公顷)大小的池塘内,放养密度为罗非鱼900尾/亩,并搭配放养鲢鱼100尾/亩(即罗非鱼13500尾/公顷和鲢鱼1500尾/公顷).经127天饲养,罗非鱼从大约19克/尾长至平均363克/尾.养殖至可收获规格的平均毛产量为红罗非鱼271千克/亩(4062千克/公顷)和白鲢54千克/亩(815千克/公顷).罗非鱼的平均饲料转化率为1.58∶1.由于杂交罗非鱼在3口池塘中过度繁殖,其鱼产量和饲料转化效率显著低于正常情况.由于疏忽而被放养入试验鱼池的鳙鱼与罗非鱼产生了争食,也使罗非鱼的养殖产量低于正常.由于过度繁殖问题,杂交罗非鱼没有达到500克的目标商品规格.试验结果表明本试验养殖场放养的杂交罗非鱼鱼种质量有待改进.     

尼罗罗非鱼池塘套养高效养殖技术

池塘无公害养殖尼罗罗非鱼效益显著，值得推广。为了合理利用水体，提高池塘养殖效益，我们在河南省巩义市米河镇水产养殖场进行了尼罗罗非鱼池塘套养试验。2005年5月19日放养8cm-9cm单性尼罗罗非鱼种2.9万尾，并搭配放养鲢鱼3600尾、鳙鱼900尾和加州鲈1360尾，获得了亩产1439kg商品鱼、亩盈利4938元的好成绩。     

太湖微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内累积及生物降解的初步研究

为了解蓝藻水华期间微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的分布及累积传递过程,2008年6～8月采集了高密度蓝藻池塘及太湖网箱内的鱼样及水样,用ELISA法对鱼样和水样进行微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量的检测.结果表明,池塘水体微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量在0.123～0.514 μg/L,MC-LR含量随着藻密度的下降而降低,对照组水体MC-LR浓度显著高于实验组MC-LR含量.池塘鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量在1.194～3.615ng/g,肝脏组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量显著高于肌肉组织.将池塘与网箱罗非鱼转至无微囊藻水体中暂养,跟踪检测MC-LR含量变化,池塘和网箱鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量均低于人体每日可耐受摄入量,而肝脏组织藻毒素MC-LR含量则分别需要经过10～20d自然生物降解后降低至安全摄入量之下.讨论了微囊藻毒素在鱼体组织分布与食物链中的累积传递.     

水体中泼洒复合乳杆菌对尼罗罗非鱼养殖池塘环境、肠道和鳃健康的影响

研究在尼罗罗非鱼养殖池塘中添加复合乳杆菌对养殖池塘环境、尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃健康的影响,为乳杆菌在尼罗罗非鱼健康养殖中的应用提供基础。在尼罗罗非鱼养殖池塘水体中泼洒复合乳杆菌(对照组:0;实验组:1.0×104 CFU/mL),实验周期为10周。复合乳杆菌的成分为干酪乳杆菌和酸鱼乳杆菌,比例为1:2.2。监测池塘水质指标、罗非鱼肠道和鳃的免疫及抗氧化指标,并运用高通量测序技术(Illumina MiSeq),比较对照组和实验组水体、底泥、尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃黏膜共生菌群落结构差异。结果显示,从第7周开始,实验组水体中的硝酸盐含量始终低于对照组,实验组比对照组降低了72.68%、72.00%、26.27%和21.46%;实验组水体中的总氮含量在从第6周开始低于对照组,分别降低了43.39%、44.64%、15.64%、37.57%和34.49%;实验组水样中的总磷含量从第4周开始低于对照组,分别降低了40.91%、33.33%、50.00%、33.33%、17.39%、39.29%和25.71%。与对照组相比,实验组尼罗罗非鱼肠道的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性提高了45.04%,实验组尼罗罗非鱼鳃的总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和AKP分别提高了58.26%和60.99%。复合乳杆菌的添加对尼罗罗非鱼养殖池塘水体菌群结构影响较大,并未影响池塘底泥的菌群结构,影响了尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃的菌群结构,其中条件致病菌不动杆菌属、泛菌属细菌的相对丰度降低,而有益细菌鲸杆菌属的相对丰度增加。因此,在养殖水体中泼洒适当浓度的复合乳杆菌可以改善池塘水质,提高尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃的免疫力、抗氧化能力,同时调节养殖水体、尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃的菌群结构。     

放养不同数量白鲢对罗氏沼虾池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

该文旨在探讨在罗氏沼虾养殖后期放养白鲢对池塘水质及浮游植物种类与数量的影响。试验选取规格为80尾/kg白鲢鱼种,按放养数量分别为0(1号塘)、1 000尾/667 m~2(2号塘)、1 500尾/667 m~2(3号塘)、2 000尾/667 m~2(4号塘),投放到4个养殖条件相近的罗氏沼虾池塘中,每隔10 d检测池塘水质指标和浮游藻类,共5次。结果显示,池塘pH值呈先下降后稳定的趋势;各组溶氧均有显著的提升;2号和4号池塘透明度提升速率明显高于对照组;各组氨氮、亚硝含量变化不明显。各组化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、总氮、总磷、修正营养状态指数(TSI_M)均呈下降趋势,且试验组下降幅度高于对照组,其中4号池塘下降最为明显。试验组池塘蓝藻下降幅度均高于对照组,且随着投放鲢鱼数量的增大,蓝藻占水体浮游植物的百分比越小。结果表明,在罗氏沼虾养殖后期放养白鲢,能够改善养殖水体环境,降低水体富营养化程度,有效控制蓝藻水华的发生。     

敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价

为研究敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应,采用96 h半静水式生物毒性试验方法,在水温(23.5±2.0)℃,溶解氧>5 mg/L的条件下,分别检测在曝气自来水(pH为6.5)和池塘水(pH为8.5)中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示:在曝气自来水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为3.68、3.31、2.05、1.57 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.157 mg/L;在池塘水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.35、0.29、0.17、0.13 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.013 mg/L。试验结果表明,在池塘水中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的毒性比在曝气自来水条件下强。     

太湖微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内累积及生物降解的初步研究

为了解蓝藻水华期间微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的分布及累积传递过程,2008年6～8月采集了高密度蓝藻池塘及太湖网箱内的鱼样及水样,用ELISA法对鱼样和水样进行微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量的检测。结果表明,池塘水体微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量在0.123～0.514μg/L,MC-LR含量随着藻密度的下降而降低,对照组水体MC-LR浓度显著高于实验组MC-LR含量。池塘鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量在1.194～3.615ng/g,肝脏组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量显著高于肌肉组织。将池塘与网箱罗非鱼转至无微囊藻水体中暂养,跟踪检测MC-LR含量变化,池塘和网箱鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量均低于人体每日可耐受摄入量,而肝脏组织藻毒素MC-LR含量则分别需要经过10～20d自然生物降解后降低至安全摄入量之下。讨论了微囊藻毒素在鱼体组织分布与食物链中的累积传递。     

太湖微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的累积及生物降解的初步研究

为了解蓝藻水华期间微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的分布及累积传递过程，2008年6月至8月采集了高密度蓝藻池塘及太湖网箱内的鱼样及水样，用ELISA法对鱼样和水样进行微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量的检测。结果表明：池塘水体微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量变化范围在0.123～0.514ug/L间，MC-LR含量随着藻密度的下降而降低，对照组水体MC-LR浓度显著高于实验组MC-LR含量。池塘鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量在1.194～3.615ng/g间，肝脏组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量显著高于肌肉组织。将池塘与网箱罗非鱼转至无微囊藻水体中暂养，跟踪检测MC-LR含量变化，池塘和网箱鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量均低于人体每日可耐受摄入量，而肝脏组织藻毒素MC-LR含量则分别需要经过10～20天自然生物降解后降低至安全摄入量之下。并讨论了微囊藻毒素在鱼体内的组织分布与食物链中的累积传递。     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

Global conservation status and research needs for tarpons (Megalopidae), ladyfishes (Elopidae) and bonefishes (Albulidae)

We assessed the taxonomic diversity, geographic distributions, life history, ecology and fisheries of tarpons, ladyfishes and bonefishes (members of the subdivision Elopomorpha), which share many life history and habitat use characteristics that make them vulnerable to environmental and anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments. This assessment of Red List status for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature reveals three species considered near threatened or vulnerable, three species of least concern, and 11 data‐deficient species. Although the taxonomy of tarpons appears stable, it is less so for ladyfishes and bonefishes. In aggregate, these species are distributed circumtropically and foray into temperate zones. Although they spawn in marine habitats, larvae of many species disperse into estuarine habitats, which are declining in area or degrading in quality. Several species support high‐value recreational fisheries, or culturally important small‐scale commercial and artisanal fisheries. Nonetheless, no formal stock assessment exists for any species, so improved data collection, information sharing and assessment techniques should facilitate socio‐economic development of individual fisheries. Catch‐and‐release recreational fisheries that promote conservation of tarpon and bonefishes in some regions are promising models to improve the conservation status of these fishes elsewhere, as well as the economic development of these fishing communities. Most tarpons, ladyfishes and bonefishes likely face significant challenges from anthropogenically mediated habitat loss and alteration, and several are vulnerable to both habitat degradation and overfishing. Broader protection and enhancements to fisheries habitat in all regions will benefit these as well as many other coastal fishery species.     

鱼体内环境激素DMP和DEP的检测方法

建立同时检测鲫(Carassuys auratus Linnaeus)血浆和肌肉中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的高效液相色谱方法,进行初步的代谢动力学研究。血浆样品经液-液萃取,肌肉样品经液-液萃取和固相小柱处理后,以乙腈∶水=40∶60(V/V)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,采用SHIMADZU ODS柱(150mm×4.6mm;i.d.,5μm)色谱柱分离。测定鲫经口染毒后血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的浓度。结果表明,标准曲线线性范围为0.05~10.0μg/mL,线性关系良好(r>0.99),定量限为0.05μg/mL,回收率95%以上,日内变异系数和日间变异系数均低于15%。经口染毒48h内,鲫血浆和肌肉中均能检测到DMP和DEP的残留。该法操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确,已经初步用于鲫血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的代谢动力学和残留研究。     

鱼体内环境激素ＤＭＰ和ＤＥＰ的检测方法

建立同时检测鲫(Carassuys auratus Linnaeus)血浆和肌肉中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的高效液相色谱方法,进行初步的代谢动力学研究.血浆样品经液-液萃取,肌肉样品经液-液萃取和固相小柱处理后,以乙腈:水= 40:60(V/V)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,采用SHIMADZU ODS柱(150 mm×4.6 mm; i.d., 5 μm)色谱柱分离.测定鲫经口染毒后血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的浓度.结果表明,标准曲线线性范围为0.05～10.0 μg/mL,线性关系良好(r>0.99),定量限为0.05 μg/mL,回收率95%以上,日内变异系数和日间变异系数均低于15%.经口染毒48 h内,鲫血浆和肌肉中均能检测到DMP和DEP的残留.该法操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确,已经初步用于鲫血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的代谢动力学和残留研究.     

Using fatty acid markers to distinguish between effects of salmon (Salmo salar) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) farming on mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus)

Presence of coastal aquaculture activities in marine landscapes is growing with impacts on the wild fish that share these habitats. However, it is difficult to disentangle subsequent ecological interactions between these activities and marine fish communities. We evaluated the impact of both salmon and halibut farms on mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) sampled near sea cages using condition indices and fatty acid (FA) biomarkers. Results of the stomach content analysis indicated that mackerel and whiting consumed waste feed which was also reflected in their modified FA profiles. Both mackerel and whiting had elevated levels of FAs that are of vegetable oils origin. The use of vegetable oils as replacement for marine oils is a lot more common in salmon farming than halibut farming. Additionally, the overall effects of the two fish farms were more pronounced in whiting than in mackerel sampled near the sea cages. By allowing discrimination between sources of trophic interactions, this method could lead to more informed decisions in managing different farming activities.     

泰山赤鳞鱼生物学特性及其人工繁殖技术

泰山赤鳞鱼与富春江的鲥鱼、青海湖的湟鱼、渤海的油鱼和弓鱼并称为我国“五大贡鱼”,近年来由于生态环境的恶化而使这一珍贵鱼种濒临灭绝。为了保护和开发利用这一珍稀的物种资源,笔者经过多年精心研究,取得了泰山赤鳞鱼人工繁殖实验的成功,通过撰写该稿希望能引起业内有关人士的重视。一、泰山赤鳞鱼生物学特性1.形态泰山赤鳞鱼为小型鱼类,多数个体体重为50g~120g,个别个体体重可达150g,成鱼全长20cm左右,体窄长且略侧扁,头顶钝圆,口下位呈弧形横裂。有上颌须2对,上吻部略向体前方突出,下颌有角质缘,各鳍无棘。在自然环境中,体背侧面沙黄…     

Carbohydrate Metabolism of Vitellogenic Follicles and Eggs of Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae) and Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and of Embryos of Sparus aurata (Sparidae)

The present study compared the carbohydrate metabolism of pelagic eggs of three marine species, Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae), Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and Sparus aurata (Sparidae). In particular, in Serranus cabrilla and Mullus barbatus the changes in carbohydrate metabolism from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the ovulated egg stage (final maturation of the egg) were investigated, and in Sparus aurata the changes from the unfertilized egg stage to the late-embryo stage just before hatching were observed. In mature, unfertilized eggs of these three species the qualitative and quantitative composition of carbohydrates, enzymes and metabolites were similar, indicating no differences in carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway occurred in the follicles and eggs. From the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage glycolytic activity was constant in S. cabrilla and M. barbatus, while the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway and of gluconeogenesis decreased. Quantitative carbohydrate composition changed as the levels of hexose, ketose, 6-deoxyhexose, uronic acid and fructose-6-phosphate increased from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased. In S. aurata, the investigated parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were similar between unfertilized eggs and eggs in the first cleavage stage. From the first cleavage stage to the late embryo stage the levels of hexose, 2-deoxyhexose, ketose, ribose, uronic acid and phosphoenolpyruvate increased, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate decreased.     

Comparative gonad histology and semen quality of normal (XY) and neo‐males (XX) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

With an overarching objective of improving the hatchery production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) all‐female progeny, this study comparatively evaluated the reproductive parameters between normal (genotype XY) and neo‐males (genotype XX). Four normal (XY) and seven neo‐ (XX) males, from the same brood stock, distinguished by their ability to or lack of expressing semen, respectively, were comparatively evaluated. The left testicular lobe was used for histomorphometric analyses, while the right for semen collection and sperm quality analyses. Histomorphometric observations revealed that neo‐male testes are irregularly shaped, and have poorly formed seminiferous ducts, higher proportions of interstitial tissue and lower gonadosomatic index (p < .05). In addition, hypertrophied and cyst forming Sertoli cells were found in these individuals which collectively appear to form a physical barrier, precluding the semen collection by standard stripping techniques and reducing sperm quality. Particularly, semen motility (80.69 ± 2.4% and 57.2 ± 36.5% for XY and XX respectively) and duration of motility (99.31 ± 28.03 s and 66.84 ± 23.83 s for XY and XX respectively) of neo‐males were most compromised (p < .05). Interestingly, the TUNEL assay indicated no signs of apoptotic tissue suggesting that the histological differences may relate to delayed physiological/sexual maturity of neo‐males.