半滑舌鳎鳃黏液免疫相关酶活性对黄芪多糖的免疫应答

在水温25℃下,给体质量(5.8±1.5)g的半滑舌鳎投喂在基础饲料中添加0、300、600、900、1200、1500mg/kg和1800mg/kg黄芪多糖的饲料后,每隔18d检测半滑舌鳎鳃黏液溶菌酶、过氧化物酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性,以检测半滑舌鳎鳃黏液对黄芪多糖的免疫应答及较佳剂量。90d的免疫结果显示,半滑舌鳎鳃黏液溶菌酶、过氧化物酶和碱性磷酸酶活性先增强后降低;半滑舌鳎鳃黏液酸性磷酸酶活性对低剂量(300~600mg/kg)和中高剂量(1200~1800mg/kg)黄芪多糖的免疫应答,随试验时间延长,分别呈增强及先增强后减弱的变化趋势。试验结束时,中低剂量(600~900mg/kg)黄芪多糖组半滑舌鳎鳃黏液溶菌酶、过氧化物酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。从成本、高非特异免疫活性的角度看,半滑舌鳎配合饵料中黄芪多糖较佳添加剂量为600mg/kg。     

复方中草药对白点鲑和亚东鲑抗氧化、非特异性免疫及消化酶指标的影响

在水温10～12℃下,将体质量(224.14±26.73)g的白点鲑Salvelinus pluvius和体质量(152.12±7.46)g的亚东鲑Salmo trutta fario饲养在直径1m、水深0.7m的玻璃钢材质圆桶中,在基础饲料中添加0.5%的复方中草药(大黄、黄芪、连翅、黄苓和丹皮)进行投喂,在投喂0d、7d、14d、21d和28d时从鱼尾柄腹侧用肝素处理的容器抽血采样,测定血液中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)和蛋白酶活性,及丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,研究复方中草药对鱼血液抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫力及消化酶活力的影响。结果表明:摄食含复方中草药饲料14d时的亚东鲑血液T-AOC活力和SOD活力显著高于0d(P0.05),MDA含量和CAT活力各组间差异不显著(P0.05);7d和14d的亚东鲑血液AKP活力和ACP活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),14d时NO浓度和LZM活性与0d差异显著(P0.05);肠道蛋白酶活力差异不显著(P0.05),淀粉酶活力和脂肪酶活力在14d时在显著高于其他组(P0.05)。摄食含复方中草药饲料14d的白点鲑血液T-AOC活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),MDA含量和SOD活力差异不显著(P0.05),21d时CAT活力显著高于其他组(P0.05);AKP活力差异不显著(P0.05),7d、14d时ACP活力和NO浓度显著高于其他组(P0.05),21d时LZM含量显著高于其他组(P0.05);14 d时淀粉酶活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),肠道蛋白酶活力和脂肪酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,摄食含复方中草药的饲料,对白点鲑、亚东鲑血液的抗氧化性、非特异性及消化酶指标有促进作用,投喂14 d时的效果最佳。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对氨氮胁迫下半滑舌鳎非特异性免疫酶活性、血液生化指标及相关基因表达量的影响

为探究益生菌对氨氮胁迫下半滑舌鳎的非特异性免疫酶活、血液生化指标及相关基因表达是否具有调节作用,实验首先选用枯草芽孢杆菌Y2益生菌对半滑舌鳎进行饲喂,然后对半滑舌鳎进行氨氮胁迫,胁迫过程中持续饲喂Y2并对相关指标进行监测。其中宏观生长指标结果显示,氨氮胁迫组半滑舌鳎体质量、体长低于非氨氮胁迫组,在氨氮胁迫及非氨氮胁迫条件下Y2组舌鳎体质量、体长高于空白对照组。免疫酶活测定结果显示,氨氮胁迫后半滑舌鳎血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均有所升高;在氨氮胁迫及非氨氮胁迫条件下饲喂Y2菌株的2组ACP、CAT和POD活性均高于其相应对空白照组。血液相关生化指标结果显示,非氨氮胁迫Y2组半滑舌鳎血清中白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLB)含量略高于空白对照组,白蛋白与球蛋白比值(A/G)较高,甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)含量差异较小;氨氮胁迫对照组舌鳎血清中ALB、CHO含量下降,GLB含量略有升高,血清中总蛋白(TP)及总脂肪呈下降趋势,且A/G降低,而氨氮胁迫Y2组比空白组舌鳎血清中ALB、TG及CHO含量升高,导致A/G升高。...     

恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体内的残留消除规律

本研究比较了在20℃水温条件下恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)在3种主要养殖鲆鲽鱼[大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)]体内的残留消除规律。选择体重为300–400 g 的健康2龄大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎,以10 mg/kg 的剂量连续3 d 通过灌胃的方式分别给予恩诺沙星后,于1、3、6、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 d 采集血浆、肝、鳃、肌肉和肾组织。利用高效液相色谱法检测血浆和各组织中的恩诺沙星浓度,拟合恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼体内的消除曲线,计算消除半衰期。结果显示,3种鲆鲽鱼的组织中,恩诺沙星在肾中残留浓度最高,其消除速度依次为牙鲆>大菱鲆>半滑舌鳎,其消除半衰期分别为3.75、6.54、7.37 d;恩诺沙星在大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎血浆中的消除比其代谢产物环丙沙星慢;综合比较恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼血浆和大多数组织中的消除规律,均呈现出牙鲆体内消除最快,大菱鲆次之,半滑舌鳎最慢的趋势。依据我国无公害水产品中恩诺沙星最高残留限量为50μg/kg 的标准,建议在20℃水温条件下使用恩诺沙星防治鲆鲽鱼细菌性疾病时的休药期为：大菱鲆44 d、牙鲆33 d、半滑舌鳎47 d 以上。     

恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体内的残留消除规律

本研究比较了在20℃水温条件下恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)在3种主要养殖鲆鲽鱼[大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)]体内的残留消除规律。选择体重为300–400 g的健康2龄大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎,以10 mg/kg的剂量连续3 d通过灌胃的方式分别给予恩诺沙星后,于1、3、6、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 d采集血浆、肝、鳃、肌肉和肾组织。利用高效液相色谱法检测血浆和各组织中的恩诺沙星浓度,拟合恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼体内的消除曲线,计算消除半衰期。结果显示,3种鲆鲽鱼的组织中,恩诺沙星在肾中残留浓度最高,其消除速度依次为牙鲆大菱鲆半滑舌鳎,其消除半衰期分别为3.75、6.54、7.37 d;恩诺沙星在大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎血浆中的消除比其代谢产物环丙沙星慢;综合比较恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼血浆和大多数组织中的消除规律,均呈现出牙鲆体内消除最快,大菱鲆次之,半滑舌鳎最慢的趋势。依据我国无公害水产品中恩诺沙星最高残留限量为50μg/kg的标准,建议在20℃水温条件下使用恩诺沙星防治鲆鲽鱼细菌性疾病时的休药期为:大菱鲆44 d、牙鲆33 d、半滑舌鳎47 d以上。     

Vc-2-多聚磷酸酯对中国对虾幼体生长和存活的影响

用添加了不同含量Vc-2-多聚磷酸酯(600 mg/kg,3000 mg/kg、6000 mg/kg,对照)的饲料分别投喂中国对虾幼体(Z1-P5),测定其对幼体生长、变态、非特异性免疫以及体内Vc积累量的影响。结果显示:6000 mg/kg处理组显著促进了幼体的生长和变态(P<0.05);超氧化物岐化酶和抗菌活力较对照组和600 mg/kg处理组均达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。第20 d用副溶血弧菌攻毒,3000、6000mg/kg处理组均显著提高了幼体存活率;高效液相色谱法检测幼体体内的Vc含量发现,其体内Vc含量随着饲料中Vc-2-多聚磷酸酯含量的增加而增加。以生长、变态、超氧化物岐化酶、抗菌活力为评价指标,建议中国对虾幼体饲料中Vc-2-多聚磷酸酯的添加量为6000 mg/kg。     

光照周期对半滑舌鳎生长和抗氧化指标的影响

在水温25.2～28.2℃下,将半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)(体质量120.65±1.57g)饲养于底面积为0.75m2的圆形水族内(30尾/箱),用黑塑料布遮光,研究了4种光照周期(0L/24D,6L/18D,18L/6D,24L/0D)对生长和抗氧化指标的影响。28 d的饲养结果表明:光照周期为6L/18D时,饲料系数最低、增重率和净增重最大;光照周期为18L/6D时,血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力最高,而在24L/0D光照周期下,肝脏中SOD比活力最高,在四种光照周期下,脾脏、肾脏SOD比活力差异不显著(P>0.05);光照周期为6L/18D时,血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高,6L/18D组鱼脾脏中CAT比活力显著高于其他组(P<0.05);肝脏、肾脏中CAT的比活力差异不显著(P>0.05);肝脏的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均显著高于血清、脾脏和肾脏,6L/18D组鱼肝脏中(GSH含量显著高于0L/24D组和24L/0D组(P<0.05);6L/18D组血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05),肝脏中0L/24D组MDA含量最低,18L/6D组MDA含量显著高于0L/24D组(P<0.05),6L/18D组鱼脾脏、肾脏中MDA含量最低。光照周期为6L/18D时最适合半滑舌鳎生长。     

还原型谷胱甘肽对大菱鲆生长及抗氧化能力的影响

在基础饲料中添加不同剂量的还原型谷胱甘肽,添加量分别为0、100、200、400、600 mg/kg,投喂初始体质量为(23.08±0.09) g的大菱鲆,8周后测定还原型谷胱甘肽对大菱鲆生长及抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明,饲料中还原型谷胱甘肽添加量为200 mg/kg时,大菱鲆的质量增加率和特定生长率显著高于其他组(P0.05)。饲料中添加还原型谷胱甘肽对大菱鲆肝脏中丙二醛含量、总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力均无显著影响(P0.05)。随着还原型谷胱甘肽添加量的增加,大菱鲆肝脏中丙二醛含量呈先降后升的趋势,对照组最高,200 mg/kg试验组最低;大菱鲆肝脏中总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力均呈先升后降的趋势,200 mg/kg试验组最高。200 mg/kg试验组和400 mg/kg试验组大菱鲆肝脏中还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。200 mg/kg试验组大菱鲆肝脏中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活力和谷胱甘肽还原酶活力显著低于对照组(P0.05)。根据回归分析,确定大菱鲆饲料中还原型谷胱甘肽的最适添加量为189.70 mg/kg。     

温度对半滑舌鳎生长及性类固醇激素水平的影响

为了探索温度对半滑舌鳎幼鱼生长及性别的影响,本研究以半滑舌鳎家系为材料,在受精后32 d,将建立的家系鱼苗分别置于9、21、23、25和27℃水温下进行培育,在32~142 dpf测量各培育温度下半滑舌鳎幼鱼的体长和体质量,利用SPSS软件中方差分析和相关分析法多重比较分析幼鱼生长规律、温度与体长和体质量的相关性。结果表明,在98 dpf时,25℃下幼鱼生长最快,但培养至129~142 dpf时,23℃温度组生长速度显著高于其他温度组。23和25℃下的半滑舌鳎体质量特定生长率分别为4.42%和4.63%,明显高于其他温度处理组。温度与半滑舌鳎家系体长、体质量的Pearson系数分别为0.271和0.260,极显著正相关。体长、体质量与温度的关系式分别为L=1.637 6T0.378 2(R2=0.082),W=0.028 5T1.078 1(R2=0.075)。采集23℃下半滑舌鳎受精卵和3~142 dpf的鱼苗,进行性类固醇激素表达水平分析。结果显示,睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)含量在受精卵中最高(54.78 ng/mg和92.52 pg/g),3~32 dpf时逐渐降至最低值(4.6 ng/mg和5.43 pg/g)。至46 dpf时又显著上升到峰值[(40.81±12.64)ng/mg和(42.04±19.13)pg/g],之后显著下降。在温度控制组,32~46 dpf各个温度组鱼苗T和E2含量显著上升,46 dpf时达到峰值,但19和21℃温度组显著高于其他组,T分别为(94.70±45.06)和(85.45±37.30)ng/mg,E2分别为(83.37±17.97)和(105.80±54.90)pg/g;其他温度组T和E2含量相对较低且无显著差异。98 dpf性类固醇激素表达量显著下降,各温度组E2水平无显著差异,但19和27℃时T水平高于其他温度组。依此推测46 dpf、体长(4.99±0.75)cm时半滑舌鳎鱼苗性腺开始分化,19和27℃有可能促使鱼苗雄性化。     

甘露寡糖对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)稚鱼生长、肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平的影响

通过投喂经甘露寡糖强化的卤虫无节幼体,探索其对半滑舌鳎稚鱼(初始体长为1.4 cm左右)生长性能、肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平的影响。试验设两个处理组(对照组和甘露寡糖组),分别投喂经裂壶藻或甘露寡糖+裂壶藻强化的卤虫无节幼体。试验进行34 d,每17 d取样1次。结果显示,17 d时甘露寡糖组体长显著大于对照组(P0.05)。两组间的特定生长率和存活率无显著性差异(P0.05)。RNA/DNA和protein/DNA的比值在17 d时两组间均无显著性差异(P0.05);34 d时甘露寡糖组的RNA/DNA和protein/DNA比值均大于对照组。甘露寡糖组17 d时淀粉酶比活力和34 d时胰蛋白酶比活力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。甘露寡糖组的过氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。甘露寡糖组的微绒毛长度和皱襞高度显著大于对照组(P0.05);黏膜厚度大于对照组,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。试验结果表明,甘露寡糖可以提高半滑舌鳎稚鱼肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平。     

Dietary histidine affects intestinal antioxidant enzyme activities,antioxidant gene expressions and inflammatory factors in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six semipurified diets of graded histidine levels (from 4.1 to 14.2 g/kg) were fed to fish for 8 weeks. The results showed that the intestinal content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were noticeably lower in 8.0 g/kg diet compared to control group. While the lowest activities of copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD) were observed in 9.9 g/kg diet, the intestinal activities of total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and catalase (CAT) in 14.2 g/kg diet were noticeably higher than those in 8.0 and 9.9 g/kg diets. Plasma biochemical indexes were not significantly affected by dietary histidine levels. In the intestine, the Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA levels were increased in 8.0 g/kg diet, which suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), and subsequently decreased CAT, GPx1, Cu/Zn‐SOD and Mn‐SOD expression levels. The lowest mRNA levels of interleukin 8 (IL‐8) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were observed in 8.0 g/kg diet, whereas the highest mRNA levels of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and interleukin 10 (IL‐10) were observed in 8.0 g/kg diet. These results indicated that dietary histidine plays a major role in maintaining intestinal health in juvenile blunt snout bream.     

Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth,digestive enzyme,immunity and resistant to dry stress of rice field eel (Monopterus albus) fed low fish meal diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth, immunity and resistant to dry stress of rice field eel (Monopterus albus) fed low fish meal diets. Six isonitrogenous and isolipid diets (32% fish meal) supplemented with six taurine concentrations (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 g/kg; designated as T₀, T_0.03, T_0.06, T_0.09, T_0.12 and T_0.15 groups, respectively) were prepared. A diet including 42% fish meal (FM group) was also included as a reference. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) in FM group was significantly higher than that in lower fish meal treatments. SGR significantly increased and slowly decreased with the increase in taurine supplementation level. Lipase activity value in intestine of M. albus fed FM diet was maximum, and with the increase in taurine supplementation level, lipase activity significantly increased and slowly decreased. The FM group had relative higher total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) content, catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD), and lyzozyme (LZM) activities in serum than the other groups. With the increase in dietary taurine supplementation level, the CAT, T‐SOD, T‐AOC and LZM activities in serum significantly increased and then decreased. In the dry stress experience, the adrenaline (AD), cortisol (COR), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (CHOL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, T‐AOC content, CAT and T‐SOD activities in serum of M. albus in the four groups first increased and reached the peak at 2 hr, and then decreased under air‐exposure stress. Compared to the FM group, T_0.15 group had relative higher T‐AOC content, CAT and T‐SOD activities, and lower AD, COR GLU, TC and MDA concentrations.     

High dietary starch inclusion impairs growth and antioxidant status,and alters liver organization and intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

Five diets (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5) containing 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g starch per kg diet were formulated to investigate the effects of starch level on largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Fish (initial weight: 22.00 ± 0.02 g) were fed the five diets for 90 days. Results indicated that weight gain, specific growth rate and survival of fish fed higher dietary starch level (200 g/kg) were lower than those of fish fed the lower dietary starch levels (0–50 g/kg). Higher dietary starch levels (150–200 g/kg) have a negative effect on antioxidant ability (total superoxide dismutase: T‐SOD; malonyldialdehyde: MDA; total antioxidant capacity: T‐AOC; glutathione peroxidase: GSH‐Px) and liver health (cellular contents leaked, nucleus deformed, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body disappeared) of largemouth bass. Lower dietary starch levels (0–50 g/kg) modified intestinal microbiota of largemouth bass represented by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial such as Bacilli, Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales. These results indicated that dietary starch level above 50 g/kg had a negative effect on growth performance and antioxidant status of largemouth bass. Moreover, high dietary starch levels are potentially associated with negative alterations in liver structure and function, and decrease of beneficial gut microbes.     

The effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides Oliver on growth,feed utilization,antioxidant activity and immune responses of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides (EU) on growth, feed utilization, antioxidant activity and immune responses of turbot fed a basal diet (CON) or EU‐supplemented diets with 5.0 g/kg (EU1), 10.0 g/kg (EU2) and 20.0 g/kg (EU3) EU leaf powder. After 70‐day trial, EU supplementation did not affect nutrient utilization, but reduced feed intake (FI) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish at doses above 5.0 g/kg. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) activities in the EU‐supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in the control group at a dose of 20.0 g/kg. Significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were observed in EU‐supplemented groups at doses over 5.0 g/kg. Furthermore, fish fed 20.0 g/kg EU showed the highest lysozyme (LZM) activity among groups. The EU‐supplemented diets with doses above 5.0 g/kg significantly enhanced the mRNA expressions of cytokines. The expression level of major histocompatibility complex II alpha (MHC IIα) was significantly upregulated compared to that of the control fish when the supplemental level was at 20.0 g/kg. Taken together, the present study indicated that the EU could remarkably enhance the antioxidant activity, non‐specific immunity and maintain an active immune response in turbot.     

Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth,gonad development and antioxidant ability of on‐growing gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III)

An 88‐day experiment was conducted in a flowing system to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth, body composition, antioxidant and gonad development of on‐growing gibel carp. Triplicate tanks of gibel carp (77.2 ± 0.1 g) were randomly fed with one of seven experimental diets containing l ‐ascorbic acid of 0, 101.1, 188.5, 313.1, 444.1, 582.1 and 747.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish were not affected by dietary l ‐ascorbic acid. Dietary l ‐ascorbic acid of 444.1 mg/kg diet led to low levels (p < .05) of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hypothalamic gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) in on‐growing fish, as well as the early ovarian stages (Developing stages) compared with fish (Maturing stages) from the other groups. Dietary l ‐ascorbic acid supplementation increased (p < .05) the dorsal muscle collagen content, but did not affect the protein or lipid content of dorsal muscle in gibel carp. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased (p < .05) and then remained unchanged with the increase in dietary l ‐ascorbic acid levels. Dietary l ‐ascorbic acid of 101.1 mg/kg diet improved (p < .05) plasma lysozyme activity of the fish. Broken‐line regression indicated that dietary l ‐ascorbic acid requirement of 77 g gibel carp was 223.3 or 225.0 mg/kg diet based on plasma T‐AOC or SOD activity, which was a little higher than that based on plasma l ‐ascorbic acid concentration (193.2 mg/kg).     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin on the growth,innate immunity and antioxidant defence system of Paramisgurnus dabryanus

The effects of astaxanthin supplementationon the growth, innate immunity and antioxidant defence system of loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) were investigated in this study. A total of 450 fish (initial average weights of 3.00 ± 0.10 g) were fed five diets with graded levels of astaxanthin (0.00, 50.00, 100.00, 150.00 and 200.00 mg/kg) for 56 days. The results showed that astaxanthin supplementation significantly stimulated the growth (FBW, WG, FER, HSI), innate immunity (AKP activity in the hepatopancreas, intestinal tract, muscle and skin and LZM activity in the hepatopancreas, intestinal tract and skin), antioxidant ability (T‐SOD, GSH‐PX and CAT activities and T‐AOC, GSH and MDA contents in the hepatopancreas, intestinal tract, muscle and skin) of loach. Moreover, dietary astaxanthin supplementation significantly up‐regulated the relative mRNA levels of Nrf2 and Maf, and down‐regulated the relative mRNA level of Keap1 in the hepatopancreas when the supplementation levels of astaxanthin were 50–200 mg/kg. In conclusion, the diets with 100–151.06 mg/kg astaxanthin supplementation were optimal for loach, which based on the growth, immunity and antioxidant‐related indicators, and the astaxanthin supplementation regulated the antioxidant ability partially referring to Keap1‐Nrf2 signallings.     

Growth,antioxidant capacity,intestine histology and lipid metabolism of juvenile red claw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus,fed different lipid sources

Five dietary lipid sources (fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil and linseed oil) were evaluated in juvenile red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, based on the response of growth, antioxidant capacity, intestine histology, whole‐body composition, fatty acid nutrition and lipid metabolism. Crayfish were fed in quadruplicate net cages for 8 weeks. Crayfish fed diets with fish oil, soybean oil and linseed oil obtained significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those fed the other two diets. Survival, condition factor and hepatosomatic index were not significantly affected by lipid sources. Lipid sources also do not affect the whole‐body composition of crayfish. Serum SOD, T‐AOC and GSH‐PX activities of crayfish fed the palm oil and rapeseed oil diets had a significantly lower value than those fed other diets. The minimum concentrations of MDA have been observed in crayfish fed the soybean oil diet. The activity of ACC in the hepatopancreas of crayfish fed the linseed oil diet showed the highest value, and the CPT‐1 activity was not significantly affected by different lipid sources. Crayfish fed the soybean oil diet showed significantly higher TC and TG contents in hepatopancreas than those fed other diets. Crayfish fed linseed oil diet had a significantly higher percentage of EPA, C18:3n?3 and Σn?3 PUFA in muscle than those fed other treatments. Most of the fatty acid compositions in the hepatopancreas had a close correlation to fatty acid compositions in diets. All findings in this study indicate that soybean oil is the advantageous lipid source for juvenile C. quadricarinatus which can reflect in satisfactory growth performance, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid nutrition of edible tissues.     

Dietary Lipid Levels Affect the Growth Performance,Lipid Deposition,and Antioxidative Capacity of Juvenile Scaleless Carp,Gymnocypris przewalskii,on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

A 56‐d growth trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, lipid deposition, and antioxidative capacity of juvenile scaleless carp, Gymnocypris przewalskii, on Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. One‐year‐old juveniles (initial weight: 15.99 ± 0.02 g) were fed practical diets with different lipid levels of 4, 5.5, 7, 8.5, and 10%, respectively. Results showed that the best specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate, and total antioxidative capacity (T‐AOC) in hepatopancreas were observed in fish fed the diet with 7% lipid level. Fish fed with high lipid diets (8.5 and 10%) had significantly higher condition factor and viscerosomatic index as well as lipid in muscle, intestine, mesenteric fat tissue, and whole body. Highest level of hepatopancreas lipase and lipoprotein lipases activities as well as malondialdehyde content and the lowest level of feed intake and T‐AOC content in hepatopancreas and intestine were also observed in fish fed with high lipid diets (8.5 and 10%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, based on SGR and hepatopancreas T‐AOC content, dietary lipid requirement of juvenile G. przewalskii was estimated to be 7.35 and 7.39%, respectively.     

Effects of Protein and Lipid Levels in Practical Diets on Growth and Body Composition of Tongue Sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther

A 9‐wk feeding experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther (initial average weight of 43.8 ± 0.18 g). Six practical test diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (45, 50, and 55%, respectively) at two lipid levels (12 and 16%, respectively) with P/E ratios ranging from 87.1 to 110.5 mg protein/kcal. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish per tank (1000 L). The results showed that fish fed the diet with 55% protein and 12% lipid (P/E ratio of 110.5 mg protein/kcal) had the highest thermal‐unit growth coefficient (TGC), feed efficiency ratio, protein productive value, and energy retention. TGC was significantly increased with increasing dietary protein levels irrespective of dietary lipid levels (P < 0.05). However, fish fed the diet with 16% lipid showed significant lower growth than fish fed the diet with 12% lipid. These results suggest that the diet containing 55% protein and 12% lipid with P/E of 110.5 mg protein/kcal is optimal for tongue sole and the increase of dietary lipid level has no effective protein‐sparing effect.     

Effects of fructooligosaccharide on growth,immunity and intestinal microbiota of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed diets with fish meal partially replaced by soybean meal

The effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, immunity and predominant autochthonous intestinal microbiota of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed diets with fish meal (FM) partially replaced by soybean meal (SBM) were evaluated. After acclimation, shrimps (1.82 ± 0.01 g/kg) were allocated into 15 tanks (25 shrimps per tank) and fed five different diets including positive control diet (C0, containing 250 g/kg FM and 285 g/kg SBM), control diet (C, containing 125 g/kg FM, 439 g/kg SBM) and three experimental diets supplemented with 1.0 g/kg FOS (T1), 2.0 g/kg FOS (T2) and 4.0 g/kg FOS (T3) to control diet (C) respectively. Shrimps were fed diets to apparent satiation three times per day, and 15 shrimps from each aquarium were randomly sampled and analysed at the end of the 6‐week feeding trial. The results showed that FBW, WGR, SGR and SR decreased, while FCR and FI increased significantly in control (C) compared with positive control (C0). Besides, significantly decreased trypsase and lipase activities, and SOD, AKP and ACP activities were recorded in control (C) compared with positive control (C0). On the other hand, significantly improved SGR and decreased FCR were observed in groups T1, T2 and T3 compared with control (C). Moreover, lipase and amylase activities enhanced significantly in group T3 compared with the control (C), while GOT and GPT activities dropped significantly with the increment supplementation of FOS in diets. Compared with the control (C), SOD activity enhanced significantly and MDA level decreased significantly in groups T2 and T3, and improved AKP and ACP activities were observed in group T3. In addition, dietary FOS improved the microbial diversity, and suppressed several potential pathogens, such as Vibrio tubiashii, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Photobacterium damselae‐like strains in the intestine of shrimp. Overall, these results proved FOS could relieve the side effects induced by SBM and supported the use of 2.0–4.0 g/kg FOS in shrimp diets with FM partially replaced by SBM.