瓯江产唇的早期形态发育研究

试验结果表明,受精卵授精后120 h,仔鱼开始出膜,初孵仔鱼(体长5.6~6.8 mm,平均体长6.35 mm)鱼体透明,体表和卵黄囊均无黑色素分布,尾鳍透明光滑,具口凹和眼色素并形成胸鳍原基,至卵黄被完全吸收时胸鳍鳍条开始形成,至28日龄时仔鱼各鳍发育完全,肌节数38~42。根据卵黄囊存在的情况和脊索的弯曲程度将仔鱼划分为卵黄囊仔鱼、前弯曲期仔鱼、弯曲期仔鱼、后弯曲期仔鱼。仔鱼眼径与头长比呈递减趋势,进入后弯曲期,体长迅速增加(≥11.8 mm)。唇鱼骨仔鱼体背与体侧黑色素由背鳍下方向尾部扩散,继而由中部至头部扩散。胸鳍附近最早出现鳞片,然后向后侧覆盖,最后在腹部出现鳞片。     

广东池塘培育条石鲷仔、稚、幼鱼的早期发育和生长

研究了在广东饶平池塘人工培育的条石鲷（ Oplegnathus fasciatus）仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育和生长特性。条石鲷初孵的0日龄仔鱼全长（1.8755±0.060）mm,卵黄囊长径（0.739±0.135）mm,短径（0.489±0.089）mm。在水温为22~23℃的前期培育条件下,3日龄仔鱼的卵黄被完全吸收,而到第4天,仅见到卵黄囊残余物。混合营养期仅1 d。在水温为24~27℃、盐度29~30、pH 7.4~8.2条件下,3日龄的仔鱼已开口,但仍不能主动摄食,4日龄仔鱼便进入了外源性营养阶段。8日龄鳃弓形成,12日龄尾椎弯曲,25~30日龄仔鱼的背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍先后出现,鳞片出现,进入稚鱼期。40日龄时进入幼鱼期,全身覆盖鳞片,条带全部形成,形态与成鱼相似。全长、体长、体质量和体高随日龄的生长速度均呈显著的指数函数关系,体高/全长之比在0~5日龄时急剧下降,随后逐渐增高,20日龄后趋于平缓。     

江鳕胚后形态发育特征

在直径2m的圆形玻璃钢槽内,水深0.3m,弱光,水温6～16℃下,详细观察了江鳕（Lota lota Linnaeus）胚后发育过程。结果表明,依形态发育,将出膜后的江鳕发育分为两个阶段（仔鱼期和稚鱼期）11个发育期。仔鱼期分为卵黄囊期仔鱼和后期仔鱼,历时62d;卵黄囊期仔鱼由单独依靠内源营养至混合营养过程,包括孵出期、胸鳍形成期、鳃弧期、鳔形成期和腹鳍形成期,历时31d;后期仔鱼从卵黄囊和油球消失,仔鱼完全依靠外源营养到各鳍基本形成为止,包括卵黄消失期、尾鳍形成期、背鳍分化期和臀鳍形成期,历时31d。稚鱼期包括鳞片出现期和鳞片形成期,历时5d。卵黄囊期仔鱼生长发育缓慢,后期仔鱼期和稚鱼期生长发育较快。     

松江鲈胚胎及胚后发育研究

采用人工繁育的松江鲈子一代为亲本，人工授精，在水温6℃、盐度32的条件下人工脱黏孵化，观察了胚胎发育。结果显示：松江鲈受精卵经过7 h进入卵裂期，经过2 d发育至囊胚期，5 d进入原肠期，经过9 d发育至眼囊期，17 d出现围心腔，22 d时肌节形成，29 d时体色素开始沉积，30～35 d孵出。在水温11.37℃～16.88℃、盐度32的条件下进行仔稚鱼培育。初孵仔鱼平均全长6.98 mm，出膜后4 d卵黄囊完全吸收，出膜后28 d背鳍、腹鳍、胸鳍和尾鳍发育完全，体表黑色素沉积增加，进入稚鱼期，出膜后55 d身体不透明，进入幼鱼期。结果显示，由于水温等环境因素的原因，胚胎发育与胚后发育各个阶段所需的时间与前人的研究结果存在一定差异。     

圆斑星鲽的早期生长发育特征

圆斑星鲽成熟卵子透明、光滑、无油球,卵径1.75±0.08 mm(n=30).在水温11土0.5℃、盐度31～32、DO≥5 mg/L条件下,受精卵经159 h脱膜孵出,胚胎发育下限温度为5.14℃,发育时间与温度呈负相关关系.初孵仔鱼体色透明,全长4.95±0.15 mm(n=30),7日龄,仔鱼体覆黑色素,口和肛门贯通,口裂0.32 mm时开始摄食轮虫;11日龄,卵黄囊耗尽,仔鱼由内源性营养转化为外源性营养方式,开始摄食卤虫无节幼体;17日龄,进入尾椎弯曲期,尾扇和下尾骨形成;28日龄,尾鳍色素沉积;33日龄,尾椎弯曲完成,仔鱼左眼开始向右侧翻转,进入变态期,尾鳍条增至18根;45日龄稚鱼体表色素带形成,背、腹鳍各覆4～5个棕黑色斑点;50日龄,变态完成,左眼完全翻转至右侧,开始营底栖生活;70日龄,幼鱼体被鳞片逐渐形成,各鳍条均发育至定数,体态和生活习性与成鱼无异.     

多纹钱蝶鱼胚胎发育及胚后发育观察

为建立多纹钱蝶鱼(Selenotoca multifasciata)人工繁育技术, 为其生产性育苗工艺和管理技术的建立提供科学依据, 采用人工养殖的多纹钱蝶鱼经人工催产获得受精卵, 对胚胎及胚后发育阶段进行了连续观察、拍照和测量。结果显示, 水温(27.0±1.0) ℃, 盐度 32 条件下, 多纹钱蝶鱼从受精卵发育, 经 18 h 20 min 出膜, 受精后 3 h 进入囊胚期, 4.5 h 进入原肠期, 8 h 进入胚体形成期, 8.5 h 进入器官形成期, 器官形成顺序为视囊期、尾泡形成期、肌节期、脑泡期、耳囊期、尾芽期、尾鳍期、晶体形成期、耳石形成期, 16.5 h 出现心跳, 17.5 h 出现肌肉效应, 18.5 h 完成出膜。多纹钱蝶鱼胚后发育分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期和幼鱼期, 初孵仔鱼全长 1.350~1.655 mm; 水温 26 ℃下, 出膜后 2 d 卵黄囊完全消失; 出膜后 3 d 仔鱼开口, 口裂 0.265~0.280 mm; 出膜后 15 d, 鱼体体色加深, 进入稚鱼期; 19 d, 胸鳍发育完全; 23 d, 背鳍发育完全; 29 d, 尾鳍、臀鳍发育完全; 33 d, 鱼身上鳞片基本长出, 身体不再透明, 发育至幼鱼期, 此时全长 15.625~15.647 mm, 体长 12.013~12.234 mm, 体重 0.045~0.059 g, 心跳 150~159 次/min。     

斑点叉尾鮰胚胎和幼苗发育的观察

斑点叉尾鮰卵为圆球形、桔黄色，属于沉性，透明并具有粘性，卵与卵之间的粘性较强，产出时互相粘合成不规则的块状。卵的平均直径为3．457mm，受精卵在水温25．5—29℃时，出膜时间为146小时56分钟(6天以上)。孵化出膜的仔鱼呈金黄色，卵黄桃红色，体较透明，体全长7．89—8．13mm，平均为7．95mm。出膜4天后，开始摄食，转入混合营养阶段，10天左右器官分化完善。出膜后仔鱼集群堆积于水体底部。眼晶体、黑色素和嗅囊出现，心脏形成和搏动，内耳、尾和胸鳍原基形成，开始血液循环及红色素，鳃弓、鳃丝和鳃盖原基形成，消化道、肛门和肝脏等均在出膜之前形成。     

唐鱼的胚后发育

根据唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)发育过程特征,胚后发育可以分为孵出期、胸鳍形成期、鳔一室期、卵黄消失期、尾鳍分化期、背鳍分化期、鳔二室期、背鳍形成期、臀鳍形成期、腹鳍形成期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期和成鱼期。在水温23.0~29.0℃条件下,初孵仔鱼体全长为(2.760±0.002)mm。孵出后3天,巡游模式建立,仔鱼开口摄食;5天仔鱼卵黄耗尽,完全依赖外源营养;9天尾鳍开始分化,12天尾脊索上弯;15~18天,背鳍褶突起明显,鳍条原基出现;18天第二鳔室出现,肌节开始向“W”过渡;臀鳍与背鳍分化;33天,20%的仔鱼可观察到腹鳍条;45天,57.1%仔鱼身体长出鳞片;50~55天,体全长(15.62±1.65)mm,腹膜闭合,身体透明特点消失,进入幼鱼期。77天,部分性成熟较早的个体开始进行繁殖。同时文中讨论了唐鱼胚后发育特点及其保护生物学     

横带髭鲷早期生长发育特征

本文旨在对横带髭鲷(Hapaloyenys mucronatus)早期生活史阶段的生长发育特征进行观察和测量, 详细描述胚胎和仔稚幼鱼各发育时期的时间和形态特征。结果表明, 横带髭鲷的受精卵为透明的圆球形浮性卵, 卵径 (1.32±0.01) mm, 多个大小不等的淡黄色油球。胚胎发育经历 6 个主要阶段：卵裂前期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、器官形成期和出膜期。在水温(21.0±0.2) ℃, 盐度 26 条件下, 受精卵约经 36 h 30 min 孵出初孵仔鱼。胚后发育阶段的划分主要依据卵黄囊、油球、鳍膜、鳞片和体色条带的变化, 可分为早期仔鱼期、晚期仔鱼期、稚鱼期和幼鱼期 4 个阶段。初孵仔鱼全长(2.96±0.15) mm, 具单个油球, 3 日龄开口摄食轮虫, 4 日龄卵黄囊消耗完全, 9 日龄油球消耗完全, 24 日龄鳍膜完全消失, 体侧和腹部出现初生栉鳞, 进入稚鱼期。45 日龄被覆栉鳞, 全身黑色素加深, 腹部呈灰白色, 进入幼鱼期。横带髭鲷早期发育过程中有 3 个重要形态特征：从 2 日龄至 38 日龄, 横带髭鲷的头背部 1~9 枚硬棘出现和退化; 从 5 日龄开始腹鳍出现并正异速生长, 至 38 日龄腹鳍逐渐由长翅形退变为扇形; 56 日龄幼鱼期, 体表明显可见 6 条横向黑色素带, 在体态上与成鱼基本相同。     

七带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚鱼形态观察

对七带石斑鱼胚胎和仔稚鱼发育过程进行了观察,描述了从受精卵到仔稚鱼各发育时期的形态特征;在水温22±0.5℃、盐度30条件下进行七带石斑鱼仔鱼的饥饿耐受力实验,记录了饥饿条件下初孵仔鱼的存活与生长、卵黄囊与油球的利用情况。结果表明,胚胎发育可划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温20.5±0.5℃、盐度30.0条件下,受精卵历时38h45min孵化出膜。初孵仔鱼全长1.059±0.071mm,至4日龄全长2.27～2.36mm时,卵黄囊完全消失;16日龄,全长4.99mm时,鳔形成;至25～30日龄,尾鳍鳍条发育完整。在饥饿条件下,初孵仔鱼的死亡高峰出现在孵化后4～6d,半数死亡时间出现在5d,至7d饥饿仔鱼全部死亡。卵黄囊期仔鱼的生长可分为3个阶段:仔鱼初孵时的快速生长期,卵黄囊消失前后的慢速生长期,以及在不能建立外源性摄食后的负生长期。随着生长发育时间的延长,饥饿仔鱼与正常条件下仔鱼的生长差异显著(P<0.05)。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。     

卵形鲳鲹仔稚鱼异速生长的研究

以传统的理论生物学研究方法,对孵化后卵形鲳鲹1~36日龄仔、稚鱼各器官测量和分析,研究其在早期环境适应上的异速生长及其生态学含义,以期为卵形鲳鲹的人工繁殖、育苗提供参考。试验结果表明,卵形鲳鲹仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸、摄食和游泳等器官快速分化,均存在异速生长现象。在头部器官中,吻长、口宽、眼径和头高在仔鱼期均为正异速生长,稚鱼期头高为等速生长,吻长、眼径和口宽为负异速生长。在身体各部位中,仔鱼期头长、体高和尾长为正异速生长,躯干长为负异速生长;稚鱼期各部分皆为等速生长;在游泳器官中,仔鱼期卵形鲳鲹胸鳍长、尾鳍高和臀鳍长为正异速生长,尾鳍长为等速生长,背鳍长为负异速生长;稚鱼期背鳍长和臀鳍长为正异速生长,胸鳍长、尾鳍长和尾鳍高为等速生长。卵形鲳鲹这些关键部位的快速发育,使外源性营养开始后以最小的代谢损耗获得了生存能力的显著提升,对适应复杂的生存压力具有重要的生态学意义。     

Early life history of yellow puffer,Chonerhinos naritus (Richardson, 1848) from Sarawak,Northwestern Borneo

The growth and morphological development including fins, spine distribution and pigmentation of larval and juvenile of hatchery‐reared yellow puffer, Chonerhinos naritus were described to provide essential information on the early life history of this species. The total length (TL) of newly hatched larvae was 3.42 ± 0.23 (mean ± SD) mm, reaching 5.66 ± 0.38 mm on 5 days after hatched (DAH), 7.80 ± 0.28 mm on 11 DAH, 9.88 ± 0.40 mm on 27 DAH and 10.92 ± 0.58 mm on 30 DAH. The yolk was completely absorbed in preflexion larvae at 4 DAH. The mouth opening started at 3 DAH of yolk sac larvae, while the teeth appeared starting from preflexion larvae at 7 DAH. Overall aggregate fin ray numbers including caudal fin attained full complement in postflexion larvae at 27 DAH. Several melanophores with appearance of small stellate were first appeared dorsally on the head of flexion larvae at 13 DAH, expanded at the dorsal region of the head, above the eye in juveniles at 30 DAH. The spines first appeared in preflexion larvae of C. naritus at 7 DAH, covering the ventral skin region below pectoral fin base and expanded to the ventral part of the body and nearly covered the whole abdomen region before the anus and below the eyes in juveniles. C. naritus remain as larvae for approximately 29 days, during which they metamorphose to the juvenile stage prior to sexual maturation. Observations in larvae development of C. naritus revealed similar characteristics with other Tetraodontidae species.     

Early development and allometric growth patterns in burbot Lota lota L.

This study analyzed the morphological development and allometric growth patterns of Lota lota L. (burbot) larvae reared under controlled laboratory conditions. From hatching to day 50, twenty larvae were sampled each [between 1 and 14 days post-hatch (DPH)] or every second day (between 14 and 50 DPH) and measured under a stereoscopic microscope using analytic software. Based on the external morphology, the different stages during early development of burbot were identified: yolk sac larva 0–8 DPH [3.92–4.37 mm total length (TL)]; preflexion larva 9–26 DPH (4.57–12.06 mm TL); flexion larva (between notochord degradation and its replacement with rays) 28–34 DPH (14.00–16.34 mm TL) and postflexion larva/juvenile 36–50 DPH (18.20–29.27 mm TL). Allometric growth patterns of some parameters (e.g., total length, head length, body length, tail length, head depth, body depth, eye diameter) were modeled by a power function and described by the growth coefficient. Organogenesis and changes of body proportions in burbot larvae were more rapid and complex during the yolk sac and preflexion phase of development as larvae developed most of their sensorial, feeding, respiratory and swimming systems and after notochord flexion, when most morphological changes were related to the progressive transformation from pelagic larva to demersal larva/juvenile.     

红头丽体鱼×红魔丽体鱼杂交子一代胚胎发育及仔鱼形态学观察

对红头丽体鱼[Cichlasoma synspilum（♀）]×红魔丽体鱼[C. citrinellum（♂）]杂交子一代（F1）（俗称“血鹦鹉”）的胚胎及仔鱼形态发育进行观察,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征。平均受精率为（91.33±3.06）％,平均孵化率为（91.67±2.08）％;血鹦鹉的受精卵呈椭圆球形,黏性,有浅黄、白灰和红褐3种颜色,无油球,平均卵长径为（1.89±0.04）mm;发育过程可分为6个阶段：受精卵阶段、卵裂阶段、原肠期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵出期,并进一步分为28个发育分期;在水温（30±0.5）℃下历时约52 h 36 min 完成孵化。初孵仔鱼全长（3.71±0.05）mm,卵黄长径为（1.74±0.09）mm,短径为（1.25±0.07）mm,于第3天开始摄食轮虫,孵出后第5天卵黄囊完全消失。第13天全长（11.86±1.02）mm,各鳍条基本形成,进入稚鱼期。     

团头鲂的器官发育

本文对团头鲂刚孵出的仔鱼、稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的消化系统、呼吸器官、鳔、嗅觉、听觉和视觉等器官进行一系列的观察研究，探讨器官发育演变过程的形态变化；根据硬骨鱼类阶段发育理论，描述了团头鲂胚后期的阶段发育。     

银鲳渤海湾群体形态特征统计分析

对天津汉沽区海域渔获物银鲳的形态学性状进行测量分析。结果表明:全长/体长为1.45±0.04,体高/体长为0.54±0.03,头长/体长为0.24±0.01,尾柄高/体长为0.09±0.006,眼间距/体长为0.10±0.006,眼径/体长为0.08±0.005,肠长比为2.81±0.33。背鳍43⁴8、尾鳍2248、尾鳍22³6,胸鳍2036,胸鳍20³3,臀鳍4233,臀鳍42⁴9、鳃耙1949、鳃耙19²4,幽门盲囊16924,幽门盲囊169²72,椎骨31272,椎骨31³7。当样本个体大小处于同一水平时,以身体主要部分的比例特点为依据难以进行性别区分,可数性状亦不能作为性别区分的可靠依据。另外,不同地理群体样本的可数性状差异与生长阶段和环境因素均有关系。     

雅鲁藏布江尖裸鲤胚胎和仔稚鱼发育的研究

尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)成熟卵呈圆形,黄色,沉性,卵径(2.57±0.07)mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径为(3.22±0.07)mm。水温9.5～11.8℃,尖裸鲤胚胎发育历时265h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征,将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化共8个阶段、32个时期。出膜仔鱼全长(10.27±0.15)mm,出膜20d后卵黄耗尽,全长(15.22±0.27)mm。出膜后80d,鱼苗全长(23.65±0.59)mm,臀鳞出现,各鳍均已出现,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。尖裸鲤早期发育的特点反映了其对雅鲁藏布江水域的适应性。报道了尖裸鲤胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育的生物学特性,为雅鲁藏布江特有鱼类资源保护利用提供科学依据和理论基础。     

Early ontogeny of yellowtail tetra fish Astyanax lacustris (Characiformes: Characidae)

The ontogeny of the tetra fish Astyanax lacustris, from embryogenesis through the larval and juvenile periods, is presented. The eggs and larvae were obtained through induced reproduction. The larvae were collected at hatching and daily, until all stages of development were obtained and, later, once a week, until the juvenile period. The eggs are small, slightly adhesive and demersal, and have a transparent chorion, yellowish calf and meroblastic cleavage. The larvae hatch 19 hr after fertilization (26ºC). The standard length during initial development ranges from 2.17 to 18.10 mm. The larvae have a subterminal mouth, simple nostrils, a pair of adhesive organs on the back of the head (newborn larvae), spherical eyes and medium‐length intestines. The initial pigmentation is scarce, concentrated in the anteroposterior ends of the yolk sac, but intensifies from the flexion stage, with chromatophores in the mouth and in the cephalic region; the humeral region and the caudal peduncle have a macula at the end of the larval development. The total number of myomeres: 32–38, 15–20 preanal and 14–20 postanal. Juveniles showed similar morphology and pigmentation to adults. The number of fin rays: pectoral 11–12; pelvic 6–7; dorsal 10–11; and anal 27–29.     

Studies on the broodstock production and larval rearing of Coral demoiselle Neopomacentrus nemurus (Bleeker 1857)

Steps taken for broodstock development of Neopomacentrus nemurus, Coral demoiselle (Bleeker, 1857) in a hatchery, its spawning and development of egg to the juvenile stage are described. Among the three treatments tried, only the trial using Parvocalanus crassirostris nauplii as the first diet helped in the development of larvae. Larval and post‐larval growth was studied for a period of 65 days post hatch. The larva measured 2–2.4 mm in total length at the time of hatching. The mouth size of larva at the time of hatching measured 237.92 µm. By the 5th day, the width of the larval body had significantly increased. All the fins were conjoined, except for the caudal fin which had begun its appearance on the 2nd day itself. The digestive system was functional by the 5th day and the copepod remains were seen in the digestive tract. The larva metamorphosed by the 15th day with fully developed fins and fin rays. On the 20th day, the larval body had begun to display signs of fin pigmentation. The larva assumed adult pigmentation by the 35th day. By the 65th day, the larva grew to a total length of about 27 mm and weighed about 0.56 g.     

斑点鳟仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育

以斑点鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)发眼卵为材料,进行了发眼卵的人工孵化及仔鱼的人工培育研究。对斑点鳟仔稚鱼的形态发育进行了系统观察,描述了各发育期的形态特征,并测定生长参数。斑点鳟早期生活史的分期如下:初孵仔鱼全长14.25±0.45 mm,体重85±5 mg,肛门未开口,营内源性营养,脊柱末端向上弯曲;10 dph开始上浮,投喂卤虫;12 dph开口摄食,开始营内外源混合性营养;14 dph鳍膜消失,各鳍独立;16dph开始投喂配合饵料;24 dph卵黄囊吸收完毕,营完全外源性营养;34 dph,体侧形成8～9个幼鲑斑;44 dph各鳍的鳍条发育健全;60 dph幼鱼外形为纺锤形,与成鱼相同。研究表明,斑点鳟早期生长发育过程中全长、肛门前长、水平眼径和头高的生长情况基本相同,0～16 dph生长速度较快,16～44 dph生长速度较慢,44 dph后生长速度再次变快。