双体钓鱼船结构强度直接计算分析

以一艘34.7 m双体钓鱼船为研究对象,结合中国船级社相关规范的要求,提出了一套双体钓鱼船结构总强度有限元分析的方法。其中波浪载荷分别采用直接计算法和规范计算法进行计算,以此确定双体钓鱼船结构总强度分析的输入载荷;建立整船结构有限元模型,施加约束和载荷后进行总强度分析,探究双体钓鱼船船体各部位的应力分布;对连接桥结构进行重点屈曲强度评估,分析连接桥各构件的屈曲强度特点。结果显示:双体钓鱼船结构总强度满足要求,总横弯矩对总强度的影响最大,连接桥前后端壁与片体连接处出现应力集中现象,上层建筑对横向和扭转强度有较大影响。本研究结果可为其他双体钓渔船的设计和建造提供参考。     

基于ANSYS WorkBench的围网理网机优化设计

针对中国围网渔船作业机械化程度低、起放网速度慢等问题,围绕加快围网网具整理速度,提高整体作业的效率,开发了1.5T围网理网机。利用CREO三维建模软件建立理网机实体模型,并将建好模型导入ANSYS Work Bench中进行有限元受力分析,对理网机作业工况位置进行有限元分析计算,对最大应力结构部件进行优化分析设计,最终得到结构合理、强度满足安全系数的理网机部件参数。     

基于SESAM的远洋秋刀鱼渔船结构强度评估

远洋渔船结构设计主要参考《钢质远洋渔船建造规范》,船长小于65m不需要总纵强度计算;若大于65m,其波浪弯矩参考商船的经验公式确定,而渔船与商船在船型上差异较大,且渔船真实作业工况环境载荷也很难简单地用经验公式计算。本研究考虑渔船实际作业工况和所处海域海情,计算获取更为真实的外载荷,以便更精确地计算渔船结构应力与变形,达到强度评估、改进渔船结构设计的目的。通过SESAM软件建立秋刀鱼渔船三维模型,对渔船丰收返港、空载到港和横倾捕鱼3个典型作业工况进行整船有限元分析。结果显示:驾驶室后舱壁与艉楼甲板、救生甲板相交处,艉楼甲板和主甲板相交舱壁处的应力较大。为此,设计秋刀鱼渔船时建议重点关注这些应力集中区域,做好结构过渡。此外,由于机器布置靠近首尾,鱼舱布置在船体中部,考虑各种典型工况,建议将压载舱室设置在中部,以平衡其重量重心、减小附加弯矩。     

大型养殖工船的结构设计

大型养殖工船主要在深远海海域养殖作业,在满足各种作业工况及养鱼布置的条件下要保证船体结构具有足够的强度,需要对养殖工船进行结构设计工作。由于养殖工船船型和使用工况比较特殊,目前还没有根据其特殊性而专门编写的现行规范。本船根据养殖工船总体布置和装载等特点,参照双壳油船规范中适用章节要求计算出船体结构的基本尺寸和规格,再根据其实际装载情况建立有限元模型,采用有限元方法计算其结构强度。计算和分析结果显示:通过双壳油船规范计算的结构尺寸、规格基本满足要求;局部结构强度达不到强度衡准要求的,通过结构加强后,可满足强度衡准要求。通过采用规范中相似船进行船体结构基本设计,再利用有限元方法分析校核结构强度,经验证该计算方法满足结构设计要求。     

重力式网箱浮架结构的动力响应特性研究

利用离岸网箱进行水产养殖近年来受到了越来越多的重视,离岸区域海况条件恶劣,浮架结构的安全性对于网箱的设计具有极其重要的意义。为研究网箱浮架结构在动态波浪荷载作用下的动力响应,采用有限元法利用PIPE单元建立了浮架的数值模型,并根据物理模型试验结果对该数值模型进行验证,发现有限元模型的计算结果与模型试验结果吻合较好。基于该模型,重点分析了网箱的连接构件数量和个别锚绳发生断裂对浮架动力响应的影响,得到了浮架结构连接处的应力值、变形值以及浮架的变形模式图。结果显示,数值模型能较好地模拟网箱浮架的受力和运动响应;连接构件数量增加时,浮架的应力和变形将会减少;当下游同侧两根锚绳同时断裂时浮架应力和锚绳力最小。研究表明,动力特性是结构优化分析的重要依据,24套连接构件的浮架应优先使用。     

木质渔船艉轴系统

我省的海洋捕捞渔船，有木质船、钢质船、水泥船。除了国营渔业公司拥有钢质渔船外，群众渔业绝大部分都是使用木质船，木质渔船的总数占渔船总数90％以上。本介绍木质渔船艉轴系统的结构形式，采用技术原理的要点以及艉轴、艉轴管、轴承、螺旋桨等构件的材料规格选定和实船使用效果。     

钢质海洋渔船中剖面结构优化设计

绿色渔船是渔船未来发展必经之路,对渔船进行中剖面结构优化达到节能减排的目的可使其符合渔船发展趋势。采用改进蚁群算法对海洋渔船中剖面结构进行优化设计,选取纵向构件的板厚、剖面积、件间距等18个构件尺寸作为设计变量,建立以单位长度中剖面纵向构件质量轻量化的目标函数,根据《钢质海洋渔船建造规范(2015)》提取总纵强度等8个约束条件,从而建立海洋渔船中剖面结构优化数学模型。改进的蚁群算法对该模型进行优化计算,结果显示:43 m流刺网渔船的中剖面纵向结构舱段长度的质量共减轻12. 43%,且改进后的蚁群算法更为适用于渔船结构优化设计。经过中剖面结构优化的渔船自重明显变轻,载货量增加,渔船经济性得到改善,渔船的能效水平得到了提高。     

船舶艉轴艉管系舵系安装工艺探讨

在船舶建造中，艉轴艉管系和舵系安装工程，极为重要。在保证质量前提下，艉轴艉管系和舵系在安装方面的设计，如何考虑其施工工艺性和经济性，是本文要探讨的问题。     

应用两种不同的波浪理论计算方形网箱水平波浪力

运用莫里森(Morison)和库兹涅佐夫(Kuznetsov)的计算方法对方形网箱及其构件受到的水平波浪力特性进行分析,分别依据正弦波和司托克斯二阶波理论,导出相应水平波浪力的迭加计算公式,并把计算结果与两种尺寸的网箱水槽试验进行对比验证。结果显示,正弦波理论计算值与试验值平均误差分别为11．19％和13．67％,二阶波计算平均误差分别为11．03％和13．87％,表明两者计算结论的差异性和计算方法的可行性。在波长、周期、波高和水深分别为150m、10．2s、10m、40m情况下模拟计算实物网箱水平波浪力,其二阶波受力峰值范围比正弦波的要窄、波谷值曲线要平坦,两者波浪力计算相差达8．70％,并且相差率与波高、波长成正比例关系,与水深成反比例关系,从而说明不同的波浪水域环境下应用不同波浪理论计算具有重要意义。     

渔船螺旋桨强度计算方法分析

针对渔船螺旋桨设计中的强度计算时所选用的校核方法（《规范法》和罗姆地），进行了大量的实船螺旋桨强度计算分析。指出了两种强度校核方法的一些规律及其特点，以供今后在渔船螺旋桨设计中参考。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。